Chapter 2 Study Guide

1. Atoms: concept and characteristics, what determines their chemical behavior?

o The smallest stable unit of matter
o What determines chemical behavior is the number of subatomic particles and their
arrangement
2. How many electrons are there in the innermost electron shell in an atom?
o 2
3. The atomic # of an atom is determined by:
o the number of protons
4. The smallest stable units of matter are:
o atoms
5. What is atomic weight?
o weight of the subatomic particles of single atom of an element
6. What is a molecule?
o Molecules are formed when two or more atoms join together by strong bonds
7. Sub atomics particles? How are they charged?
o Neutron - neutral
o Proton - positive
o Electron - negative
8. Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds.
o Hydrogen - bonds formed by a slightly positive ion and a slightly negative one -
weakest bond
o Ionic - bonds formed by the donation of an electron - mid tier strength
o Covalent - bonds formed by the sharing of electrons - strongest bond
9. Are the covalent and the hydrogen strong or weak bonds?
o Covalent - strong
o Hydrogen - weak
10. States of mater. Characteristics.
o Gas - loosely packed no shape
o Liquid - medium packed - takes shape of whatever object it is in
o Solid - tightly packed atoms - shape not easily changed
11. What is a synthesis reaction?
o combined of two products - Dehydration
 A+B -> AB
12. What is decomposition reaction?
o separation of products normally through the addition of water - Hydration
o AB -> A+B
13. What is a dehydration reaction?
o reaction through the removal of water
o Synthesis
14. What is Hydrolysis?
 o reaction through the addition of water
o Decomposition
15. What is condensation synthesis?
o Synthesis through removal of a hydrogen molecule
16. What is an exergonic reaction?
o releases energy
17. What is an endergonic reaction?
o absorbs energy
18. What is enzyme reaction?
o a reaction in an enzyme is used to lower the activation energy
19. Characteristics of the Enzymes.
o each enzyme has a unique 3-D shape and an active site where reactions can occur
if the shape of the molecules match that of the active site
o are biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reaction without being changed
or altered
20. What is active site?
o the site at which substrates attach to enzymes
21. What is a substrate?
o the substance on which an enzyme acts
22. What is activation energy?
o the minimum amount of energy required to undergo a specific reaction
23. Why the enzymes are catalysts?
o they lower activation energy required to start a chemical reaction
24. What is saturation limit?
o the point at which a substance will receive no more of another substance in
solution
25. How the lack of a cofactor affects the enzyme’s function?
o

26. What is metabolism?

27. What is a nutrient?
o Chemicals that must be in our diet in order for the body to function

normally.

o We must consume them in the foods that we eat because generally they can’t be
made by our bodies
28. What is a metabolite?
o Metabolites are chemicals involved in or byproducts of normal metabolism
29. What is a hydrophilic molecule?
o a molecule that loves water - readily interact with water
30. What is a hydrophobic molecule?
o molecule that fears water - does not readily interact with water
  EX: Fats, oils
31. Examples of inorganic compounds
o carbon dioxide or CO2,
o oxygen or O2
o water or H2O
o inorganic acids
o bases
o salts
32. Organic compounds: classifications and functions of each of them
o Organic molecules always have C & H -
 carbs
 lipids
 proteins
 nucleic acids
33. Examples of organic compounds.
34. What is a protein?
o Proteins are very large molecules assembled from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen. CHON.
 sometimes have sulfur
o Functions of proteins:
 Support: structural proteins
 Movement: contractile proteins
 Transport: carrier proteins
 Buffering: regulation of pH
 Metabolic regulation: enzymes
 Coordination and control: hormones
 Defense: antibodies
35. Name the protein shapes
36. Name the examples of protein structures (4)

o Primary structure
 This is the sequence of amino acids that form the protein. Ex. glycine-
glycine-leucine-tryptophane-glycine.
o Secondary structure
 beta sheet
 The developing chain of amino acids form either an alpha helix or a
pleated sheet structure.
o Tertiary structure
 has a single heme unit
 alpha helix
 Reaction of the side groups of the amino acids with each other and with
the surrounding medium may lead to the formation of a globular protein.
o Quarternary structure
 multiple alpha helixes
 This occurs when several peptide chains are needed to form a functioning
protein (i.e. hemoglobin)
2. Function of the proteins?

o Support: structural proteins

o Movement: contractile proteins
o Transport: carrier proteins
o Buffering: regulation of pH
o Metabolic regulation: enzymes
o Coordination and control: hormones
o Defense: antibodies
2. What is denaturation?
o when a protein loses shape due to change in homeostasis
3. What is an amino acid?
o contain the following
 amino group
 central carbon
 carboxyl group
 r group
4. What is a Peptide bond? Give examples.
o holds amino acids together in a chain
5. Name the structural lipids.
o triglycerides
 provide cushion
 energy storage
o steroids
 cholesterol
o eicosanoids
 prostaglandins
 local hormones
 released by cells to direct local cellular activity
 leukotrienes
 cause inflammation and modify hormones
6. What is the most important metabolic fuel in the body?
o Carbohydrates
7. What is the table sugar?
o Sucrose
 C12H22O11
8. What is glycogen?
o a polysaccharide that stores energy
9. Examples of inorganic compound
o CO2
o O2
o H2O
 o Inorganic acids, bases & salts
10. What is the table salt?
o sodium chloride
o NaCl-
11. What is a prostaglandin?
o Modified fatty acids that coordinate & direct local cellular activities – local
hormones, released by cells to direct local cellular activity
o Respond to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid
secretion, airway diameter, smooth muscle contraction, lipid breakdown
12. Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of------------------------------
o triglycerides
13. Function of the buffers?
o stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or adding hydrogen ions
14. Ph, Values.
o 1 - most acidic
o 7 - neutral
o 14 - most basic
15. Acidosis. Values.
o excess acid in the blood
 blood pH lower than 7.35
16. Alkalosis. Values.
o excess base in the blood
 blood pH higher than 7.45
17. Name the nucleic acids.

o DNA
 forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell
 T-A, C-G
o RNA
 is involved in the synthesis of proteins.
 there are 3 types of RNA: ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and messenger
RNA each with a specific role in the process of protein synthesis
 T-U, C-G

