Risk Factors:

 Age: Conn’s syndrome is most common in people who are in their 30s and 40s.
 Family history: Conn’s syndrome is more common in people with a family history of the
condition or of high blood pressure or stroke before age 40.
 Sex: Conn’s syndrome is more common in women than men.

Signs and Symptoms:

 Hypertension that is difficult to control.

 Low potassium. This can be either without symptoms or can lead to
+muscle weakness
+Cramps
+Fatigue
+numbness

Cushing’s syndrome

-characterized by excess secretion of the adrenal cortex hormones.

Causes:

Iatrogenic causes: excessive cortisol levels from chronic therapy with glucocorticoids.

Primary cause: excessive cortisol production from adrenal neoplasms such as adenomas or carcinomas.

Secondary cause: excessive production of ACTH

Pituitary Gland Diseases

Hypopituitarism

-Abnormal decrease in activity of pituitary gland

Signs & Symptoms:

Dwarfism

Abnormality of secondary sex characteristics

Amenorrhea and infertility in adult females

Lowered testosterone level, decreased libido, loss of facial and body hair in adult males

Risk factors:

Pituitary tumor or space occupying lesion

Pituitary apoplexy

Severe loss of blood, such as Sheehan syndrome or postpartum hypopituitarism

Pituitary surgery, such as hypophysectomy

Cranial radiation

Genetic defects

Hypothalamic disease

Immunosuppression, such as HIV and high dose glucocorticoid intake

Inflammatory processes such as hypophysitis

Pituitary infarction

Non-compliance with hormone replacement therapy

Diagnosis of pituitary function by blood test

Diabetes insipidus

-Defect in the pituitary gland OR defect in kidney tubules

-Both defects result in a decrease of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

Signs & Symptoms:

Excessive polyuria

Urinating 2 to 15 gallons of urine in 24 hours

Polydipsia

Hypotension

Dizziness

Constipation

Risk Factors:

Brain surgery

Family history of diabetes insipidus

Head injury

Infection of the brain

Kidney disease (includes any type of kidney problem, such as kidney stones, kidney failure, and kidney
anomalies)

Risk Factors:

 Age: Conn’s syndrome is most common in people who are in their 30s and 40s.
 Family history: Conn’s syndrome is more common in people with a family history of the
condition or of high blood pressure or stroke before age 40.
 Sex: Conn’s syndrome is more common in women than men.
Signs and Symptoms:

 Hypertension that is difficult to control.

 Low potassium. This can be either without symptoms or can lead to
+muscle weakness
+Cramps
+Fatigue
+numbness

Cushing’s syndrome

-characterized by excess secretion of the adrenal cortex hormones.

Causes:

Iatrogenic causes: excessive cortisol levels from chronic therapy with glucocorticoids.

Primary cause: excessive cortisol production from adrenal neoplasms such as adenomas or carcinomas.

Secondary cause: excessive production of ACTH

Pituitary Gland Diseases

Hypopituitarism

-Abnormal decrease in activity of pituitary gland

Signs & Symptoms:

Dwarfism

Abnormality of secondary sex characteristics

Amenorrhea and infertility in adult females

Lowered testosterone level, decreased libido, loss of facial and body hair in adult males
Risk factors:

Pituitary tumor or space occupying lesion

Pituitary apoplexy

Severe loss of blood, such as Sheehan syndrome or postpartum hypopituitarism

Pituitary surgery, such as hypophysectomy

Cranial radiation

Genetic defects

Hypothalamic disease

Immunosuppression, such as HIV and high dose glucocorticoid intake

Inflammatory processes such as hypophysitis

Pituitary infarction

Non-compliance with hormone replacement therapy

Diagnosis of pituitary function by blood test

Diabetes insipidus

-Defect in the pituitary gland OR defect in kidney tubules

-Both defects result in a decrease of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

Signs & Symptoms:

Excessive polyuria
Urinating 2 to 15 gallons of urine in 24 hours

Polydipsia

Hypotension

Dizziness

Constipation

Risk Factors:

Brain surgery

Family history of diabetes insipidus

Head injury

Infection of the brain

Kidney disease (includes any type of kidney problem, such as kidney stones, kidney failure, and kidney
anomalies)

Risk Factors:

 Age: Conn’s syndrome is most common in people who are in their 30s and 40s.
 Family history: Conn’s syndrome is more common in people with a family history of the
condition or of high blood pressure or stroke before age 40.
 Sex: Conn’s syndrome is more common in women than men.

