SCIENCE 9 – QUARTER 1

Quarter 1 – Module 2 : Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory and Circulatory

Disease
Types of Respiratory Disease
COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
It is caused by long – term exposure to substances that irritate and damage the lungs such as
cigarette smoke, dust, chemical fumes, and other pollutants.
Types of COPD
a. Chronic Bronchitis
A person with bronchitis exhibits shortness of breath due to the inflammation of bronchi which
swell and generate excess mucus.
b. Emphysema
It is the damage of air sacs called alveoli in the lungs. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of
COPD. A person with emphysema could be treated using prescribed medication and
supportive therapy that includes supplemental oxygen and smoking cessation therapy
Asthma – It is a chronic disorder that causes swelling and soreness of the interior airway walls.
Airborne substances foods or common bacteria and viruses are factors that can trigger this
disease.
Lung Cancer – These are tumors in the lungs that reduce a person’s ability to breathe.
Pneumonia – It is an infection in onc or both lungs which causes inflammation of the air
sacs. The infection is caused by bacteria , viruses and fungi. Preventing complications and cure
the infection is the treatment for pneumonia.
Tuberculosis (TB) - This a disease caused by bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis. It
usually attacks the lungs and damages other parts of the body

Coronary Heart Disease - This is a disease causing damage to major blood vessels that
supply your heart with blood oxygen and nutrients.

Circulatory system disease are conditions that affect the structures or functions of your
heart and blood vessels that cause complications
Atherosclerosis - This refers to the build up of fat cholesterol and other substance that
triggers a blood clot.
Arteriosclerosis – occurs when blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from the heart
to the rest of the body thickens and hardens losing elasticity.

Heart Attack – Also called Myocardial infraction (MI) , it occurs when blood supply is cut off
from the heart , often by a blood clot, causing tissue death.

Heart Failure – It is the inability to pump blood around the body

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) – It is a disorder where the blood pressure remains
abnormally high.
Stroke – The sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen caused when an artery in the
brain ruptures or is blocked.

Coronary Artery Disease – It is the damage to the major blood vessel that supply our heat
with blood, oxygen and nutrients. This disease can be cause by high cholesterol food, diabetes,
family history, and smoking.

Asthma – It is a chronic disorder that causes swelling and soreness of the interior airway walls.
Airborne substances foods or common bacteria and viruses are factors that can trigger this
disease.
Inhalers and Nebulizers – These are the key components in tretating asthma.

TB DOTs - This is a short - course treatment given to people with tuberculosis (TB) as a control
strategy recommended by the World Health Organization

Coronary Heart Disease - This is a disease causing damage to major blood vessels that
supply your heart with blood oxygen and nutrients.
Antibiotics – These medicines are used to treat bacterial pneumonia.
The length of treatment for a person with pulmonary tuberculosis – 6 to 9 months

Coronary Heart Disease - This is a disease causing damage to major blood vessels that
supply your heart with blood oxygen and nutrients.
A limiting factor is a resource or environmental condition which limits the growth,
distribution, or abundance of organisms within an ecosystem. These factors can either
be biotic or abiotic.

Biotic limiting factors include food, mates, and competition with other organisms
for resources.

Space, temperature, shelter, altitude, and amount of sunlight available in an

environment are considered abiotic limiting factors.

For instance, if there are not enough food to feed a large population of consumers, then
food becomes a limiting factor.

Moreover, if there is not enough space in a lake for a large number of fishes, then space
becomes a limiting factor.

The limiting factors determine the carrying capacity of a habitat.

Carrying capacity refers to the maximum size of the population it can support. If an
organism, group, or population does not have enough resources to sustain it,
individuals will die through starvation, or they will fail to produce offspring. Does it
affect the biodiversity in an ecosystem?

Carrying capacity as you have known is the maximum population size of organisms
that the environment can support. The environment’s carrying capacity will depend on
the presence of limiting factors.

Biodiversity is a compound word derived from ‘biological diversity’. It refers to the

variety of life in the area.

You have learned already the varied factors that may affects biodiversity resulting to
the increase or decrease rate of population in a certain community.

Biodiversity, also known as biological diversity, refers to the variety of living organisms
present on Earth which includes the diverse species of plants, animals, and
microorganisms. These different life forms maintain ecological balance. Without
biodiversity, ecological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, energy flows,
environmental cycles, reproduction, and decomposition will never occur.

Ecological imbalance happens when there is a disturbance which is either natural or

man-made disturbance that disrupts the balance of an ecosystem.

Pollution is the addition of contaminants or harmful substances into a natural environment.