Chapter 3 Study Guide

1. What is the cytosol?

o intracellular fluid; liquid component found in the cytoplasm; dissolved materials
(nutrients, ions, proteins, & waste products)
2. Classification of the organelles. Membranous and Nonmembranous.
 o Membranous
 isolated from cytosol by plasma membrane
o Nonmembranous
 not completely enclosed by membranes & components are in contact with
cytosol
3. Name the membranous organelles.
o endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
o golgi apparatus
o lysosomes
o peroxisomes
o mitochondria
o nucleus
4. Name the nonmembranous organelles.
o cytoskeleton
o microvilli
o centrioles
o cilia
o ribosomes
o proteasomes
5. Function of the membranous organelles.
o endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
 synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport
 Smooth ER
 synthesized lipids and carbohydrates
 Rough ER
 has ribosomes
 modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins
o golgi apparatus
 storage
 modification of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
o lysosomes
 intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens
o peroxisomes
 catabolism of fats and other organic compounds
 neutralize toxic compounds
o mitochondria
 produce 95% of ATP
o nucleus
 control metabolism
 storage and processing of genetic info
 control of protein synthesis
6. Function of the nonmembranous organelles
o cytoskeleton
 serves as cell's skeleton
  gives cytosol strength and flexibility
o microvilli
 increase surface area to facilitate absorption
o centrioles
 direct movement of chromosomes during cell division
 organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton
o cilia
 move materials over cells surface
 environmental sensor
o ribosomes
 protein synthesis
o proteasomes
 breaking and recycle abnormal intracellular proteins
7. Functions of the cell membrane.
o physical isolation
o regulation of exchange with the environment
o sensitivity to the environment
o structural support
8. Name the other two names of the cell membrane

o plasma membrane
o phospholipid bilayer
2. Membrane lipids.

o phospholipids
o glycolipids
o cholesterol
2. Characteristics of the phospholipids bilayer
o hydrophilic heads
o hydrophobic tails
o cholesterol
3. Membrane proteins and Variety of specialized functions
o Receptor protein
 in plasma membrane, are sensitive to presence of extracellular ions or
molecules called ligands; ligand binds to receptor
o Carrier protein
 bind solutes and transport them across plasma membrane
o Integral protein (part of membrane itself)
 channel proteins are integral proteins that allow water, ions & small water
soluble solutes through plasma membrane
o Peripheral protein (attached to membrane)
 are attached to, but can separate from, the membrane
4. Glycocalyx. Functions
o the sugar coat on the cell
 o protects cell membrane
o serves as mediator for cell-to-cell interactions
5. Nucleus function
o control metabolism
o storage and processing of genetic info
o control of protein synthesis
6. Contents of the nucleus
o DNA
o RNA
o Enzymes
o Proteins
7. Nuclear envelope.
o membrane that surrounds the nucleus
8. Location of the DNA
o Inside the nucleus
9. Location of the chromosomes and # of chromosomes.
o Located inside the nucleus
o 23 pairs of chromosomes - 46 total
10. What is chromatin?
o In nondividing cells, DNA is loosely coiled & organized called chromatin
11. What is the function of the nucleoli?
o Synthesize ribosomal RNA; appear as dark-staining areas in nuclei
12. What is protein synthesis?
o occurs in ribosomes
13. What is transcription?
o Production of RNA from DNA template
14. What is translation?
o The assembling of functional polypeptides in the cytoplasm
15. How is the movement of materials across the cell membrane?
o A selectively permeable membrane allows the passage of some substances and
restricts the passage of others
16. What is diffusion?
o Is a passive process that does not require the energy of ATP: however molecules
can only move down the concentration gradient from high to low concentration.
17. What is osmosis?
o is a special case of diffusion. It is the diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low
water concentration.
18. What is a hypotonic solution?
o the water flows into the cell. The swelling may continue until the plasma
membrane ruptures, or lyses.
o Solute concentration higher in the cell cause water to rush in
o Makes cells swell
19. What is a hypertonic solution?
o water moves out of the cell. The red blood cells crenate (shrivel).
o Solute concentration is lower in the cell causing water to leave cell
o Makes cells shrivel up
20. What is an isotonic solution?
o no osmotic flow occurs, and the red blood cells appear normal in size and shape.
o Stable cell, normal shape
21. What is Crenation?
o The shrinking of cells
22. What is facilitated diffusion?
o is the movement of materials across a membrane by a carrier protein.
o Movement follows the concentration gradient.
23. What is active transport?
o Requires carrier proteins that move specific substances across a membrane against
their concentration gradient.
o If the carrier moves one solute in one direction and another solute in the opposite
direction, it is called an exchange pump.
24. What is Vesicular transport?
o The cell forms small membrane surrounded sacs called vesicles to move
substances into or out of the cell.
 Two basic types of vesicular transport are endocytosis and exocytosis.
o Energy is required for this type of transport
25. What is Exocytosis?
o This is the movement of substances from the cell to the outside.
26. What is Endocytosis?
o is the packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle for transport into the cell.
27. What is Pinocytosis?
o vesicles form at the plasma membrane and bring fluids and small molecules into
the cell. This process is often called “cell drinking.”
28. What is Phagocytosis?
o vesicles called phagosomes form at the plasma membrane to bring particles into
the cell. This process is often called “cell eating.”
29. What is Mitosis?
o the essential step in cell division in which a single cell nucleus divides to produce
two identical daughter cell nuclei
30. What is Meiosis?
o production of sex cells
31. What is the Interphase?
o A stage in a cell’s life when it performs all its normal functions and, if necessary,
prepares for cell division. Most somatic cells spend the majority of their time in
interphase, which
o Following sub-phases
 G1
  S (DNA replication)
 G2 phases
32. What is Prophase?
o Chromatin condenses and chromosomes become visible; centrioles migrate to
opposite poles of the cell and spindle fibers develop; and the nuclear membrane
disintegrates
33. What is Metaphase?
o Chromatids attach to spindle fibers and line up along the metaphase plate
34. What is Anaphase?
o Chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles of the cell
35. What is Telophase?
o The nuclear membrane forms; chromosomes disappear as they uncoil back to
chromatin; and nucleoli appear
36. What is cytokinesis?
o The cytoplasmic movement that separates two daughter cells; cytokinesis
completes the process of cell division

