Practical Aircraft Stress Analysis

MA3700 Aircraft Structures I

 The basic theories for the analysis of thin-walled open and closed sections
subjected to bending, shear and torsional loads have been established.
Practical Aircraft Stress Analysis
 Method of idealizing of stiffened thin-walled sections will be introduced.
 Main aircraft structural components such as wings and fuselages are usually
• Structural Idealization tapered along their lengths for greater structural efficiency.
• Modifying existing theories for idealized single cell structures
 To provide compartments and better stiffening mechanism, multi-cell sections are
• Bending, Shearing and Torsion introduced.
• Development of theory for tapered structures
• Taper in 1 and 2 directions
• Modifying existing theories for idealized multi-cell structures
• Bending, Shearing and Torsion
real section • Examples to highlight use of theories

idealization

Dr Chai Gin Boay

Office: N3-2C-88
idealized section
Tel: 6790-5756
2
email: mgbchai@ntu.edu.sg

Reasons for Structural Idealization Assumptions of Structural Idealization

 Assumptions made in the development of the theory :
 Pure thin-walled structures (monocoque structures) are resistant against tensile and
internal pressure loads but offer little resistance to compressive and shear load.  Booms are concentrated areas that carry only normal stress.
 Stiffened thin-walled structures (semi-monocoque structures) have longitudinal stiffeners Booms have small cross-sectional dimensions compared to the overall
to carry most of the normal or direct (axial and bending) stresses while the skin carries section of the structure.
y
most of the shear stresses. -Variation of the normal stress in the boom due to bending is small.
 The computation of bending and shear stresses involves integration around the walls of -The normal stress in the boom is assumed to be constant
the section and the existence of stiffeners cannot be easily integrated. throughout its area.
-The distance of the centroid of the boom to the mid-line of the wall
 For ease of computation, thin-walled sections with stiffeners are thus idealized into skins thickness is small.
and booms.  Skins are thin and carry only shear stress.
- Shear stress is constant in the skin between booms.
boom - The shear stress in the skin is assumed to be uniform through its thickness.
skin

Consequence of structural idealization :

• Computation of sectional properties are easier, y
r
N N Br
skin  ydA   Br y r  y 2 dA   Br yr2
A
r 1
A
r 1
xr yr
x
boom
where Br is the boom area of the rth boom.
3 4
 Idealization of Actual Thin Sheet into Ideal Skin Thin Sheet with Different State of Normal Stresses
Bending stresses
In reality, a thin skin can carry both normal and shear stress. Thus actual skins must be Uniform normal stresses
idealized into ideal skins that carry only the shear stress and booms are added on the b
b
skins to carry the normal stress. b

Consider a skin with normal stresses and idealization is required. t D

t D
b t D
 
Only the important normal stresses are accounted for in the C
ideal skin, taking moment about CD and equating the  C
t D moments.
C 
m
 n t b   ( m   n )t b  b    m Am b
b 1 2  Am b
C
n 2 2 3  Am b Am b

 

bt    bt  m 
 Am   2  n  An  2 
An
Am b 6  m  6   n   An 

bt  n  n bt  n  n bt  n  n
m  For axial load only, m/n=1 and Am=An=bt/2. Am  2   1 Am  2  0
Am 
6 
2 
 m  m
1 6   m  m 6   m  m
n An
 For pure bending, m/n=-1 and Am=An=bt/6.

bt bt bt
5 Am  An  Am  A n  Am  6
2 6 3

Example Idealized Box Section in Bending Example Idealized Box Section in Bending
(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”) (THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)
bt  n 
Idealized a two-cell box of a wing section to resist pure bending about the horizontal axis. Idealizing the skin : Am  2  
M x y1 6   m 
Given that angle sections all having a cross-sectional area of 300mm2. 1  M x y2
B1 2 
 A1 12  600 2   2   2 
I xx
 
The contribution of the spar flanges and the adjacent skins must be 2 I xx Skin 1-2 :
1 6  1 
600mm
included in computation of the boom areas.
600mm
M x y1 M x y2 200
As
1  2  150
Skin 1-6 :  A1 16 
400 3   2   6 

