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FAI
THANDTHEHUMANSPI
RIT
AShor
tRev
iewofLi
ter
atur
e

I
nPar
ti
alFul
fi
ll
ment
Oft
heRequi
rement
sfort
heCour
se
Li
t2:Wor
ldLi
ter
atur
e

Pr
epar
edandSubmi
tt
edBy
:
CANDI
DO,
MACYTEJADA
BSED2CSOCI
ALSTUDI
ES

Jul
y2021
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Abst
ract

Fai
thandt
heHumanSpi
ri
tal
l
ow ani
ndi
vi
dualt
oli
veaccor
dingt
ohi
sorher
bel
i
efs.I
nawar
enessofwhathel
pust
ogett
hrough,i
l
lumi
nat
ingt
hepat
hwayi
nti
mes
ofdar
kness,hel
pingt
ogi
veusst
rengt
hint
imesofweakness.Thepur
poseoft
his
l
i
ter
atur
erev
iew t
her
ewi
l
lbeanoppor
tuni
tyt
oexpl
aint
hepur
pose,i
mpor
tanceand
l
i
mit
ati
onsoft
hisst
udy
.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

SomeChr
ist
iansbel
i
evet
hatt
heBi
blei
dent
if
ieshumani
ty'
sthr
eebasi
cel
ement
s:
spi
ri
t,soulandbody
.Theyemphasi
zet
hatt
hehumanspi
ri
tist
he'
realper
son'
,thev
ery
cor
eofaper
son'
sbei
ng,
theessent
ialseatoft
hei
rexi
stence.Theybel
i
evet
hat
,whena
per
sonaccept
sJesusChr
istast
hei
rSav
ior
,iti
sthei
rhumanspi
ri
tthati
str
ansf
ormed
ast
heybecome'
newcr
eat
ures'i
nJesusChr
ist
.Thesoulwhi
chi
stheseatoft
hewi
l
l,
mi
ndandemot
ionsdoesnotgetconv
ert
edbutneedst
ober
enewedonadai
l
ybasi
s
t
hrought
her
ecommendedChr
ist
iandi
sci
pli
nessuchaspr
ayerandr
eadi
ngt
heBi
ble.I
n
I
slam,Musl
i
msar
evi
ewedashav
ingt
hei
rownspi
ri
ts,butonet
hati
nasensei
sone
wi
thGod'
sspi
ri
t.ForSpengl
er,
theper
cept
ionofuni
tyt
hisi
deal
edt
owasi
mpor
tantf
or
t
he emer
gence oft
he "
consensus"t
hatmai
ntai
ned har
mony i
nIsl
ami
c cul
tur
e,
especi
all
ydur
ingt
heGol
denAgeofI
slam accor
dingt
oPer
ryMcAdowRoger
s,(
2004)
.
Thef
ait
hisbestdef
inedbyHel
l
wig(
1990)

Fai
thi
sunder
stoodt
obei
ntensel
yper
sonalandof
tenseenasext
remel
y
pr
ivat
e."
Thet
erm'
fai
th'
rangesi
nmeani
ngf
rom agener
alr
eli
giousat
ti
tudeont
heone
handt
oper
sonal
accept
anceofaspeci
fi
csetofbel
i
efsont
heot
herhand"
.
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Fai
thi
sthepr
ocessofconst
it
uti
ve-
knowi
ng;under
lyi
ngaper
son'
scomposi
ti
on
andmai
ntenanceofacompr
ehensi
vef
rame(
orf
rames)ofmeani
ng;gener
atedf
rom
t
heper
son'
sat
tachment
sorcommi
tment
stocent
ersofsupr
aor
dinat
eval
uewhi
ch
hav
e powert
o uni
fyhi
s orherexper
iences oft
he wor
ld;t
her
ebyendowi
ng t
he
r
elat
ionshi
ps,cont
ext
s,andpat
ter
nsofev
ery
dayl
i
fe,pastandf
utur
e,wi
thsi
gni
fi
cance
(
Fowl
er,
1986)
.