Chapter 4 Study Guide

1. What is histology?
o The study of tissues
2. Name the 4 basic tissue types.
o Connective, Epithelial, Nervous, Muscle
3. What is the procedure used by the Pap test? What is exfoliating cytology?
o The Pap Smear
o Exfoliating Cytology is study of cells that have been shed from the body
4. Epithelial T is specialized for:
o covers exposed surfaces
o lines internal passageways and chambers
o produces glandular secretions
5. Connective tissue is specialized for:
o filling internal spaces
o providing structural support
o storing energy
6. Muscle T is specialized for:
o contracting to produce movement
7. Neural T is specialized for:
 o propagating electrical impulses
o carrying information
8. Epithelial Tissue includes epithelia and glands
o True
9. Where is found the epithelia?
o exposed surfaces
o lining of internal organs
10. Name characteristics of the epithelia.

o What is cellularity?
 composed of cells bound closely together by interconnections known as
cell junctions
o What is Polarity?
 the presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed
and attached surfaces
o What is avascularity?
 lacking blood vessels
o What is regeneration?
 cells that are damaged are continually replaced through stem cell division
o What is attachment?
 the base of the epithelium is bound to a thin basement membrane or basal
lamina
2. Name the two functional regions of an epithelial cell?

o THE APICAL SURFACE

 where the cell is exposed to an internal or external environment
o THE BASOLATERAL SURFACE
 includes the base where cells attach to underlying epithelial cells or deeper
tissues and to the sides where cells contact their neighbrs
2. What is the function of the basement membrane?
o serves as the base of the epithelium and the point of attachment
3. Functions of the epithelial tissue.

o Provide physical protection

o Control permeability
o Provide sensation
o Produce specialized secretions
2. Name the epithelial cells that produce secretions.

o gland cells
2. Name the specializations of the epithelial cells.

o The movement of fluids over the epithelial surface, providing protection and
lubrication.
 o The movement of fluids through the epithelium, to control permeability
o The production of secretions that provide physical protection or act as chemical
messenger
2. What is a ciliated epithelium?

o epithelial cells covered in cilia that are tiny little fingers that help move
substances
2. Function of the ciliated epithelium that lines the respiratory tract.
o move mucus from the lungs and towards the throat
o this mucus traps particles and pathogens and is then carried to the throat for
expulsion or to be swallowed
3. Name the specializations adapted for absorption.
o Microvilli are are where absorption and secretion take place
4. Epithelium is avascular
o True
5. The epithelium is connected to the underlying connective tissues by the --------
o Hemidesmosomes
6. What is the neuroepithelia?
o an epithelium with the specialization to perform sensory functions, smell, taste,
sight, equilibrium and hearing
7. What is the function of the secretions discharged on the body surface?
o provide physical protection or act as a chemical messenger
8. Name the intercellular connections.
o Cell Adhesion Module (CAM)
o Cell Junction
o Gap Junction
o Tight Junction
o Desmosome
9. What is a CAM
o Tie two cells together through filaments attached to discs on each cell
10. Name the three most common types of cell junctions.
o Tight junctions
o Gap junctions
o Desmosomes
11. What is a desmosome?
o CAMs and proteoglycans link the opposing plasma membranes; very strong and
can resist stretching and twisting
12. Name the different types of desmosomes and their function.
o Spot desmosome
 stabilize the shape of the cells
o Hemidesmosomes
 stabilize the position of the cell and anchor it to underlying tissue
13. Why can we find gap junction in the tissue that requires rapid intercellular
communication.
o Because at a gap junction, two cells are held together by two interlocking
transmembrane proteins called connexons. These are channel proteins, and they
form a narrow passageway that lets small molecules and ions pass from cell to
cell.
14. In the tight junction the lipid portion of the cell membranes are tightly bound
together by interlocking membrane proteins:
o True
15. Function of the tight junctions.
o prevent the passage of water and solutes between cells
16. Name the strong intercellular connections that hold together the cells.
o desmosomes
o spot desmosomes
o hemidesmosomes
17. Name the basic shapes of the epithelial cells.

o Squamous
o Columnar
o Cuboidal
2. Classify epithelia according to the number of layers.

o Simple epithelium - formed by a single layer of cells

o Stratified epithelium - formed by several layers of cells.
2. The main function of the simple epithelium is mechanical protection:
o False
3. The main function of the stratified epithelium is to protect and cover surfaces
subjected to mechanical and chemical stresses:
o True
4. What is transitional epithelium? Give an example of transitional epithelium.
o Allows for repeated stretching and will return to its original shape without
damage
o Ex: The Urinary Bladder
5. Name what type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi.
o pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
6. Where is found simple epithelia?
o Ventral body cavities,
o the heart chambers and blood vessels;
o also characteristic of regions in which secretion or absorption occurs, such as the
lining of the intestines and the gas-exchange surfaces of the lungs, where thinness
is an advantage
7. Where is found stratified epithelia?
o Surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
 o Stratified Cuboidal: Lining of some ducts (rare)
o Stratified Columnar: Small areas of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands,
salivary gland ducts, and urethra
8. Characteristics of the pseudo stratified epithelium.
o Distances between the cell nuclei and the exposed surface vary, so the epithelium
appears to be layered or stratified
o It is not stratified because every epithelial cell contacts the basement membrane
9. Epithelia has always a free surface exposed to the external or internal environments
o True
10. What is an endocrine gland?
o Produces endocrines secretions into interstitial fluid - stay inside body
 EX: Thyroid and Pituitary
11. The product of the endocrine gland is a --------------
o Hormones
12. Function of the hormones.
o Regulate and coordinated activities of tissues, organs, etc...
13. The endocrine glands are ductless gland:
o True
14. What is an exocrine gland? Give examples of exocrine glands.
o Produce exocrine secretions which are discharged onto an epithelial surface. They
reach the surface through tubular ducts which empty onto the skin surface or onto
an epithelium lining an internal passageway that communicates with the exterior
o Reach the exterior - exo
 EX: enzymes entering the digestive tract, perspiration on the skin, tears in
the eyes, and milk produced by mammary glands.
15. Classify the exocrine glands according to the structure
o Unicellular glands: independent, scattered gland cells, the individual secretory
cells
o Multicellular glands: glandular epithelia and aggregations of gland cells that
produce exocrine or endocrine secretions
16. The only example of unicellular exocrine glands are the ----------------------
o mucous cells aka goblet cells
17. Give examples of exocrine secretions.
o digestive tract enzymes, perspiration on the skin, tears in the eyes, and breast milk
18. Classify the exocrine glands according to the mode of secretion. What is merocrine,
apocrine and holocrine secretion?
o Merocrine
 Product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis
 EX: Mucus
o Apocrine
 Involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product
 EX: Breast milk, sweat in the pits
o Holocrine
  destroys the gland cells. The entire cell fills with secretory product until it
bursts and release the secretion, but ultimately kills the cell as well.
 EX: Sebaceous glands
19. Classify the glands according to the type of secretion.
o Serous glands
 secrete a watery solution that contains enzymes; ex: parotid salivary
glands
o Mucous glands
 secrete mucins that hydrate to form mucus; ex: sublingual salivary glands
and submucosal glands of the small intestine
o Mixed exocrine glands
 contain more than one type of gland cell and may produce two different
exocrine secretions, one serous and the other mucous glands; ex:
submandibular salivary glands
20. Watery perspiration is one example of what type of secretion?
o merocrine
21. Function of the connective tissue.
o Protect delicate organs
o Store energy
o Create structural framework
o Defend body from invading microorganisms
o Transport fluids and dissolved materials
22. Name the three types of connective tissue. Give examples of connective tissue