 1 
2 mm I xx I xx M y
2.5mm 1.5 mm 3  x 3 6 
400
2 mm 200mm B1 B2 I xx
3 mm
1 B3 M x y1  2 M x y 2 I xx y 2
2 6   6 The stress ratio :  
3
I xx  1 M x y1 I xx y1
200
1 2 150 100
+y 3 Boom area B1 is thus : B1  As   A1 12   A1 16
x x
4  300 
600 2   2  y2  400 3 
 
y 
 2  6 
-y 5 B4 
4 6 6  y1  6  y1 
5
B5
600 2   2  150   400 3 2  1
6
B6 M x y3
4    300   
M y I xx  200 
Symmetry
6  
M x y1 5   x 2 6 6
I xx
B1=B6, B2=B5, B3=B4 I xx  1050 mm 2
7 8
 Example Idealized Box Section in Bending Example Idealized Fuselage in Bending
(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”) (THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)

M x y2 Boom area B2 is composed of : The idealized fuselage section shown is subjected to

1 
M x y1 2  y

B2  2 As   A2 12   A2 25   A2 23

I xx I xx Mx=100kNm. The section is symmetrical about the 640 1200 mm
B2 y-axis. Determine the direct stress in each booms. 1 1140
1 3 
M x y3 600 2
I xx B2  2300  
600 2   2   1  960
2   The direct stress at any point in the 
M
 z  x yr 600 3
3 6  2 
section can be obtained using : I xx 600 4 768
150 300 2.5   2   5   600 1.5  2   3 

6 
  2  6 
  2  Taking reference at boom 9, the  y
Ay i i
 540mm
620 mm2 5 565
neutral axis is found from: A i
640 6
x
336
 2   1 
5   x 5 5   125 2  1  150 1 
M y  B2  600  200  2    1792 mm
2
y
For clarity, the analysis is tabulated : 7
I xx  1 .5   1 .5  640
8 144
9 38 mm
M y y B Ixx=By2 z 850
2  x 2 M x y3 (mm2) (x108 mm4) (N/mm2) 640 Ref. plane
I xx 3  Boom (mm)
 
B3 I xx Boom area B3 is : 1 +660 640
2 2 +600 600  
The moment of inertia of the section
3 3 +420 600  
B3  As   A3 23   A2 34 4 +228 600   is the summation of Ixx :
100 5 +25 620 2x  
 1.5  200
6 -204 640   I xx   Br yr2   I xx  1.8546  109 mm 4
 B3  300  150  2   2  1  892 mm 2 7 -396 640
 
4  2  3 8 -502 850
 
9 -540 640
M x y3  
4   9 10
I xx

Shear Stresses in Idealized Sections Shear Stresses in Idealized Sections

Analysing the shear flows in the idealized section in some details.
Consider the equilibrium of the r th boom in the elemental length of the beam,
assuming that all direct stress are carried by the booms: y
q1 s Shear flow qo starts at some unknown position s=0, the
q2
  z 
2
1 shear flow in the wall 1-2 :
 z   z  Br   z Br  q2 z  q1 z  0
   
q 0 s=0
 z  3 q1  q 0   S y I yy  S x I xy B1 y1  S x I xx  S y I xy B1 x1
q3
 z
 q2  q1   Br x
The subsequent shear flow in the wall 2-3 :
z 4

q 2  q1   S y I yy  S x I xy B 2 y 2  S x I xx  S y I xy B 2 x 2   
M x I yy y r  I xy xr  M y I xx xr  I xy y r 
qs
n
z  
I xx I yy  I xy2 I xx I yy  I xy2 Combining the above two equations, the shear flow q2 in the wall 2-3 can be written as :