These contaminants are considered pollutants and can damage the quality of the air we breathe
and the water we drink.
Air pollution happens when solid, liquid, and gas particles are dispersed into the air.
Both man-made and natural activities contribute to air pollution. The burning of fossil
fuels, exhaust from the vehicles and factories, burning of plastics, and agricultural
activities are some of the man-made activities

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitted by coal plants, factories,
electric power generators, and vehicles contribute to acid rain.

Domestic and industrial wastes such as oils, chemicals, plastics, and agricultural
wastes are the main causes of water pollution.

When oxygen is no longer available, aquatic organisms will die. Water quality and
clarity will also be affected. This process is called eutrophication.

Deforestation happens when forests are cleared to make the land available for other
purposes. The problem is, trees are continually cut down, including the young ones,
without replacing it. The loss of habitat of other living organisms, increased levels of
greenhouse gases, soil erosion, and flooding are some of the effects of deforestation

In the Philippines, a practice known as the kaingin system is used by farmers for
farming. In this method, the forest is set on fire to clear the area for cultivation. If the
burning is uncontrolled, this will lead to forest fires.

Wildlife Depletion
One of our natural resources is the wildlife. Wildlife plays an important role in
ecological balance. Among the famous Philippine wildlife is the monkey-eating eagle,
which is now considered critically endangered. Hunting and trapping, taking animals
for profit, killing them, and destroying their habitats through deforestation are ways on
how human beings harm or destroy wildlife species

Destruction of Coastal Areas

Aside from pollution, overharvesting, the use of explosives and chemicals, and the
conversion of coastal areas into resorts and residential areas greatly affect marine
organisms and their habitats. Overharvesting or overfishing happens when people
collect, capture, or harvest marine organisms such as coral reefs, fish, sea turtles, and
others in a large quantity.

On the other hand, dynamite fishing, cyanide fishing, and muro-ami fishing as
the known illegal fishing methods used in the Philippines kill plenty of marine animals
and destroy coral reefs.
SUMMARY
 The population pertains to the number of organisms of the same species living in
a certain place.
 Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area.
 Communities with many different species (a high index of diversity) will be able
to withstand environmental changes better than communities with only a few
species (a low index of diversity).
 Population sizes vary among organisms. They change with the number of births
and when they move into an ecosystem. They also change when members die or
move out of an ecosystem.
 Limiting factors are environmental conditions that keep a population from
increasing in size and help balance ecosystems.
 The carrying capacity is affected by changes in the environment.
 Extinction occurs when the last number of species dies.
 When the population of a species begins declining rapidly, the species is said to
be a threatened species.
 A species is endangered when its population has become so low that it is possible
to become extinct.
 Human actions have resulted in habitat loss and degradation that have
accelerated the rate of extinction.
 Human actions have resulted in habitat loss and degradation that have
accelerated the rate of extinction.
 Humans contribute to ecological imbalance. Examples of these are pollution,
deforestation, wildlife depletion, and destruction of coastal resources. All of these
results in ecological imbalance.
 Pollution is the addition of contaminants or harmful substances into a natural
environment. The major types of pollution are air and water pollution.
 Pollutants are considered contaminants that can damage the quality of the air and
water.
 The burning of fossil fuels, exhaust from the vehicles and factories, burning of
plastics, and agricultural activities are some of the man-made activities which
contribute to air pollution. Wildfires and volcanic activities are also sources of air
pollutants.
 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitted by coal plants, factories,
electric power generators, and vehicles contribute to acid rain. These substances
react with water molecules, oxygen, and other chemicals in the atmosphere which
produces acid.
 Domestic and industrial wastes such as oils, chemicals, plastics, and agricultural
wastes are the main causes of water pollution.
 Eutrophication is a process wherein there is an increase of organic nutrients
brought about by the chemicals and garbage thrown into the bodies of water which
stimulates the growth of algae and in turn, lessens the available oxygen for other
aquatic animals. When oxygen is no longer available, aquatic organisms will die.
 Deforestation happens when forests are cleared to make the land available for
other purposes
 The kaingin system is a practice commonly used by Filipino farmers for crop
production wherein the forest is set on fire to clear the area for cultivation.
 Hunting and killing animals for profit and destroying their habitats through
deforestation are major causes of wildlife depletion.
 Overharvesting, the use of explosives and chemicals, and the conversion of coastal
areas into resorts and residential areas greatly affect marine organisms and their
habitats.
 Overharvesting or overfishing happens when people collect, capture, or harvest
marine organisms in a large quantity
.  Dynamite fishing, cyanide fishing, and muro-ami fishing are the known illegal
fishing methods used in the Philippines that kill plenty of marine animals and
destroy coral reefs.