o Connective Tissue Proper:

Loose - more ground substance and less fiber

 EX: adipose, reticular
 Dense -  more fibers and less ground substance
 Ex: tendons
o Fluid Connective Tissue: blood and lymph
o Supporting Connective Tissue: cartilage. bone
2. Name the basic components of the connective tissue

o amorphous ground substance

o specialized cells
o extracellular protein fibers
o What is the matrix?
o the combination of the extracellular fibers and the ground substance. It surrounds
the cell
o What is ground substance?
o a clear, viscous substance that fills the spaces in between cells.
o Surrounds connective tissue fibers and slows pathogen movement
o The watery ground substance of the blood is:
o Plasma
o Name the components of the connective tissue proper.
o Loose and dense connective tissues in a syrupy ground substance.
o Function of fibroblasts
o (most abundant) produce proteins (fibers) and hyaluran (cellular cement)
o Function of fibrocytes
o Fibrocytes: (second most abundant) are the mature form of these cells and
maintain the fibers.
o Function of macrophages
o are large wandering phagocytes that are present in reticular tissue
o Function of the adipocytes
o store fat for insulation, energy storage, and cushioning. They are present in
adipose tissue
o Function of the mesenchymal cells.
o are embryonic stem cells that that form embryonic connective tissue or
Mesenchyme
o Why liposuction provides only a temporary solution to the problem of excess
weight?
o Fat is easily replaced
o Function of the melanocytes.
o synthesize and store melanin in skin
o Function of the mast cells.
o secrete histamine and heparin
o Function of the lymphocytes.
o defend the body against pathogens and are present in reticular tissue
o Function of the microphages.
o are phagocytes found in blood that defend the body
o Name the two different types of macrophages.
o Fixed Macrophages - static in place
o Free Macrophages - move around
o Name the different types of microphages.
o Neutrophils
o Eosinophils
o Name the cell types that contain histamine and heparin.
o Mast cells
o Name the cells that increase their # in an infected area.
o Neutrophils or granulocytes
o Name the three types of fibers of the connective tissue.
o Collagen
o Reticular Fibers
o Elastic
o The dominant fibers type in dense connective tissue is ---------------------
o Collagen
o Examples of dense connective tissue.
o tendons
o ligaments
o aponeurosis
o Function of the dense irregular connective tissue.
o strengthen and support areas subjected to stresses from many directions
o form sheaths around cartilage and bones
o form capsules that surround internal organs such as the liver, kidneys and spleen
o What are a tendon, ligament and aponeurosis? Structures connected by
them.
o All are dense regular connective tissue
o Tendon

 cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to

bones
o Ligament
 resemble tendons, but connect one bone to another to stabilize the
positions of internal organs
o Aponeurosis
 Tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or to
several bones of the skeleton; can also stabilize the positions of tendons
and ligaments. Large numbers of fibroblast are scattered among the
collagen fibers of tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses.
o Name the three major subdivisions of the extracellular fluid found in the
body.
o Plasma
o Interstitial Fluid
o Lymph
o The interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel is known as lymph.
o True
o The framework or stroma of organs such as spleen, liver and lymph nodes
are made up what type of fibers?
o Reticular tissue
o Blood, bone and cartilage are examples of what type of tissue.
o Connective tissue
o Osteocytes are cells of the:
o Bone
o Chondrocytes are cells of the:
o Cartilage
o The cells that accounts for almost half the volume of blood is the:
o Red blood cells
o Name the different types of cartilage. Give examples of types of cartilages.
o Hyaline
 connections between ribs and sternum
  nasal cartilage
 supporting cartilage of the passageways of respiratory tract
o Elastic
 external flap  of the outer ear
 the epiglottis
 small cartilage in larynx
o Fibrocartilage
 between spinal vertebrae
 between pubic bones
 around tendons and within or around joints
o Name the most common type of cartilage.
o hyaline
o Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by the:
o fibrous perichondrium
o Bone is separated from surrounding tissues by:
o periosteum
o Organs are separated from surrounding tissues by:
o epithelial tissue
o Cartilage grows by two mechanisms that are --------------------and
-----------------
o Interstitial growth: enlarges cartilage from within
o Appositional growth: new layers of cartilage are added to the surface
o What is mesothelium? Examples of mesothelium.
o Lines the body cavities
 EX: Pluera, Cardiac Cavity, Abdominal Organs, Pericardium
o Does the mesothelium communicate with the exterior or not?
o No it does not communicate with the exterior
o What is the endothelium?
o Lines the surface of the heart and all the blood vessels
o Mucous Membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior) (T/F)
o True
o Give examples of mucous membranes.
o Digestive
o Respiratory
o Reproductive
o Urinary Tracts
o What is a serous membrane? Function of the serous membranes.
o line the cavities not opened to the exterior and cover the organs that are found in
those cavities.
o They are thin but strong and produce serous fluid to reduce friction.
o The part lining the surface of the cavity is called parietal
o The part covering the surface of the organ is called visceral (serosa)
o The reduction of friction in between the parietal and the visceral surfaces of
internal cavities is the function of what type of membrane.
o Serous membrane
o Where are found the Peritoneum, Pleura and Pericardium.
o Peritoneum - covers abdominal organs
o Pleura - covers the lungs
o Pericardium - covers the heart
o Function of the muscle tissue.
o Specialized for contraction
o Produces all body movement
o Types of muscle tissue.