I y  I xy xr 
M y I xx xr  I xy y r   I y r  I xy xr  I xr  I xy y r 
 
q 2  q 0   S y I yy  S x I xy B1 y1  S x I xx  S y I xy B1 x1 
Recall :  z  M x yy r   Sy  Sx  B  
yy xx
z z 2
I xx I yy  I xy 2
z I xx I yy  I xy I xx I yy  I xy2 I xx I yy  I xy2  S y I yy  S x I xy 2 y 2  S x I xx  S y I xy B 2 x 2
For a n-boom section, then :
Substituting the derivative of the bending stress in:    
q s  q 0   S y I yy  S x I xy B1 y1  S x I xx  S y I xy B1 x1
 S y I yy  S x I xy   S x I xx  S y I xy   S I  S I B y  S I  S I B x
q 2  q1     B r y r    B r x r
y yy x xy 2 2 x xx y xy 2 2

.......... .....  S I  S I B y  S I 
CCW sweep
 I xx I yy  I xy2
 I xx I yy  I xy
2
   11
of s gives +qs
y yy x xy n n x xx  S y I xy B n x n 12
 Example Idealized Single-Cell Section in Shear
Shear stresses in Idealized Sections (THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)

Each time a boom is encountered the shear flow is incremented by this amount The idealized section supports a vertical shear load of 10kN as shown.
and hence at any distance s around the profile of the section, n booms have Calculate the distribution of shear flow round the section.
been passed the shear flow at the point is: Given B1=B8=200mm2, B2=B7=250mm2, B3=B6=400mm2, B4=B5=100mm2.

 S y I yy  S x I xy  n  S I  S y I xy  n
  B r y r   x xx  Br xr  q0
10kN
qs  
 I I  I2  r 1  I I  I2  r 1 3 2
The moment of inertia about x-x is :
 xx yy xy   xx yy xy  1
4

  B   B x
n n n

200
I xx   Br yr2
A x

60
  S y I y  S x I xy y r  S x I x  S y I xy  q0

100
r r r
r 1 r 1 8 r 1

 
5
The sectional properties are associated with booms only and thus can be written as: 6 7  2 B1 y12  B2 y22  B3 y32  B4 y42
120 240mm 240
n n n  13.86 10 mm 6 4

I xx   Br yr2 I yy   Br xr2 I xy   Br xr yr Since the x-axis is the axis of symmetry, Ixy=0

r 1 r 1 r 1 and also no Sx applied :
0 0 0
The determination of the shear flow of the open and closed sections due to shear  S y I yy  S x I xy  n  S I  S y I xy  n
forces follows the usual process of solution. q s     Br y r   x xx   Br x r  q 0
 I I  I  r 1 2 0  I I  I2  r 1
 xx yy xy   xx yy xy 
 For an idealized section subjected to torque with no axial constraint, the shear The shear flow is thus :
n
Sy
qs  qb  q0  7.22 10  4  Br yr  q0
n
stress distribution is unaffected by the presence of booms. qs  
I xx
 Br yr  q0
r 1
r 1
13 14

Example Idealized Single-Cell Section in Shear Example Idealized Single-Cell Section in Shear
(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”) (THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)

Cutting the wall between boom 2-3 to find qb :

10kN n Taking moment about point A, M A 0   rq ds  2 A q
b 0 0 0
3
s cut 2
flow from 2 to 3
qb  7.22 10  4  Br yr
r 1
4 1
0100  0
2
qb12
 rq
4
q  7.22 10
23 3
Note that : ds  2 A R q b
200

A x
60

b
r
100

b
1
400100  28.9 N mm
8 4
4
5 q  7.22 10
34
b 100
30
6 7 For eg :
qb45  28.9  7.22 10 4 10050  32.5 N mm
120 240mm 240 A 240 240
100mm2 400mm2 250mm2 200mm2
qb56  32.5  7.22 10 4 100 50  28.9 N mm
5
8
 A 12
rq b ds  2 A A12 q b12
6 7
The basic shear flow is thus : qb67  28.9  7.22 10 4 400 100  0