Signs and Symptoms:

 Hypertension that is difficult to control.

 Low potassium. This can be either without symptoms or can lead to
+muscle weakness
+Cramps
+Fatigue
+numbness

Cushing’s syndrome

-characterized by excess secretion of the adrenal cortex hormones.

Causes:

Iatrogenic causes: excessive cortisol levels from chronic therapy with glucocorticoids.

Primary cause: excessive cortisol production from adrenal neoplasms such as adenomas or carcinomas.

Secondary cause: excessive production of ACTH

Pituitary Gland Diseases

Hypopituitarism

-Abnormal decrease in activity of pituitary gland

Signs & Symptoms:

Dwarfism

Abnormality of secondary sex characteristics

Amenorrhea and infertility in adult females

Lowered testosterone level, decreased libido, loss of facial and body hair in adult males

Risk factors:

Pituitary tumor or space occupying lesion

Pituitary apoplexy

Severe loss of blood, such as Sheehan syndrome or postpartum hypopituitarism

Pituitary surgery, such as hypophysectomy

Cranial radiation

Genetic defects

Hypothalamic disease
Immunosuppression, such as HIV and high dose glucocorticoid intake

Inflammatory processes such as hypophysitis

Pituitary infarction

Non-compliance with hormone replacement therapy

Diagnosis of pituitary function by blood test

Diabetes insipidus

-Defect in the pituitary gland OR defect in kidney tubules

-Both defects result in a decrease of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

Signs & Symptoms:

Excessive polyuria

Urinating 2 to 15 gallons of urine in 24 hours

Polydipsia

Hypotension

Dizziness

Constipation

Risk Factors:

Brain surgery
Family history of diabetes insipidus

Head injury

Infection of the brain

Kidney disease (includes any type of kidney problem, such as kidney stones, kidney failure, and kidney
anomalies)

Risk Factors:

 Age: Conn’s syndrome is most common in people who are in their 30s and 40s.
 Family history: Conn’s syndrome is more common in people with a family history of the
condition or of high blood pressure or stroke before age 40.
 Sex: Conn’s syndrome is more common in women than men.

Signs and Symptoms:

 Hypertension that is difficult to control.

 Low potassium. This can be either without symptoms or can lead to
+muscle weakness
+Cramps
+Fatigue
+numbness

Cushing’s syndrome

-characterized by excess secretion of the adrenal cortex hormones.

Causes:

Iatrogenic causes: excessive cortisol levels from chronic therapy with glucocorticoids.

Primary cause: excessive cortisol production from adrenal neoplasms such as adenomas or carcinomas.

Secondary cause: excessive production of ACTH

Pituitary Gland Diseases

Hypopituitarism

-Abnormal decrease in activity of pituitary gland

Signs & Symptoms:

Dwarfism

Abnormality of secondary sex characteristics

Amenorrhea and infertility in adult females

Lowered testosterone level, decreased libido, loss of facial and body hair in adult males

Risk factors:

Pituitary tumor or space occupying lesion

Pituitary apoplexy

Severe loss of blood, such as Sheehan syndrome or postpartum hypopituitarism

Pituitary surgery, such as hypophysectomy

Cranial radiation

Genetic defects

Hypothalamic disease

Immunosuppression, such as HIV and high dose glucocorticoid intake

Inflammatory processes such as hypophysitis

Pituitary infarction

Non-compliance with hormone replacement therapy

Diagnosis of pituitary function by blood test

Diabetes insipidus
-Defect in the pituitary gland OR defect in kidney tubules

-Both defects result in a decrease of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

Signs & Symptoms:

Excessive polyuria

Urinating 2 to 15 gallons of urine in 24 hours

Polydipsia

Hypotension

Dizziness

Constipation

Risk Factors:

Brain surgery

Family history of diabetes insipidus

Head injury

Infection of the brain

Kidney disease (includes any type of kidney problem, such as kidney stones, kidney failure, and kidney
anomalies)