o Skeletal Muscle - muscles responsible for movement

o Smooth Muscle - forms walls of hollow contracting organs
o Cardiac Muscle - forms the heart
2. Name the two types of muscle tissue that show striations.

o Cardiac
o Skeletal
o Type of muscle tissue that shows no striations.
o Smooth
o Neural tissue is specialized for:
o conducting electrical impulses
o Name the two basic types of cells of the neural or nervous tissue.
o Neurons
o Neuroglia
o The bone is avascular (T/F):
o False
o The epithelium is avascular (T/F):
o True
o The cartilage is avascular (T/F):
o True
o What is the antiangiogenesis factor?
o Chemical produced by chondrocytes that discourages the formation of blood
vessels
o What is the inflammatory response?
o The tissue's first response to injury, isolates the injured area while damaged cells,
tissue and any dangerous microorganisms are cleaned up.
o What is a membrane?
o Epithelia and connective tissues unite to form membranes that line, cover, or
surround surfaces of the body and organs and cavities in the body.  Together they
form a functional whole structure and a physical barrier.
o Function of the membranes.
o Physical barriers
o Line or cover portions of the body
 o Consist of:
o An epithelium
o Supported by connective tissue
o Types of membrane?

o Serous membrane
o Mucous membrane
o Synovial membrane
o Cutaneous membrane
2. Location of the mucous membranes, serous membranes. Synovial
membranes and cutaneous membranes.

o Mucous Membrane:
 digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
o Serous Membrane:
 pleura, peritoneum, pericardium
o Synovial Membrane:
 line moving, articulating joint cavities; protect the ends of bones
o Cutaneous Membrane:
 in the skin, surface of the body
o What is dysplasia?
o A reversible change in the normal shape, size, and organization of the tissue
o What are the tissue changes with age?
o repair process is slower due to poorer circulation
o speed and effectiveness of tissue regeneration decreases
o hormonal changes take places

Chapter 5 Study Guide

1. Name the two major components of the Integumentary system.

1. Cutaneous Membrane
 Dermis
 Epidermis
2. Accessory Structures
 Hair
 Exocrine Glands
 Nails
2. Components of the cutaneous membrane
 1. Dermis
2. Epidermis
2. Name and location of the accessory structures
1. hair follicles - dermis
2. exocrine glands - dermis
3. nails - dermis
3. Hypodermis is considered separated from the Integument (T/F):
1. True
4. Hypodermis is loose connective tissue, also known as subcutaneous layer and
superficial fascia (T/ F):
1. True
5. General functions of the skin.
1. Protection of underlying tissue and organs against microbe, chemicals, water loss
2. Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
3. Protect against UV radiation through melanin
4. Temperature regulation through insulation and evaporation
5. Vitamin D3 synthesis
6. Detect touch, pressure, pain and temperature
7. Storage of energy via lipids
8. Produce keratin
6. Layers of the epidermis

1. Stratum Corneum (horny layer)

 Multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes
 Water resistant but not waterproof
2. Stratum lucidum (ONLY IN THICK SKIN)
 Appears as a glassy layer in thick skin only
3. Stratum Granulosum (granular layer)
 Keratinocytes produce keratin
 Keratin fibers develop as cells become thinner and flatter
 Gradually the plasma membranes thicken, the organelles disintegrate, and
the cells die
4. Stratum Spinosum (spiny layer)
 Keratinocytes are bound together by desmosomes
 Cells shrink until cytoskeleton stick out  appearing spiny under the
microscope
5. Stratum Basale (Germinativum)
 Deepest, basal layer
 Attachment to basement membrane
 Contains basal cells (stem cells), melanocytes, and tactile cells (Merkel
cells)
2. Is the epidermis vascular or avascular? How does the epidermis obtain nutrients?

1. avascular
2. oxygen and nutrients defuse from the dermis
2. Where are found the epidermal cells with the highest metabolic demands?
 1. closest to the underlying dermis
 Why?
 epidermal cells rely on diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from the
capillaries within the dermis
3. Name the most abundant epithelial cells.
1. keratinocytes
4. Where is found the thin skin?
1. most of the body
5. Where is found the thick skin?
1. palms of hands
2. soles of the feet
6. Number of layers in the thin skin.
1. 4 layers of keratinocytes
7. Number of layers in the thick skin.
1. 5 layers of keratinocytes
8. The stratum corneum has a much thicker superficial layer in the ---------------skin.
9. The stratum lucidum appears only in the:
1. thick skin
10. Name the strata in order from the basal lamina to the surface.

1. basal lamina
2. spinosum
3. granulosum
4. lucidium
5. corneum
2. The stratum germinativum is also known as --------------------------layer.
1. basale layer
3. Function of the hemidesmosomes found in the basal layer.

