Typography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 9/7/11 10:06 AM

Typography
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In philately "typography", especially in the case of 19th century

stamps, refers to letterpress printing.[1]

Typography (from the Greek words π (typos) = form and

(graphy) = writing) is the art and technique of arranging type.
The arrangement of type involves the selection of typefaces, point size,
line length, leading (line spacing), adjusting the spaces between groups
of letters (tracking) and adjusting the space between pairs of letters
(kerning). Type design is a closely related craft, which some consider
distinct and others a part of typography; most typographers do not
design typefaces, and some type designers do not consider themselves
typographers.[2][3]

Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers,

graphic designers, art directors, comic book artists, graffiti artists, Specimen of Trajan typeface, based
clerical workers, and anyone else who arranges type for a product. Until on the letterforms of capitalis
the Digital Age, typography was a specialized occupation. Digitization monumentalis or Roman square
opened up typography to new generations of visual designers and lay capitals, as used for the inscription at
users. According to David Jury, "Typography is now something the base of Trajan's Column from
everybody does."[4] which the typeface takes its name

Contents
1 History
2 Scope
3 Text typography
3.1 Color
4 Readability and legibility
4.1 Experimental typography
5 Display typography
5.1 Advertising
5.2 Inscriptional and architectural lettering
6 See also
6.1 Supporting organizations
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links

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History
Main articles: History of Western typography, History of typography in East Asia, and Movable type

Typography traces its origins to the first punches and dies used to make seals and currency in ancient times.
The typographical principle, that is the creation of a complete text by reusing identical characters, was first
realized in the Phaistos Disc, an enigmatic Minoan print item from Crete, Greece, which dates between 1850
and 1600 BC. [5][6][7] It has been put forward that Roman lead pipe inscriptions were created by movable type
printing,[8] but this view has been recently dismissed by the German typographer Herbert Brekle.[9]

The essential criterion of type identity was met by medieval print artifacts such as the Latin Pruefening Abbey
inscription of 1119 that was created by the same technique as the Phaistos disc.[10] In the northern Italian town
of Cividale, there is a Venetian silver retable from ca. 1200, which was printed with individual letter
punches. [11] The same printing technique can apparently be found in 10th to 12th century Byzantine
staurotheca and lipsanotheca.[12] Individual letter tiles where the words are formed by assembling single letter
tiles in the desired order were reasonably widespread in medieval Northern Europe. [13]

Modern movable type, along with the mechanical printing press, was invented in mid-15th century Europe by
the German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg.[14] His type pieces from a lead-based alloy suited printing
purposes so well that the alloy is still used today.[15] Gutenberg developed specialized techniques for casting
and combining cheap copies of letterpunches in the vast quantities required to print multiple copies of texts.
This technical breakthrough was instrumental in starting the Printing Revolution.

Typography with movable type was separately invented in 11th-century China. Metal type was first invented
in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty around 1230. Both hand printing systems, however, were only
sporadically used and discontinued after the introduction of Western lead type and the printing press.[16]

Scope
In contemporary use, the practice and study of typography is very broad, covering all aspects of letter design
and application. These include:

typesetting and type design

handwriting and calligraphy
graffiti
inscriptional and architectural lettering
poster design and other large scale lettering such as signage and billboards
business communications and promotional collateral
advertising
wordmarks and typographic logos (logotypes)
apparel (clothing)
labels on maps
vehicle instrument panels

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kinetic typography in motion picture films and television

as a component of industrial design—type on household appliances, pens and wristwatches, for
example
as a component in modern poetry (see, for example, the poetry of E. E. Cummings)

Since digitization, typography has spread to a wider ranger of applications, appearing on web pages, LCD
mobile phone screens, and hand-held video games. The ubiquity of type has led typographers to coin the
phrase "Type is everywhere".

Traditional typography follows four principles: repetition, contrast, proximity, and alignment.

Text typography
In traditional typography, text is composed to create a readable,
coherent, and visually satisfying whole that works invisibly, without the
awareness of the reader. Even distribution of typeset material, with a
minimum of distractions and anomalies, is aimed at producing clarity
and transparency.

Choice of font(s) is the primary aspect of text typography—prose

fiction, non-fiction, editorial, educational, religious, scientific, spiritual
and commercial writing all have differing characteristics and
requirements of appropriate typefaces and fonts. For historic material
established text typefaces are frequently chosen according to a scheme
of historical genre acquired by a long process of accretion, with
considerable overlap between historical periods.