Thespi
ri
tual
i
tyi
sbestdef
inedbyGur
alni
k,1984:I
tdef
inesspi
ri
tualas"
oft
he
spi
ri
tort
hesoulasdi
sti
ngui
shedf
rom t
hebodyormat
eri
almat
ter
s"andspi
ri
tual
i
ty
f
oll
ows as "
spi
ri
tualchar
act
er,qual
i
ty,ornat
ure"
.Vi
ewi
ng i
tfr
om t
he Chr
ist
ian
per
spect
ive,
spi
ri
tual
i
ty:i
sanexi
stencebef
oreGodandami
doft
hecr
eat
edwor
ld.I
tis
apr
ayi
ngandl
i
vingi
nJesusChr
ist
.Iti
sthehumanspi
ri
tbei
nggr
asped,
sust
ained,
and
t
ransf
ormedbyt
heHol
ySpi
ri
t.I
tist
hesear
chofbel
i
ever
sforacommuni
ont
hatar
ri
ves
asagi
ft
.(Wai
nwr
ight
,1987)
.

Ourf
ait
hsar
edi
ff
erent
.Howdeepi
sitandwhatar
eourbasi
s.Thepur
poseof
t
hiscompr
ehensi
vel
i
ter
atur
erev
iewi
stohel
pust
oadoptandr
ecogni
zet
hebel
i
efsof
di
ff
erentpeopl
eint
hepr
ocessofspi
ri
tual
i
ty.

Rel
atedLi
ter
atur
e

Fai
tht
hus:‘
afi
rm andcer
tai
nknowl
edgeofGod’
sbenev
olencet
owar
dsus,
f
oundedupont
het
rut
hoft
hef
reel
ygi
venpr
omi
sei
nChr
ist
,bot
hrev
eal
edt
oourmi
nds
andseal
eduponourhear
tst
hrought
heHol
ySpi
ri
t’(
JohnCal
vi
n,I
nst
it
utesI
II
,ii
,7,551,
quot
edbyPl
ant
inga(
2000,
244)
.

Whi
l
eaccor
dingt
oSwi
nbur
ne(
2005)i
ffai
thi
snot‘
afi
rm andcer
tai
nknowl
edge’
oft
hei
sti
ctr
uths,
thenamodeloff
ait
hashav
ingapr
oposi
ti
onalobj
ectmayber
etai
ned
byi
dent
if
yingf
ait
hwi
thacer
tai
nki
ndofbel
i
ef.Ther
elev
antki
ndwi
l
lbebel
i
efwi
th
t
heol
ogi
cal
cont
ent
—thatGodexi
sts,
isbenev
olentt
owar
dsus,
hasapl
anofsal
vat
ion,
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et
c.—wher
ethi
sbel
i
efi
sal
sohel
dwi
thsuf
fi
ci
entf
ir
mnessandconv
ict
ion.Ri
char
d
Swi
nbur
nel
abel
sthi
sthe‘
Thomi
stv
iew’off
ait
h,andexpr
essesi
tthus:‘
Theper
sonof
r
eli
giousf
ait
hist
heper
sonwhohast
het
heor
eti
calconv
ict
iont
hatt
her
eisaGod.
’
.
(
Aqui
nas’
sownunder
standi
ngoff
ait
hismor
ecompl
ext
hant
hisf
ormul
ati
onsuggest
s,
howev
er,
aswi
l
lbenot
edshor
tl
y.

Thedi
sti
ngui
shi
ngl
i
nebet
weenspi
ri
tual
i
ty,r
eli
gion,andf
ait
hcanbecomef
uzzy
.To
some,i
twoul
dseem t
hatt
heywoul
dbei
nter
changeabl
e.Someaut
hor
sint
hisi
ssue
uset
hem sy
nony
mousl
y.I
nsomecases,t
heyper
hapscoul
dbe.Howev
er,t
heyar
e
di
sti
nct
lydi
ff
erentconcept
s,especi
all
ywhenseeni
nthel
i
ghtoft
hemodelpr
esent
edi
n
t
his ar
ti
cle.Lov
e and Tal
bot(
1999)pr
ovi
de a di
scussi
on ofspi
ri
tual
i
ty and an
ov
erar
chi
ngt
hemet
ospi
ri
tualdev
elopment
,yetdonotpr
ovi
det
hedi
sti
nct
ionbet
ween
i
tandf
ait
h.