1. connect the epidermis to underlying tissues

2. The pattern of the epidermal ridges forms the fingerprints (T/F).
1. True
3. All strata of the epidermis contain Keratinocytes (T/F)
1. True
4. Name the cells found in the basal layer.
1. keratinocytes
2. melanocytes
3. merkels cells
5. Function of the Stem cells.
1. multiply quickly and replace keratinocytes constantly
6. Function of the Merkel cells.
1. special touch sensitive cells
7. Where are found the Merkel cells?
1. stratum basale
8. Function of the melanocytes. Function of the Melanin.
1. protect against UV radiation
9. What is albino? Do the albino people have melanocytes?
1. congenital absence of any pigmentation or colouration in an animal
2. they have melanocytes but the do not functions
10. Cells of the stratum spinossum.
1. 8 to 10 layers or keratinocytes
2. deritic of langerhan cells
 participate in immune response
11. Functions of the Dendritic (Landgerghans cells)
1. To process antigen material & present it on the cell surface to the Tcells of the
immune system
12. What is insensible perspiration?
1. Water diffusion across the stratum corneum & evaporates from skin
13. What is sensible perspiration?
1. Perspiration excreted in sufficient quantity to appear as moisture on the skin
14. Name the pigments of the epidermis.
1. cartene
2. melanin
15. Where else can we found carotene?
1. deep in the dermis
16. Carotene can be converted to Vitamin:
1. converted to Vitamin A
17. Vitamin -------is required for normal maintenance of ---------------------and the
synthesis of photoreceptors pigments in the --------
1. Vitamin A is required for normal maintenance of the epithelial tissue and the
synthesis of photoreceptors pigments in the eye
18. Name the areas of the body that have a higher concentration of melanocytes.
1. nipples
2. genitalie
3. eyes
19. Small amount of UV radiations is beneficial (T/F). Why?
1. True
2. synthesis of Vitamin
20. How do the melanocytes respond to the exposure to the UV radiations?
1. they produce melanin
21. Immediate effects of the UV radiations. Effects of the UV radiations over time.
1. sun tan
2. can cause skin to darken by increasing melanin production
22. Role of the blood and blood cells in the color of the skin.
1. Blood cells supply the dermis which helps with the color of the skin along with
the pigments of the epidermis
23. What is cyanosis?
1. blue tint to skin due to lack of oxygen
24. What is jaundice?
1. yellowing of skin due to builup of bile produced by the live
2. skin/eyes turn to yellow
25. What is vitiligo?
1. loss of color due to loss of melanocytes
2. condition in which pigment is lost from areas of the skin, causing whitish patches
often with no clear cause
26. Results of the hyper production of MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone)
1. tumor affecting the pituitary glands
27. Basal cell carcinoma originates in the -------------------layer.
1. basal layer
28. The most common skin cancer is the --------------------------
1. basal cell carcinome
29. What is a malignant melanoma?
1. malignant tumor of melanocytes dye to sun exposure
30. Explain the cancer’s key characteristics.
1. Asymmetry – uneven shape; one half of mole doesn’t match other half
2. Border – Irregular & not smooth
3. Color – Many colors in a spot may indicate skin cancer; mole of many shades or
that has lightened or darkened)
4. Diameter – 5mm or larger is dangerous
5. Evolving – Shrinking, growing, changing color, begins to itch or burn
31. The sunlight causes epidermal cells to convert a steroid into Vitamin D3.(T/F)
1. True
32. What is calcitriol?
1. Active form of vitamin D, essential for calcium absorption & bone mineralization
33. Where is synthesized the calcitriol?
1. liver
2. kidneys
34. Function of the calcitriol?
1. required for calcium & phosphate uptake in the small intestine
35. What is epidermal growth Factor?
1. a growth factor that stimulates cell growth, proliferation and differentiation
36. Name the layers of the Dermis.
1. reticular
2. papillary
37. Function of the papillary layer.
1. support nourishment of the overlaying epidermis
38. Function of the Reticular layer.
1. resists tension
39. What is Dermatitis?
1. Inflammation of the papillary layer – caused by infection, radiation, mechanical
irritation, or chemicals
40. What is an Ulcer?
 1. breakdown of skin due to poor oxygen flow
41. What is the hypodermis?
1. Subcutaneous layer deep to dermis
42. Functions of the hypodermis?
1. It helps to stabilize the position of the skin and allows separate movement
43. Hairs are nonliving structures (T/F)
1. True
44. Hair is composed of what type of cells. Explain.
1. keratinocytes
45. Where is produced the hair?
1. base of the hair follicle
46. What is the root hair plexus? Function of it?
1. sensory nerves that surround hair follicles
2. acts as a mechanoreceptor
47. Function of the arrector pili muscle?
1. contracts to make hair stand up
2. goosebumps
48. What is medulla of the hair?
1. the core of the hair
49. What is the cortex?
1. middle layer of the hair
50. What is the cuticle of the hair?
1. surface of the layer
51. What is Lanugo?
1. thin soft hair found on the fetus and on newborns
52. Types of hair in the adults.
1. Vellus
 fine soft hair on body surface
2. Terminal
 thick hair on scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, axillary and pubic area
53. Sebaceous are holocrine glands (T/F).
1. True
54. Sebaceous glands discharge into the hair follicle.(T/F)
1. True
55. Sebaceous follicles are large sebaceous glands that are not associated with the hair
follicle. (T/F)
1. True
 they are large sebaceous glands not associated with hair that release sebum
directly onto the skin surface and are found in the face, back, chest,
nipples, and external genitalia
56. The lipid secreted by the sebaceous gland is known as:
1. sebum
57. What is Seborrheic dermatitis?
1. Inflammation around abnormally active sebaceous glands, most often in the scalp
58. Why is the dermatitis painful?
1. Because of the abundance of sensory nerve endings & receptors in the skin
59. Name the two types of sweat glands of the skin.
1. merocrine
2. apocrine
60. Where are found the apocrine glands?
1. axilla (armpits)
2. ground
3. nipples
61. What type of sweat gland produces an intense odor?
1. apocrine - also a bit cloudier than merocrine sweat
62. Where are located the merocrine sweat glands?
1. widely distributed on the body's surface
63. Where is found the highest number of merocrine sweat glands?
1. palms and soles
64. Functions of merocrine sweat gland activity.
1. temp control
2. excreting water & electrolytes
3. protection from environmental hazards
65. What is the location of the ceruminous gland?
1. ear
66. Nail production occurs at the nail root (T/F)
1. True
67. The cuticle is also known as eponychyum (T/F)
1. True
68. Name the steps involved in repairing the integument following an injury.

1. Inflammatory
2. Migratory
3. Proliferation
4. Scarring
2. What is a scab?

1. dried blood clot

2. What is granulation tissue?
1. Combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, & extensive capillary network at the base
of a wound
3. What is scar tissue?
1. Formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular tissue
4. What is keloid?
1. thick raised area of scar tissue
5. What is callus?
1. localized thickening of the epidermis due to chronic mechanical stress
6. What is a tattoo?
 1. the enhancing of the appearance of the integument through coloration
7. When the tattoo is removed, scars often remain. (T/F)
1. True
8. Name the effects of aging.

1. Thinning of the epidermis leading to more injury and infection.

2. Dendritic cells are reduced 50% which increases damage and infection.
3. Vitamin D3 decreases significantly (75%) which leads to less calcium and
phosphate absorption.
4. Melalocytes become less active which leads to more sun burns and increased skin
cancer risk.

Chapter 6 Study Guide

1. Give the 5 primary functions of the Skeletal System.
1. protection
2. blood cell production
3. support
4. storage of minerals & lipids
5. movement, leverage
2. Describe a long bone, a short bone, a flat bone and an irregular bone.