Contemporary books are more likely to be set with state-of-the-art

seriffed "text romans" or "book romans" with design values echoing
present-day design arts, which are closely based on traditional models
A specimen of roman typefaces by
such as those of Nicolas Jenson, Francesco Griffo (a punchcutter who
William Caslon
created the model for Aldine typefaces), and Claude Garamond. With
their more specialized requirements, newspapers and magazines rely on
compact, tightly fitted seriffed text fonts specially designed for the task, which offer maximum flexibility,
readability and efficient use of page space. Sans serif text fonts are often used for introductory paragraphs,
incidental text and whole short articles. A current fashion is to pair sans-serif type for headings with a high-
performance seriffed font of matching style for the text of an article.

Typography is modulated by orthography and linguistics, word structures, word frequencies, morphology,
phonetic constructs and linguistic syntax. Typography is also subject to specific cultural conventions. For
example, in French it is customary to insert a non-breaking space before a colon (:) or semicolon (;) in a
sentence, while in English it is not.

Color

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In typography, color is the overall density of the ink on the page, determined mainly by the typeface, but also
by the word spacing, leading and depth of the margins.[17] Text layout, tone or color of set matter, and the
interplay of text with white space of the page and other graphic elements combine to impart a "feel" or
"resonance" to the subject matter. With printed media typographers are also concerned with binding margins,
paper selection and printing methods.

Readability and legibility

Legibility is primarily the concern of the typeface designer, to ensure that each individual character or glyph is
unambiguous and distinguishable from all other characters in the font. Legibility is also in part the concern of
the typographer to select a typeface with appropriate clarity of design for the intended use at the intended size.
An example of a well-known design, Brush Script, contains a number of illegible letters since many of the
characters can be easily misread especially if seen out of textual context.

Readability is primarily the concern of the typographer or information designer. It is the intended result of the
complete process of presentation of textual material in order to communicate meaning as unambiguously as
possible. A reader should be assisted in navigating around the information with ease, by optimal inter-letter,
inter-word and particularly inter-line spacing, coupled with appropriate line length and position on the page,
careful editorial “chunking” and choice of the text architecture of titles, folios, and reference links.

One of the clearest distinctions between the two concepts was presented
by Walter Tracy in his Letters of Credit. These … ‘two aspects of a
type’ … are … ‘fundamental to its effectiveness. Because the common
meaning of “legible” is “readable” there are those – even some
professionally involved in typography – who think that the term
“legibility” is all that is needed in any discussion on the effectiveness of
types. But legibility and readability are separate, though connected
aspects of type. Properly understood … the two terms can help to
describe the character and function of type more precisely than
legibility alone. … In typography we need to draw the definition … of
legibility …to mean the quality of being decipherable and
recognisable – so that we can say, for example, that the lowercase h in a
particular old style italic is not legible in small sizes because its in-
turned leg makes it look like the letter b; or a figure 3 in a classified
advertisement is too similar to the 8. … In display sizes, legibility
ceases to be a serious matter; a character that causes uncertainty at 8 Text typeset in Iowan Old Style
point size is plain enough at 24 point.’ [18] roman, italics and small caps,
optimized at approximately 10 words
Note that the above applies to people with 20/20 vision at appropriate per line, typeface sized at 14 points
reading distance and under optimal lighting. The analogy of an on 1.4 x leading, with 0.2 points
opticians chart, testing for visual acuity and independent of meaning, is extra tracking. Extract of an essay by
useful to indicate the scope of the concept of legibility. Oscar Wilde The English
Renaissance of Art ca. 1882.
‘In typography … if the columns of a newspaper or magazine or the
pages of a book can be read for many minutes at a time without strain
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or difficulty, then we can say the type has good readability. The term describes the quality of visual comfort –
an important requirement in the comprehension of long stretches of text but, paradoxically, not so important in
such things as telephone directories or air-line time-tables, where the reader is not reading continuously but
searching for a single item of information. The difference in the two aspects of visual effectiveness is
illustrated by the familiar argument on the suitability of sans-serif types for text setting. The characters in a
particular sans-serif face may be perfectly legible in themselves, but no one would think of setting a popular
novel in it because its readability is low.’ [19] ’

Legibility ‘refers to perception’ and readability ‘refers to comprehension’. [19] Typographers aim to achieve
excellence in both.