28.9 3 2 18.1 qb78  0  7.22 10 4 250 100  18.1 N mm The shaded area AA12 can be obtained simply from geometry:
1 1
24070  100  30240  1 48030  20400 mm 2
4
22.4 qb81  18.1  7.22 10 4 200 30  22.4 N mm AA12 
32.5 2 2
8
qb12  22.4  7.22 10 4 20030  18.1 N mm
5
28.9 6 7 18.1
Enclosed area of section is : A0   240  200    240  60   120 100    240  70   120  50 
qb23  18.1  7.22 10 4 250100  0
15
 97200 mm2 16
 Example Idealized Single-Cell Section in Shear Example Idealized Single-Cell Section in Shear
(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”) (THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)

28.9 3 2 18.1 Taking moment about point A, M A 0  r qb ds  2 A0 q 0  0

4
r2
A
r1
1
q 81
L r  4 AA12 qb12  qb54 L54 r2  4 AA 43qb43  2 A0 q0  0
b 81 1 
22.4
32.5
5
8 q  60  480   4  20400  q
81
b
12
b 
 qb54 100 120   4  6000  qb43  2  97200  q0  0

28.9 6 7 18.1
 q0  
 22.4  60  480   4  20400 18.1   32.5 100 120   4  6000  28.9 
2  97200 
Re-writing the equilibrium eqn as :

rqrq dsds22AA q  0
Ñ bb 00 0
28.9 3 2 18.1
4 1
 q 0   5.34 N mm
 q L r  2 A q81
b 81 1
12
A12 b  2A q  q L r  2A q  2A q
78
A 78 b
54
b 54 2
65
A 65 b
43
A 43 b   2A q
0 0 0 32.5
qo=5.34 22.4
5 8

where L refers to length of skin between booms. 28.9 6 7 18.1

5.34
3 2 12.76
34.24
4 1
Considering symmetry : 37.84
qs  q b  q0 17.06
q 81
L r  4A q  q L r  4A q
b 81 1
12
A12 b
54
b 54 2
43
A 43 b   2A q0 0 0 5
34.24 6 7 12.76
8

17 5.34 18

Effect of Taper in one direction Effect of Taper in one direction

 The analysis of thin-walled sections presented earlier assumes that the section is The y-components of bending force are found by similar triangles:
y
uniform along its length. z

 With taper, one would expects:

Py P1  y1  y2
Py  Pz F y  Fz
 the effect on bending stress is insignificant if the taper is small. The theory for
y1 Pz z z
bending works well. 1
 The effect on shear stresses in the skins is significant.
h Syw z The axial forces can be found from Pythagoras theorem :
2
y2

Consider an elemental length z of a single web beam having two flanges or booms.
Fz
P1  P z2  P y2 F1  F z2  F y2
P2
Fy

y Mx Denoting the shear in the skin as Syw and equating the internal shear force to the external
y z z z  yr shear force gives:
Py P1 I xx  y1 y 2
y1
S yw  S y  Pz  Fz
y1 Pz
Pz   z1 B1 z z
1 Mx 1 0 0
Fz   z 2 B2  S yw I yy  S xw I xy  n  S xw I xx  S yw I xy  n
 I I  I 2   I I  I 2 
Sy z Syw z Thus the shear flow in the skin is : qs    Br yr   Br xr
h h
2 2  xx yy xy  r 1  xx yy xy  r 1
y2 y2
Fz S yw S yw
s  or qs  
21
P2 q12 B1 y1 B2 y2
Fy I xx I xx
19 20
 Effect of Taper in two directions Effect of Taper in two directions
Practical aircraft structures are usually taper in two directions.The figure shows an If Sxw and Syw are the resultant shears in the skin, equating the internal shear force
elemental length z subjected to loads. At the rth boom : to the external shear force gives:
n
yr n
xr
S yw  S y   Pzr S xw  S x   Pzr
r 1 z r 1 z
The force components at the r th boom are:
Thus the shear flow distribution in open and closed sections is now obtained in which Sx
 yr  is replaced by Sxw and Sy is replaced by Syw.
Pyr  Pzr 
z   xr  S yw I yy  S xw I xy  n  S xw I xx  S yw I xy  n
 Pxr  Pzr
 I I  I 2   I I  I 2 
qs    Br yr   Br xr  q0  qb  q0
xr  z
Pxr  Pyr  xx yy xy  r 1  xx yy xy  r 1
 yr 
In the case of closed sections, the unknown q0 can be determined by equating the moments
due to external forces to those due to internal forces.
The resultant force in rth boom is S x Pyr
y x0 Taking moment about O, the moment equilibrium is:
thus: r
Pxr n n
S x y0  S y x0   rq s ds   Pxr y r   Pyr xr
Pr  Pzr2  Pyr2  Pxr2 yr r 1 r 1
n n
O
y0   rqb ds  2 A0 q0   Pxr y r   Pyr xr
Sx r 1 r 1