1. long bone
 bones that are longer than they are wide. have a pole like shaft (diaphysis)
and two wide ends (epiphysis)
 EX: femur, metacarpals, metatarsals, humerus, etc..
2. short bone
 small box like bones with equal length and width
 EX: carpals, tarsals
3. flat bone
 think bones that are sandwich like.
 they have an inner and outer layer of compact bone, with a spongy bone
layer in the middle
 EX: skull bones, sternum, scapula
4. irregular bone
 asymmetrical shape, have pointed surfaces
 EX: hip bones, vertebrae
2. What is a sesamoid bone. Give an example of sesamoid bone.
1. small bones that are insides of tendons or membranes
 EX: patella, hyoid
3. Name the 4 bones that contain Para nasal sinuses
 1. frontal
2. ethmoid
3. sphenoid
4. maxillary
2. Name all the bone cells. Give the function of: the Osteocytes, Osteoblasts,
Osteoclasts and Osteoprogenitor cells.

1. osteocytes
 mature bone cells that maintain protein and the mineral content of the
bone matrix.
 they do not divide.
 they are found in cavities called lacuna and have cytoplasmic extensions
that pass through canaliculi.
 they also help to repair damaged bone.
2. osteoblasts
 they produce new bone matrix during the process of osteogenesis
(ossification)
 eventually become osteocytes
 osteoid is the matrix that has not been calcified
3. osteoclasts
 large multinucleated cells that produce acids and protein-digesting
enzymes that dissolve the bone matrix which is absorbed and removed to
release primarily calcium when blood calcium levels are low
 break down bone
 maintain homeostasis
4. osteoprogenitor cells / osteogenic cells
 bone stem cells
 they are mesenchymal cells that become osteoblasts
 located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum and endosteum
 they assist in fracture repair.
2. List the Organic components of the matrix.
1. collagen
3. List the Inorganic Components.
1. Calcium
2. Potassium
3. Sodium
4. Magnesium
5. Carbonate
6. Phosphorus
4. Name the largest bone cells?
1. osteoclasts
5. Name the mature bone cells.
1. osteocyctes
6. Name the most abundant bone cells
1. osteocytes
7. What is a lacuna?
 1. depressions in bone matrix that contain osteocytes
8. What type of cell contains the lacuna?
1. osteocyte
9. How many cells contain the lacuna?
1. one
10. Describe the canaliculi. Give the function of the canaliculi.
1. narrow like channels that form pathways for blood vessels
2. allows exchange of nutrients & waste
11. What is Osteolysis?
1. dissolve bone matrix & release stored minerals
2. think osteoclasts
12. What is Osteogenesis?
1. produce new bone matrix, also known as ossification
2. think osteoblasts
13. Name the two types of Osseous Tissue?
1. compact
2. spongy
14. What type of osseous tissue reduces the weight of the skeleton?
1. spongy
15. What type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from a limited range
the directions?
1. compact
16. What is the periosteum?
1. covers all bones
2. isolates the bone from surrounding tissues
3. provides a route for circulatory & nervous supply
4. participates in bone growth & repair
17. What is the endosteum?
1. inner lining of the bone
2. incomplete cellular layer, lines the marrow cavity
3. lines the inner surfaces of the central canals
4. where cellular layer is incomplete, matrix is exposed; osteoblasts & osteoclasts
can remove or deposit matrix components
18. What is the location of the osteoprogenitor cells?
1. present in the bone marrow
2. periosteum
3. even adipose tissue.
19. Where are the osteoclasts more numerous?
1. sites of active bone cell activity (living bones)
20. Name the 4 tissue types.

1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. neural
2. The Bone tissue belongs to which of the 4 tissue types?

1. connective
2. Is the bone tissue vascular or a vascular?
1. vascular
3. What is the location of the central canal? Name the structure contained within the
central canal,
1. in the middle of the osteons
2. Contains one or more blood vessels – normally a capillary & venule that carry
blood to and from the osteon
4. What is the position of the Perforating canal?
1. perpendicular to the surface of the bone
5. Which structure is characteristic of compact bone?
1. the matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts
2. the matrix of the bone contains osteocytes
3. narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients
6. What is the functional unit of the compact bone?
1. osteon
7. What is the Osteon?
1. structural units of mature compact bone
8. What is the Haversian system?
1. a Haversian canal along with the concentric layers of compact bone surrounding it
9. What is the position of the Osteon in relation to the diaphysis?
1. parallel
10. What are the trabeculae?
1. Open network; Interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone
11. What type of osseous tissue contains the trabeculae?
1. spongy bone
12. Describe the position of the concentric lamellae.
1. around central canal
2. surround osteon
13. Describe the position of the interstitial lamellae.
1. fill the spaces between the osteons
14. Describe the position of the circumferential lamellae.
1. wrapped around long bones & bind osteons together
2. at outer & inner bone surfaces
15. Name the different parts of the long bone.
1. The shaft of the long bone is called the diaphysis
2. The upper end of the long bone is called the epiphysis
3. The lower end of the long bone is called the epiphysis
16. The region that connects diaphysis and epiphysis is the:
1. metaphysis connects the diaphysis and epiphysis
17. What is the location of the yellow marrow?
1. medullary cavity
 2. spaces within spongy bones
18. What is the location of the red marrow?
1. medullary cavity
2. spaces of the spongy bone of the epiphysis of long bones
19. Function of the yellow marrow.
1. store lipids
20. Function of the red marrow.
1. blood cell formation
21. What is Calcification?
1. process of depositing calcium salts in a tissue
22. What is Ossification?
1. process of bone formation
23. Name the different types of Ossification.
1. Intramembranous or dermal ossification.
2. Endochondral (from cartilage) ossification.
24. Concept of Intramembranous Ossification...
1. the process of bone development from fibrous membranes
25. Give examples of Intramembranous Ossification...
1. flat bones of the skull
2. mandible
3. clavicles
26. Concept of Endochondral Ossification.
1. cartilage model that is slowly replaced with bone at the metaphysis
2. most bones originate as hyaline cartilage
3. Growth and ossification of long bones occurs in 7 steps.