"The typeface chosen should be legible. That is, it should be read without effort. Sometimes legibility is
simply a matter of type size. More often however, it is a matter of typeface design. In general typefaces that
are true to the basic letterforms are more legible than typefaces that have been condensed, expanded,
embellished, or abstracted.

"However, even a legible typeface can become unreadable through poor setting and placement, just as a less
legible typeface can be made more readable through good design." [20]

Studies of both legibility and readability have examined a wide range of factors including type size and type
design. For example, comparing serif vs. sans-serif type, roman type vs. oblique type and italic type, line
length, line spacing, color contrast, the design of right-hand edge (for example, justification, straight right hand
edge) vs. ranged left, and whether text is hyphenated.

Legibility research has been published since the late nineteenth century. Although there are often
commonalities and agreement on many topics, others often create poignant areas of conflict and variation of
opinion. For example, no one has provided a conclusive answer as to which font, serifed or sans serif,
provides the most legibility according to Alex Poole. [21]

Other topics such as justified vs unjustified type, use of hyphens, and proper fonts for people with reading
difficulties such as dyslexia, have continued to be subjects of debate. Websites such as hgredbes.com
(http://www.hgrebdes.com) , ban comic sans (http://bancomicsans.com/home.html) , UK National Literacy
Trust (http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/Database/Writing/writingclearly.html) , and Mark Simsonson Studio
(http://www.ms-studio.com/articles.html) have raised debating opinions on the above subjects and many more
each presenting a thorough and well-organized position.

Legibility is usually measured through speed of reading, with comprehension scores used to check for
effectiveness (that is, not a rushed or careless read). For example, Miles Tinker, who published numerous
studies from the 1930s to the 1960s, used a speed of reading test that required participants to spot incongruous
words as an effectiveness filter.

The Readability of Print Unit at the Royal College of Art under Professor Herbert Spencer with Brian Coe and
Linda Reynolds [22] did important work in this area and was one of the centres that revealed the importance of
the saccadic rhythm of eye movement for readability—in particular, the ability to take in (i.e., recognise the
meaning of groups of) around three words at once and the physiognomy of the eye, which means the eye tires

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if the line required more than 3 or 4 of these saccadic jumps. More than this is found to introduce strain and
errors in reading (e.g. Doubling).

These days, legibility research tends to be limited to critical issues, or the testing of specific design solutions
(for example, when new typefaces are developed). Examples of critical issues include typefaces (also called
fonts) for people with visual impairment, and typefaces for highway signs, or for other conditions where
legibility may make a key difference.

Much of the legibility research literature is somewhat atheoretical—various factors were tested individually or
in combination (inevitably so, as the different factors are interdependent), but many tests were carried out in
the absence of a model of reading or visual perception. Some typographers believe that the overall word shape
(Bouma) is very important in readability, and that the theory of parallel letterwise recognition is either wrong,
less important, or not the entire picture.

Studies distinguishing between Bouma recognition and parallel letterwise recognition with regard to how
people actually recognize words when they read, have favored parallel letterwise recognition, which is widely
accepted by cognitive psychologists.[citation needed]

Some commonly agreed findings of legibility research include:[citation needed]

Text set in lower case is more legible than text set all in upper case (capitals), presumably because
lower case letter structures and word shapes are more distinctive.
Extenders (ascenders, descenders and other projecting parts) increase salience (prominence).
Regular upright type (roman type) is found to be more legible than italic type.
Contrast, without dazzling brightness, has also been found to be important, with black on
yellow/cream being most effective.
Positive images (e.g. black on white) are easier to read than negative or reversed (e.g. white on
black). However even this commonly accepted practice has some exceptions, for example in some
cases of disability. (See UK National Literacy Trust
(http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/Database/Writing/writingclearly.html) for their findings in this area.)
The upper portions of letters play a stronger part than the lower portions in the recognition process.

Readability can also be compromised by letter-spacing, word spacing,

or leading that is too tight or too loose. It can be improved when
generous vertical space separates lines of text, making it easier for the
eye to distinguish one line from the next, or previous line. Poorly
designed fonts and those that are too tightly or loosely fitted can also
result in poor legibility.