21 22
be careful of signs

Example Tapered Cantilever Beam Example Tapered Cantilever Beam

(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”) (THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)

The internal forces at 2 m from end : S y  100kN y

The cantilever beam is uniformly tapered along the length in both x and y directions. T  40kNm
All corner booms have area=900mm2 and central booms have area= 1200mm2.
Calculate at 2m from the built in end (section shown) :
(a) the forces in the booms, 100 kN
Sy=100 kN
(b) the shear flow distribution in the walls. x

0.4 m

T
T=40 kNm q
2 Ao

Section at 2m from end T=40 kNm M x  I yy y  I xy x  M y  I xx x  I xy y 

z  
I xx I yy  I xy2 I xx I yy  I xy2

 S yw I yy  S xw I xy  n  S xw I xx  S yw I xy  n
100 kN qs   
 I xx I yy  I xy2   Br yr 
 I xx I yy  I xy2   Br xr  q0
23   r 1   r 1
 Example Tapered Cantilever Beam Example Tapered Cantilever Beam
(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”) (THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)
y 200 106 yr
The internal forces at 2 m from end : At the rth boom, the horizontal stress is :  zr   0.37 yr  Pzr  0.37 Br yr
5.4 108
S y  100kN at 0.4m from centroid
y r x r
M x  200kNm The component forces at the rth boom are : Pyr  Pzr Pxr  Pzr
Sy=100kN z z
x The slopes of the rth boom are :
With symmetry, Ixy=0 :
n
y1 y 2 y 3 0 .2 x1 x 6 0 .4
I xx   Br yr2  5.4  108 mm 4      
r 1
z z z 4 z z 4
y 4 y 5 y 6 0 .2 x 2 x 5 0
   4  
100 kN 0.4 m Mx=200kNm
z z z 4 z z 4
y x3 x 4 0 .4
  
The bending stress is : x1 6 1 z z 4
0 0 y1
0.2
M x  I yy y  I xy x  M y  I xx x  I xy y  2 3
z   1 z 5 2
I xx I yy  I xy2 I xx I yy  I xy2 z
0.4 m 6 5 4 x2 0.4
4 3
M y
 x y2
I xx z
25 x 26
z

Example Tapered Cantilever Beam Example Tapered Cantilever Beam

(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”) (THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)
Pzr  0.37 Br yr
y r The component forces at each boom : Py1 Py 2 xr Py3
The component forces at each boom : P yr  P zr
z y
 yr  xr
Px1 Px3
y x r Pyr  Pzr Pxr  Pzr 1 2 3
Pyr P xr  P zr z z y yr
z x

Pzr
 zr  0.37 yr N Px6 6 5 4
1 2 3 mm2 Px 4
x Pzr  0.37 Br yr Newtons
z Py 6
P1 Py5 Py 4
6 5 4 P2
Pzr
P3
The moments of the force components are taken about the centre of the section.
Pyr
P6 Boom Br Pzr xr/z yr/z Pxr Pyr Pr xr yr Pxr yr Pyr xr
P5 Sy
(mm2) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (mm) (mm) kNmm kNmm
PX1 P4
y1 y 2 y 3 0 .2 Mx 1 900 -100 +0.1 -0.05 -10 +5.0 -100.6 600 300 +3000 -3000
  
