AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL

MODULE 4

Sudha Balagopalan

Dean Academics & Professor in Electrical Engineering

Vidya Academy of Science and Technology, Thrissur

Automatic Generation Control

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 Outline

1 Recap of the syllabus components

The preliminaries
Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

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 Recap of the syllabus components The preliminaries

Outline

1 Recap of the syllabus components

The preliminaries
Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

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 Recap of the syllabus components The preliminaries

Syllabus content & The course diary page

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 Recap of the syllabus components The preliminaries

A few questions to be answered in this module

The speed governor mechanism can be designed as a feedback control

mechanism. How?
How does a power system respond to a change in generated power?
What do you understand about Area control error (ACE) in a 2 area
power system in the power system control and operation context?
Give an outline of the free governor operation of a power system.
How is the command operation automated via frequency deviations in a
power system?
What are the factors that control load sharing by 2 or more generators in
a single area of a power system?
Describe the 2 channels of control in power system operation.

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

Outline

1 Recap of the syllabus components

The preliminaries
Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

The Speed Controller

Some preliminaries

The mechanism which maintains the system frequency, despite changes

in load is the AUTOMATIC LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROLLER (ALFC)
It helps match desired megawatt output power of a generator with load
changes & hence also called Automatic Generation Control
It assists in controlling the frequency of larger interconnection; so also
termed Load/ Power Frequency Control
Another role of ALFC is to keep the net interchange power between pool
members, at predetermined values.
The ALFC loop will maintain control only during small and slow changes
in load & frequency

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

Modelling the ALFC

Located in the generator station

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

Functioning of the ALF Controller

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

Some explanations

The linkage movements:

Corresponding to raise command, A moves downwards; C upwards; D
upwards; High pressure oil entry causes E to move downwards
More steam/ water flow into the turbine causing incremental increase in
generator output power
When the speed drops, B moves upwards and again generator output power
will increase
The mathematical representation:
l2
∆xC = −k1 kc ∆Pc + k2 ∆f where k1 = l1
&k2 = l1 +l
l1
2 0
k2
l4 l3
∆xD = k3 ∆xc + k4 ∆xC where k3 = l3 +l4
&k4 = l3 +l4
R
∆xE = −k5 ∆xD dt
Taking Laplace Transform and substituting
2 k
k1 k3 kc (∆Pc (s)− k1 kc ∆F (s))
1 ∆F (s)
∆Pc (s)− R
k1 k3 kc ∆Pc (s)−k2 k3 ∆f (s)
∆YE (s) = k4 + ks
= k4 1+ k sk
= Ksg 1+sTsg
5 4 5
k1 k3 kc 1 k1 kc
Note: Ksg = k4
; Tsg = k4 k5
;R = k2

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

Modelling the power system for AGC

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

How a frequency change occurs

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

Full control area loop for AGC

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

Free Governor Operation

∆Pc (s)
∆Pc (s) = 0 & step change in demand: s
G(s) ∆PD (s) Kp 1 Ksg KT
∆Fs = 1+G(s)H(s) s
where G(s) = 1+sTp
& H(s) = R (1+sTsg )(1+sTT )
∆PD (s) Kp
Simplifying, Ksg KT = 1; ∆Fs = s 1
1+ R 1
(1+sTsg )(1+sTT )
Using Final Value Theorem the steady state frequency
∆PD 1
lim s∆Fs = ∆fss = − D+ 1 since Kp = D
s=0 R

Droop characteristics of the Generator operation

When frequency dependence of load is 0, D=0 Then ∆fss = −∆PD xR
Then ∆PG = − R1 ∆f : The droop characteristics
For a constant speed changer setting, the static increase in turbine power
output is directly proportional to the static frequency drop.
This means that the plot of ∆f with respect to ∆PG is a straight line with
slope of – R (drop in hertz per MW or in pu for both frequency & MW.)

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

Droop Characteristics: For load sharing by generators

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

Load sharing by 2 generators

Using droop chara.

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 Recap of the syllabus components Automatic Generation Control problem: The link

Two area control and the automation

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 Summary

Summary

The Automation is in the feedback of frequency in a single area control

The Block diagram is the centre point of any discussion in AGC
Then analysis of droop characteristics, forms the basis of sharing power
between generators and between areas also.

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