Typography is an element of all printed material. Periodical

publications, especially newspapers and magazines, use typographical
elements to achieve an attractive, distinctive appearance, to aid readers
Text typeset using LaTeX digital in navigating the publication, and in some cases for dramatic effect. By
typesetting software formulating a style guide, a periodical standardizes on a relatively small
collection of typefaces, each used for specific elements within the
publication, and makes consistent use of type sizes, italic, boldface, large and small capital letters, colors, and

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other typographic features. Some publications, such as The Guardian and The Economist, go so far as to
commission a type designer to create bespoke (custom tailored) typefaces for their exclusive use.

Different periodical publications design their publications, including their typography, to achieve a particular
tone or style. For example, USA Today uses a bold, colorful, and comparatively modern style through their use
of a variety of typefaces and colors; type sizes vary widely, and the newspaper's name is placed on a colored
background. In contrast, The New York Times uses a more traditional approach, with fewer colors, less
typeface variation, and more columns.

Especially on the front page of newspapers and on magazine covers, headlines are often set in larger display
typefaces to attract attention, and are placed near the masthead.

Experimental typography
Experimental typography is defined as the unconventional and more artistic approach to setting type. Francis
Picabia was a Dada pioneer in the early 20th Century. David Carson is often associated with this movement,
particularly for his work in Ray Gun magazine in the 1990s. His work caused an uproar in the design
community due to his abandonment of standards in typesetting practices, layout, and design. Experimental
typography places emphasis on communicating emotion, rather than on legibility.

Display typography
Display typography is a potent element in graphic design, where there is
less concern for readability and more potential for using type in an
artistic manner. Type is combined with negative space, graphic
elements and pictures, forming relationships and dialog between words
and images.

Color and size of type elements are much more prevalent than in text
typography. Most display typography exploits type at larger sizes,
where the details of letter design are magnified. Color is used for its
emotional effect in conveying the tone and nature of subject matter.

Display typography encompasses:

posters; book covers;

typographic logos and wordmarks; billboards;
packaging and labeling; on-product typography; calligraphy;
graffiti; inscriptional and architectural lettering;
poster design and other large scale lettering signage;
business communications and promotional collateral;
advertising;
wordmarks and typographic logos (logotypes),
and kinetic typography in motion pictures and television;
vending machine displays; online and computer screen
19th century John Wilkes Booth

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displays. 19th century John Wilkes Booth

wanted poster printed with wood and
The wanted poster for the assassins of Abraham Lincoln was printed metal types
with lead and woodcut type, and incorporates photography.

Advertising
Typography has long been a vital part of promotional material and advertising. Designers often use
typography to set a theme and mood in an advertisement; for example using bold, large text to convey a
particular message to the reader. Type is often used to draw attention to a particular advertisement, combined
with efficient use of color, shapes and images. Today, typography in advertising often reflects a company's
brand. Fonts used in advertisements convey different messages to the reader, classical fonts are for a strong
personality, while more modern fonts are for a cleaner, neutral look. Bold fonts are used for making statements
and attracting attention.

Inscriptional and architectural lettering

See also: Epigraphy

The history of inscriptional lettering is intimately tied to the history of

writing, the evolution of letterforms and the craft of the hand. The
widespread use of the computer and various etching and sandblasting
techniques today has made the hand carved monument a rarity, and the
number of letter-carvers left in the USA continues to dwindle.

For monumental lettering to be effective it must be considered carefully

in its context. Proportions of letters need to be altered as their size and
A print advertisement for the
distance from the viewer increases. An expert letterer gains
Encyclopædia Britannica from a
understanding of these nuances through much practice and observation
1913 issue of National Geographic
of their craft. Letters drawn by hand and for a specific project have the
possibility of being richly specific and profoundly beautiful in the hand
of a master. Each can also take up to an hour to carve,[citation needed] so it is no wonder that the automated
sandblasting process has become the industry standard.

To create a sandblasted letter, a rubber mat is laser cut from a computer file and glued to the stone. The sand
then bites a coarse groove or channel into the exposed surface. Unfortunately, many of the computer
applications that create these files and interface with the laser cutter do not have many typefaces available, and
often have inferior versions of typefaces that are available.[citation needed] What can now be done in minutes,
however, lacks the striking architecture and geometry of the chisel-cut letter that allows light to play across its
distinct interior planes.[citation needed]

See also
List of type designers

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Supporting organizations
ATypI (French: Association Typographique Internationale; International Typographic Association)
International Society of Typographic Designers
Emil Ruder
Society of Typographic Aficionados
The Typophiles
Type Directors Club
Typophile (Internet forum)