Ont
heot
herhand,
spi
ri
tual
i
tyi
sconcept
ual
i
zedast
hesear
chf
ormeani
ngi
nli
fe,
f
oraper
sonalconnect
ionwi
tht
ranscendentr
eal
i
ties,andf
ori
nter
connect
ednesswi
th
humani
ty(
Zinnbaueretal
.,1999;BensonandRoehl
kepar
tai
n,2008;Wor
thi
ngt
onetal
.,
2011)
,and i
tist
hus oper
ati
onal
i
zed as t
he human desi
ref
ort
ranscendence,
i
ntr
ospect
ion,
int
erconnect
edness,
andt
hequestf
ormeani
ngi
nli
fe(
KingandBoy
atzi
s,
2015)
,whi
chcanbeexper
iencedi
nand/
orout
sideofaspeci
fi
crel
i
giouscont
ext
(
Bensonetal
.,
2003)
.

Spi
ri
tual
i
tyandr
eli
giosi
tyhav
ebeenf
oundt
obeposi
ti
vepr
edi
ctor
sofSWB,
even
i
fresul
tsar
enotal
toget
herconsi
stentacr
ossst
udi
es(
Kim-
Pri
etoandMi
l
ler
,2018)
.

Concer
ning t
hecogni
ti
vedi
mensi
on ofSWB,a numberofst
udi
esf
ound a
posi
ti
ver
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenspi
ri
tual
i
tyaswel
lasr
eli
giosi
tyandl
i
fesat
isf
act
ion(
Yoon
andLee,
2004)
.
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Toexpl
aint
hesef
indi
ngs,i
thasbeensuggest
edt
hatpeopl
ewhoexper
ience
mor
econnect
ionwi
thanddi
rect
ionf
rom ahi
gherpower
,thati
s,peopl
ewhoshowhi
gh
r
eli
giousandspi
ri
tuali
nvol
vement
,tendt
ogi
veamor
eposi
ti
veappr
aisaloft
hei
rli
ves
(
Vishki
netal
.,
2016,
2019;
Ramsayetal
.,
2019)
.

Thesenseofbei
ngi
nconnect
ionwi
thahi
gherpower
,wi
thot
her
s,and,
ingener
al,
wi
thl
i
fer
epr
esent
sanef
fect
ivewayt
omai
ntai
naposi
ti
veev
aluat
ionofone’
sli
fe,
despi
teal
lthepossi
blenegat
iveci
rcumst
ancest
hatonemayencount
er.Addi
ti
onal
l
y,
r
eli
giousandspi
ri
tuali
nvol
vementmaybenef
iti
ndi
vi
dual
s’l
i
vest
hroughempower
ing
bot
hint
ernal(
e.g.
,feel
i
ngofsel
f-
wor
th)and soci
al(
e.g.
,senseofbel
ongi
ngt
oa
net
wor
k)r
esour
ces(
Lim andPut
nam,
2010)
.

Concl
usi
on

Imade t
hisl
i
ter
atur
erev
iew t
o shar
ethe knowl
edge Ihav
elear
ned.The
i
mpor
tanceofbei
ngopenupt
othedi
ver
sit
ywi
l
lleadust
oadopti
tsdi
ff
erence.Fai
thi
s
v
eryper
sonalandmeanssomet
hingdi
ff
erentt
oev
ery
one.Peopl
ewhodonotconsi
der
t
hemsel
ves‘
rel
i
gious’canst
il
lhav
east
rongsenseoff
ait
hthatshapest
hei
rli
ves,t
hei
r
wor
ldv
iewandt
hev
aluesbywhi
cht
heyl
i
ve.Forsomeonesuf
fer
ingf
rom ment
alheal
th
i
ssues,f
ait
hcanbeav
eryi
mpor
tantt
ooli
nhel
pingt
hem copewi
tht
hei
rpr
obl
emsand
pr
ovi
deasenseofgr
oundi
ngatat
imeofgr
eatdi
str
ess.Spi
ri
tual
i
tycanbeexpr
essed
t
hroughv
ari
ousr
eli
giouspr
act
icessuchasr
it
ual
sandl
i
vingbycer
tai
nrel
i
giousv
alues.
Ev
ent
hosewhodonotconsi
dert
hemsel
vesasr
eli
gious.

Ref
erences

ht
tps:
//f
il
es.
eri
c.ed.
gov

ht
tps:
//www.
fr
ont
ier
sin.
org/
art
icl
es/
10.
3389/
fpsy
g.2019.
01525/
ful
l