z z z 4 PZ1 6 1 2 1200 -133 0 -0.05 0 +6.7 -133.2 0 300 0 0
 y 4  y 5  y 6 0 .2 x1 x 6 0 .4 3 900 -100 -0.1 -0.05 +10 +5.0 -100.6 600 300 -3000 +3000
   PZ2   4 900 +100 -0.1 +0.05 -10 +5.0 +100.6 600 300 -3000 +3000
z z z 4 z 5 2 z z 4
x 2 x 5 0 5 1200 +133 0 +0.05 0 +6.7 +133.2 0 300 0 0
PZ3 4   6 900 +100 +0.1 +0.05 +10 +5.0 +100.6 600 300 +3000 -3000
3 z z 4
x3 x 4  0 +33.4 0 0
PX3   
0 .4
z z 4 27 28
x
 Example Tapered Cantilever Beam Example Tapered Cantilever Beam
(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”) (THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)

6
Solving for the shear in the walls: S xw  S x   Pxr  0
r 1
Taking moment about centre gives: Py1 Py 2 Py3
n n
xr
6
S yw  S y   Pyr  100  33.4  66.6kN
 S y x0   rqb ds  2 A0 q0   Pxr y r   Pyr xr Px1 Px3
r 1 r 1 1 Sy 2 3
r 1 y yr
S yw n n  100000 400   233 .2 600 300   277 .5 600 300  x0
x
The shear flows in the walls: qs  
I xx
 Br yr  q0  1.23 104  Br yr  q0  110 .7 600 600   21200 600 q0 Px6 6 5 4
r 1 r 1 Px 4
 q0  83 .1 N mm Py 6 Py5 Py 4
Make a cut at wall 1-6, the basic shear flow is :
n y y
qb21 qb32 qb16  1.23 104  Br yr  0 49.9 2 5.6
33.2 77.5 33.2 77.5 1 3
2 r 1 2 2
1 3 1 3 1 3
qb65  1.23 104  900  300   33.2 N mm
qb16 43 x x qs  qb  q0 83.1 27.6
qb54  qb65  1.23 104 1200  300   77.5 N mm 0
= q b
0 83.1
110.7 110.7
q 43  qb54  1.23 104  900  300   110.7 N mm
s
6 4
49.9 5 5.6
6 4 6 4 6 4
qb65
5
qb54 q  q  1.23 10
23
b
43
b
4
 900  300   77.5 N mm 33.2
5 77.5 33.2
5 77.5

q  q  1.23 10
21
b
23
b
4
1200  300   33.2 N mm 29 30

Analysis of Wing Sections Torsion of Multicellular Sections

It is common to find wing sections comprise of two or more cells and are thus highly redundant. The additional eqns to solve the indeterminacy comes from the fact that N cells possess
the same rate of twist.

y
x BENDING of multicellular section Consider the Rth cell of the section, the shear flows are as shown :
qR
2 1
My M Previously developed bending stress eqn is valid here. d 1 q ds
x
y
x Note that the sectional properties are referred to the qR-1
qR
qR+1
 
dz 2 AR G t
R
ds recall :  
t

L
centroid of the section. t
d

1
qR12  qR  qR 1  23  qR 34  qR  qR 1  41 
qR-qR-1 qR-qR+1 dz 2 AR G
T 3 qR 4
TORSION of multicellular section
R

1
 qR 1 23  qR 12   23   34   41   qR 1 41 
Consider a multicellular section of N cells carrying a R-1 R+1 2 AR G
II N
torque. The sum of the torque of each cell must I
equilibrate the applied torque. qR+1
qI qR-1 qR qN Writing this in a general form applicable to each cell :
qII
N The general form of the eqn is
T   2 Ai qi d
i 1
applicable only if the cells are 
1
 qR 1 R1,R  qR R  qR 1 R1,R 
connected consecutively. dz 2 AR G
There will thus be N-1 degree of indeterminacy.
31 32
 Torsion of Multicellular Sections of different wall materials Shear of Multicellular Sections