Notes
1. ^ James E. Kloetzel, ed (2010). Scott 2011 Classic Specialized Catalogue of Stamps & Cover 1840–1940 (17 ed.).
Sidney, Ohio: Scott Publishing. p. 34A. ISBN 0-89487-455-1.
2. ^ Pipes, Alan. Production For Graphic Designers 2nd Edition, Page 40: Prentice Hall Inc 1997
3. ^ John Berry, Being a Typographer (http://www.creativepro.com/article/dot-font-being-a-typographer)
4. ^ Jury, David (2004). About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography. Switzerland: Rotovision SA. 63. ISBN 2-
88046-798-5.
5. ^ Brekle 1997, pp. 60f.
6. ^ Schwartz, Benjamin (1959). "The Phaistos disk". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 18 (2): 105–112 (107).
7. ^ Diamond, Jared. "13: Necessity's Mother: The evolution of technology". Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of
Human Society. ISBN 0-393-03891-2.
8. ^ Lanciani 1881, p. 416, Pace 1986, p. 78; Hodge 1992, pp. 310f.
9. ^ Brekle 2010, p. 19
10. ^ Brekle 2005, pp. 22–25; Brekle 1997, pp. 62f.; Lehmann-Haupt 1940, pp. 96f.; Hupp 1906, pp. 185f. (+ fig.)
11. ^ Lipinsky 1986, pp. 78–80; Koch 1994, p. 213
12. ^ Lipinsky 1986, p. 78; Koch 1994, p. 213
13. ^ Brekle 1997, pp. 61f.; Lehmann-Haupt 1940, p. 97
14. ^ McLuhan 1962; Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002
15. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2006: "Printing", retrieved November 27, 2006
16. ^ Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, p. 19
17. ^ Eckersley, Richard (1994). "Color". Glossary of Typesetting Terms. Chicago guides to writing, editing and
publishing. University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780226183718. OCLC 316234150
(http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316234150) . "A page is said to have good color if forms an even mass of gray. Squint
at the page, and you will see this."
18. ^ Tracy 1986. 30–31
19. ^ a b Tracy 1986.31
20. ^ Craig, J. and Scala, IK. Designing with Type, the Essential Guide to Typography. 5th ed. p63. Watson Guptil.
2006.
21. ^ Alexpoole.info (http://www.alexpoole.info/academic/literaturereview.html)
22. ^ Legibility of Type, Linda Reynolds 1988 Baseline 10

References
ASTM International D7298 Standard Test Method of Comparative Legibility by Means of Polarizing Filter
Instrumentation
Brekle, Herbert E. (1997), "Das typographische Prinzip. Versuch einer Begriffsklärung"

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(http://www.typeforum.de/news_332.htm) , Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 72: 58–63,