 chondrocytes in the center of the hyaline cartilage enlarge, form plates or

struts, calcify, and die leaving cavities in the cartilage.
 blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage. Cells in the
perichondrium change to osteoblasts producing a layer of superficial bone
around the shaft which will continue to grow and become compact bone
(appositional growth).
 blood vessels enter the cartilage bringing fibroblasts that become
osteoblasts and spongy bone develops at the primary ossification center.
 remodeling creates a marrow cavity and bone replaces cartilage at the
metaphyses.
 capillaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphyses creating secondary
ossification centers.
 epiphyses fill with spongy bone.
 rate of cartilage production slows and osteoclast activity accelerates so
epiphysial cartilage narrows and disappears
o What is Interstitial Growth?
1. bone growth from the inside. lengthens bones
o What is Appositional Growth?
1. bone growth on the outside. makes bones thicker
o From what type of cells begins the Intramembranous Ossification?
1. osteoblasts
o From what type of tissue starts the Intramembranous Ossification?
1. mesenchymal - stem cells
2. fibrous connective tissue
o Function of Calcitriol
1. promote calcium and phosphate ion absorption in the digestive tract
o Function of the Growth Hormone.
1. stimulate osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix
2. comes from the pituitary gland
o Function of the Thyroxine?
1. stimulate osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix
2. comes from the thyroid
o Function of the Sex hormones?
1. stimulate osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix
o Function of the Calcitonin Hormone
1. lowers blood calcium levels first by inhibiting osteoclasts activity thus allowing
more calcium to be deposited in the bones and second by increasing the loss of
calcium via the kidneys
2. inhibits osteoclasts
o Function of the Parathyroid Hormone
1. increases blood calcium levels

 increase osteoclast activity

 decrease rate of excretion of calcium by kidneys
 increase rate of absorption of calcium in intestines
o Function of the Testosterone in bone growth.
1. At puberty testosterone/estrogen increase the rate at which at which osteoblasts
produce bone
o What is the most abundant mineral in the Human bone?
1. calcium
o What percent of calcium forms the bone?
1. 39% Calcium
2. store 99% of the body's calcium
o Explain the relation between Gigantism and excess of growth hormone prior
to puberty.
1. the growth hormone level rises abnormally after epiphyseal cartilages close, the
skeleton does not grow longer.
2. instead, bones get thicker, especially in the face, jaw, and hands.
3. cartilage growth and alterations in soft tissue structure lead to changes in physical
features, such as the contours of the face.
4. these physical changes take place in the disorder called acromegaly
o Function of the Articular Cartilage
1. cover articulating surfaces – bony surfaces at a synovial joint cannot contact one
another
o Concept of Fracture
1. crack or break in a bone
o Name the steps of the process of bone repair.

1. hematoma formation
2. callus formation
3. spongy
4. bone formation
5. compact bone formation
2. Give the function of Vitamin D in relation with Calcium.

1. calcium and phosphate absorption

o Name the Vitamins necessaries for proper bone formation?
1. Vitamin D3
2. Vitamin C
3. Vitamin A
4. Vitamin K
5. Vitamin B12
o What is the calcitriol? What is the primary source of calcitriol?
1. hormone produced in kidneys required for normal absorption of calcium &
phosphorus in GI system
2. primary source is the kidneys
o What is the effect of calcitriol on Skeletal System?
1. maintains calcium levels by increasing calcium & phosphorus in GI system
o What is the relation between strength of the bone and a lack of exercises?
1. bone degenerates faster when there is a lack of activity
o What is Osteopenia?
1. reduced bone calcification
o What is the non-pathologic loss of bone that occurs with aging?
1. osteopenia
o What is Osteoporosis?
1. severe bone mass loss that affects normal function
o What is the primary reason that accelerates osteoporosis after menopause in
women?
1. lack of estrogen after menopause results in osteoporosis
o What is Osteomalacia?
1. bones appear normal but are weak & flexible due to poor mineralization
o What is Rickets?
1. a form of osteomalacia caused by Vitamin D3 deficiency
2. poor sun exposure
o What condition would you possibly observe in a child who is suffering from
rickets?
1. bones are flexible, bend laterally, bowlegged
o What is the epiphyseal plate?
1. cartilaginous area between epiphysis & diaphysis of a growing bone
 2. growth from here lengthens bones
o What is the meaning of the epiphyseal lines?
1. remains after epiphyseal closure
2. signifies end of growth
o Where does growth in length occur?
1. epiphyseal plate
2. interstitial growth
3. endochondral ossification
o Name the vitamins essential for normal adult bone maintenance and repair.
1. Vitamin C
2. Vitamin D3
o Name the hormones that coordinate the storage absorption and excretion of
calcium ions.
1. calcitonin
2. PTH
o Which three organs or tissues interact to assist in the regulation of Calcium
ion concentration in body fluids?
1. bones
2. gastrointestinal tract
3. kidneys

Chapter 9 Study Guide

1. What is an articulation?
2. What is a synarthrosis?
3. What is a diarthrosis?
4. What is an amphiarthrosis?
5. A slightly movable joint is a:
6. A freely movable joint is a:
7. A nonmovable joint is a:
8. What is a synostosis?
9. A joint formed by the fusion of two bones is a .... Give an example of synostosis.
10. A suture is an example of:
11. An epiphyseal line is an example of a:
12. Name the three types of fibrous joints.
13. Give one example of suture
14. The joint that binds the teeth to the bony socket is an example of Gomphosis.(T, F)
15. A ligamentous connection such as interosseous ligament is an example of
Syndesmosis (T, F)
16. The synovial joints are all diarthrosis. True or false?
17. Give the characteristics of the synovial joints.
18. Where is secreted the synovial fluid?
19. Give all the functions of the synovial fluid.
20. The synovial fluid resembles interstitial fluid (true or false).
21. The synovial fluid contains a higher concentration of proteoglycans (T. or F).
22. The synovial fluid is secreted by fibroblasts of the synovial membrane(T or F).
23. The synovial fluid is a lubricant? (T, F).
24. The synovial fluid is a viscous solution? (T/F)
25. The synovial fluid reduce friction? (True or false)
26. Give the characteristics of the surfaces of the articular cartilages.
27. The Articular cartilage consist of Hyaline cartilage (T or F),
28. Functions of the articular cartilages.
29. What is the meniscus? Location of the meniscus. Function of the meniscus
30. The meniscus allow variation of shapes of the articular surfaces (True or false)
31. What ligament reinforces the lateral surface of the knee?
32. What ligament reinforces the medial surface of the knee joint?
33. The ligament that limit anterior posterior movement of the femur and maintain the
alignment of the femur and the femoral and tibial condyles are the cruciate
ligaments (true or false)
34. The back of the knee joint is reinforced by popliteal ligaments, (T,F)
35. Name the ligament that attaches the patella to the tibial tuberosity.
36. Why the complete dislocation of the knee is an extremely rare event?
37. What is a bursae? Function of the bursae?