Sometimes the shear modulus of the cell walls may be different from that of the skins of the Consider a wing section shown being subjected to shear loads which do not act through the
section. A modulus-weighted thickness t* is introduced. shear centre.
The resulting shear flow is thus due to the combined effects of shear and torsion.
Consider the Rth cell of the section, the shear flows are as shown : Sy
xo
qR Using the same procedure as for single
2 1
d 1 q 1 q 1 q cell section, the N-cell section is cut in xs

qR-1
qR qR+1

dz 2 AR R Gt
ds 
2 AR Gref 
R Gt Gref
ds 
2 AR Gref R t*
ds each cell.
Thus an unknown value of q0 at each cell
ys
(q0I, q0II …... q0N), plus the unknown yo
d 1 twist to give N+1 unknowns.
qR-qR-1 qR-qR+1   qR12   qR  qR 1   23  qR 34   qR  qR 1   41 
dz 2 AR Gref 
3 qR 4 Sx
1 Consider the Rth cell :
  qR 1 23  qR 12   23   34   41   qR 1 41 
2 AR Gref 
q0R
2 1
d 1 q 1 qb  q0 R  ds
Writing this in a general form applicable to each cell :
 
dz 2 AR G t
R
ds 
2 AR G R t q0,R-1 q0R
q0,R+1
ds L
note :    
t* t* d 1 1  q 
   qR 1 R 1, R  qR R  qR 1 R 1, R    q0, R 1 R 1, R  q0 R R  q0, R 1 R 1, R   b ds  q0R-q0,R-1
dz 2 AR Gref 
q0R-q0,R+1

2 AR G  R t  3 q0R 4

33 34

Shear of Multicellular Sections Shear of Multicellular Sections – At the walls junction.

Take note of combination of the unknown shear flows at junctions.
The previous eqn gives only N eqns to solve for N+1 unknowns.
Cut at 3-2 and 4-3
The consideration of the moment equilibrium helps in providing the solution to the indeterminacy. 1
qb18 1 qb21
8 2 Since qb32  0, then qb37 depends only on boom 3.
(qS)R 8 2
Taking moment about point O at the Rth cell : P s
2 1 qb87 qb32  0
However qb depends on boom 7,
76
M qR   qs rds   qb rds  2 AR q0 R r 7
3 qb37
3
R R 37
and shear flows qb and qb
87
7 s
Equating the sum of moment of each cell with the O
moment of the externally applied loads gives:
Rth cell 6 4 qb76 qb43  0
5 6 4
 q rds   2 A q
N N
S x y 0  S y x0  
R
b R 0R  3 4 qb65 5 qb54
R 1 R 1

qb18  0 1 qb21
The formula can be modified to cater for tapered wing sections : s
Cut at 1-8 and 5-4
 q rds   2 A q
N N m m 8 2
S x y0  S y x0  
R
b R 0R    Pxr yr   Pyr xr qb87
q37
qb32
R 1 R 1 r 1 r 1 b 87 76
3 From the top cell, qb37 depends on boom 7, qb and qb
7
If the moment centre O is chosen to coincide with the point of intersection of the lines of 43 32
From the bottom cell, qb37 depends on boom 3, qb and qb
qb76 qb43
action of the applied loads, then : N
  q rds   2 A q    P
N m m
yr   Pyr xr  0
6 4
b R 0R xr
s
R 1
R
R 1 r 1 r 1 35 5 q 0
54
b 36
 Example Analysis of a Wing Section Example Analysis of a Wing Section
(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”) (THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)

The wing section shown carries a vertical shear load of 86.8kN. The shear modulus of 3 2

=
all walls (skins) are 27.6GPa except wall 7-8 which has 82.8GPa. II 1
200 230
Calculate the shear distribution in the section and the rate of twist. I 8 7 165
III The angle of twist in each cell is :
165
Additional data are shown in the table. 200 50 230
6
5
86.8 kN d
 qb 0  0 4 1270mm 1020

1  q 
 q0, R 1 R 1, R  q0 R R  q0, R 1 R 1, R   b ds 
dz 2 AR G 
Length Thickness Cell Area s
Wall (mm) (mm) (x1000mm2) 3 2 R t*