http://www.typeforum.de/news_332.htm
Brekle, Herbert E. (2005), Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119. Eine paläographisch-typographische
Untersuchung (brief summary) (http://www.typeforum.de/news_308.htm) , Regensburg: Scriptorium Verlag für
Kultur und Wissenschaft, ISBN 3-937527-06-0, http://www.typeforum.de/news_308.htm
Brekle, Herbert E. (2010), "Herstellungstechniken von Inschriften auf römischen Wasserleitungsrohren aus Blei",
in Hanneforth, Thomas; Fanselow, Gisbert, Language and Logos. Festschrift for Peter Staudacher on his 70th
birthday, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, pp. 1–20
Ch'on Hye-bong: "Typography in Korea", Koreana, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1993), pp. 10–19
Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2.5). Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. ISBN
0-88179-133-4. Often referred to simply as "Bringhurst", Elements is widely respected as the current authority on
typographic style for Latin typography. (excerpts (http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/typographicStyle) ). Well-paired
with Tschichold's The Form of the Book, below, from the same publisher.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (1980), The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-
521-29955-1
Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1997), The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800, London:
Verso, ISBN 1-85984-108-2
Heller, Steven and Meggs, Philip B. Texts on Type: Critical Writings on Typography (c) 2001, Allworth Press,
Allworth Communications, New York. ISBN 1-58115-082-2. A compilation of over fifty texts on the history,
practice, and aesthetics of type design and typography.
Hodge, A. Trevor (1992), Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply, London: Duckworth, ISBN 0-7156-2194-7
Hupp, Otto (1906), "Die Prüfeninger Weiheinschrift von 1119", Studien aus Kunst und Geschichte, Festschrift für
Friedrich Schneider, Freiburg i. Br.: Herder
Koch, Walter (1994), Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik (1985–1991),
Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Hilfsmittel, 14, München, p. 213, ISBN 978-3886121144
Lanciani, R.: "Topografia di Roma antica. I commentarii di Frontino intorno le acque e gli acquedotti. Silloge
epigrafica aquaria", in: Memorie della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Serie III, Volume IV, Classe di Scienze
Morali, Rom 1881 (Reprint: Quasar publishing house, 1975), pp. 215–616
Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1940), "Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII. Jahrhunderts", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch:
93–97
Lipinsky, Angelo (1986), "La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni
con caratteri mobili", Ateneo Veneto 24: 75–80
Man, John (2002), The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World,
London: Headline Review, ISBN 978-0747245049
McLuhan, Marshall (1962), The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1st ed.), University of
Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0802060419
Pace, Pietrantonio (1986), Gli acquedotti di Roma e il Aquaeductu di Frontino (2nd ed.), Rome: Art Studio S.
Eligio
Tracy, Walter Letters of Credit 1986 Gordon Fraser
Tschichold, Jan (1991). The Form of the Book: Essays on the Morality of Good Design. Vancouver: Hartley &
Marks. ISBN 978-0881790344. A comprehensive collection of essays on the typographic art. A more classic
companion to Bringhust, above.
Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale, French: Imprimerie nationale, 2002, ISBN
2-7433-0482-0, for French typography.
Swanson, Gunnar Graphic Design and Reading: explorations of an uneasy relationship (c) 2000, Allworth Press,
Allworth Communications, New York. ISBN 1-58115-063-6. The Crystal Goblet, or Printing Should Be Invisible
Beatrice Warde; Improving the Tool Hrant H. Papazian.
Alexander Lawson, Anatomy of a Typeface, first published in 1990, devotes entire chapters to the development
and uses of individual or small groupings of typefaces. ISBN 978-0879233334
White, Alex W. (1999). Type in Use – Effective typography for electronic publishing (version 2.0). W.W. Norton

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& Company, Inc. New York. ISBN 0-393-73034-4 (pbk).

Martínez de Sousa, José, Manual de estilo de la lengua española, 3.ª ed., Gijón: Trea, 2007. For Spanish
typography.
—, Ortografía y ortotipografía del español actual, 2.ª ed., Gijón: Trea, 2008. For Spanish typography.
Mestres, Josep M.; Costa, Joan; Oliva, Mireia; Fité, Ricard. Manual d'estil. La redacció i l'edició de textos. 4a
ed., rev. i ampl. Vic / Barcelona: Eumo / UB / UPF / Rosa Sensat, 2009. For Catalan typography.
Pujol, J. M., i Solà, Joan: Ortotipografia. Manual de l'author, l'autoeditor i el dissenyador gràfic, 2a ed., rev.
Barcelona: Columna, 2000. For Catalan typography.
Gill, Eric (2000) [1931]. An Essay on Typography. David R Godine. pp. 188. ISBN 0879239506.

External links
AIGA typography articles (http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/search?topicAlias=typography) –
Articles and interviews relating to typography from AIGA's Voice section.
Decode Unicode (http://www.decodeunicode.org/) – A wiki with all 98,884 Unicode characters,
including full text search capability.
Luc Devroye's typography pages (http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/~luc/fonts.html) – Large list of typography
and font resources
Type-Culture Academic Resource (http://www.typeculture.com/academic_resource/) – Educational
resources, including documentary videos about typography.
Typography and the Invisible Goblet in Graphic Design
(http://www.bobolinkbooks.com/BALLAST/BW.html) – Online essay.
Typography from Vancouver film school (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki6rcXvUWP0) – A
short 2-minute infographic video explaining what Typography is.
Examples of incunabula styles in McCune Collection
(http://www.mccunecollection.org/Incunabula%20Styles.html)
Baseline magazine (http://www.baselinemagazine.com/) – A magazine for people interested in type,
typography, graphic design and art related themes.
I Love Typography.com (http://ilovetypography.com/) – A typography- and font-centered blog.
NYC Type (http://nyctype.tumblr.com/) – Daily photographs taken of interesting typography around
NYC.
Typedesk (http://www.typedesk.com) – An online journal of typography and graphic
communication.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography"

Categories: Typography | Design | Communication design | Graphic design | Greek loanwords | Philatelic
terminology

This page was last modified on 19 August 2011 at 07:21.

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