1-2 1023 1.22 AI=265 II 1 At each cut, qb=0 :
230 ds G
where    t*
200
5-6 1023 1.22 AII=213 I 8 7 165 and t*  t  3t
2-3 1274 1.63 AIII=413 III qb12  qb23  qb34  0 Gref
3-4 2200 2.03 200 50 C 230 165
4-8-3 400 2.64 5
6 qb275  1.07  10 4  3880  230   95.5 N mm ds 1270
5-7-2 460 2.64 4 1270mm 1020  78     347
qb56  qb275  1.07  10 4  3880  230   0
6-1 330 1.63
t* 3t
7-8 1270 1.22 A cut is made in each cell on the top skin, thus: 12   56  840  23  783  34  1083
B1=B6=2580mm2 0 0 qb61  qb56  1.07  10 4  2580  165   45.5 N mm  38  57  84  95  87  347
 S y I yy  S x I xy  n  S I  S y I xy  n
 Br yr   x xx
 I I  I 2 
B2=B5=3880mm2 qs    Br xr qb384  1.07  10 4  3230  200   69.0 N mm  27  68  75  106 16  202
 I I  I  r 1 2
B3=B4=3230mm2  xx yy xy   xx yy xy  r 1 qb483  1.07  10 4  3230  200   69.0 N mm
3 0 2
 Sy  n 86.8 103 n
0
Symmetry means Ixy=0. qs    Br yr  q0    Br yr  q0 qb83  qb48 qb72  qb57 qb78  0 0 II 1
 I xx  r 1 809 106 r 1
n I 69 8 0 7 95.5 III
I xx   Br yr2  809 106 mm 4
45.5
n
r 1  qb s  qb  1.07 10  4  Br yr 5
6
r 1 37 4 0 38

Example Analysis of a Wing Section Example Analysis of a Wing Section

(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”) (THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)

d 1  q 
The angle of twist in each cell is thus :   q0, R 1 R 1, R  q0 R R  q0, R 1 R 1, R   b ds  The total shear flow is thus : q s  q b  q 0
dz 2 AR G  R t*

d 1 q34  0  q0 I  5.5 N mm 0
Cell I : 2Gref   q0I 1083  95  57   q0II  57   69  95  57   3 2 0
dz 265  103  86.8
q 23  q87  0  q 0 II  10 .2 N
mm
0
69
II 10.2 95.5
1
1
 1235q0I  57 q0II  10488 0 2 q12  q56  0  q0 III  16 .5 N mm
I 8 0 7 16.5 45.5
265  103 3 0 5.5 III
0
69
II q0II 95.5
1
q61  45 .5  q0 III  62 .0 N 6
d 1 I
mm 5
Cell II : 2Gref   57 q0I  1255q0II  68q0III  2561 8 0 7 q0III 45.5
q57  95 .5  q0 III  79 .0 N mm
4 0
dz 213  103 q0I III
6 q72  95 .5  q0 III  q 0 II  89 .2 N mm
d 1 5
Cell III : 2Gref   68q0II  2056q0III  7426 4 0
q 48  69  q 0 I  74 .5 N mm
dz 413  103 1270 1020 10.2 16.5
2
q83  69  q 0 I  q0 II  64 .3 N mm 5.5
3
Take moment about web 275 : 64.3 II 89.2 1
I
  
62
N N 8 7 III
q b rds   2 AR q 0 R   0 Solving for three basic shear flow Finally from any of the rate of twist eqns : 74.5 10.2 79
R
R 1 R 1 6
simultaneously with the 4 eqns : d 1 5
 69250  1501270  45.53301020 2Gref    68 10.2   2056 16.5   7426  4
q0 I  5.5 N mm dz 413  10 3  16.5
 2265000q0 I  2213000q0 II  2413000q0 III  0 d
q0 II  10.2 N mm   1.13  10 6 radians mm
dz
 265 q 0 I  213 q 0 II  413 q 0 III  9868 .35  0 q0 III  16.5 N mm
39 40