INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE LAS TEMÁTICAS

PRESENTADO POR:

SOR LAURA VANESSA VANEGAS CORREDOR

PRESENTADO A:

LIC. CAROLINA ISABEL FONTALVO MORALES

I.E.D. ESCUELA NORMAL SUPERIOR MARIA AUXILIADORA

AMBIENTE PEDAGÓGICO Y DESARROLLO VOCACIONAL DEL SER HUMANO
ENGLISH II
PFC I SEMESTRE
SANTA MARTA
 1. DEFINITION / DEFINICIÓN

 Question words are words used to formulate interrogative sentences whose answer is
not yes or no but an open answer.

 A question always starts with a capital letter and ends with a question mark (?)

What are question words?

 Who? - ¿Quién?
 What? - ¿Qué?
 When? - ¿Cuándo?
 Where? - ¿Dónde?
 How? - ¿Cómo?
 Why? - ¿Por qué?
 Whose? - ¿De quién?
 Which? - ¿Cuál?

QUESTION STRUCTURE / ESTRUCTURA DE LA PREGUNTA

If the main verb of the question is to be, the structure of the question is as follows:

For example:

 Where is your office?

¿Dónde está tu oficina?

 How are you?

¿Cómo estás?

 When is your birthday?

¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?

 Who is your friend?

¿Quién es tu amigo?
In case the main verb of the sentence is any other verb, you must use the verb to do as an
interrogative auxiliary. The structure should be as follows:

For example:

 What did you do last weekend?

¿Qué hiciste el fin de semana pasado?

 How does she dance so well?

¿Cómo baila tan bien?

 Where do you want to lunch?

¿Dónde quieres almorzar?

PHRASES / FRASES
 2. DEFINITION / DEFINICIÓN

Pronouns are words to substitute or replace nouns. They come in many forms and their
fundamental forms are; subject, object and possessive pronouns.

A subject pronoun is a pronoun that takes the place of a noun as the subject of a sentence.
The subject is the person or thing that performs the action of a verb. Subject pronouns can
be singular or plural, and they can be masculine, feminine or neutral.
 STRUCTURE / ESTRUCTURA

What is the structure?

She is friendly
Subject + Verb + Complement

Mary works every day

Bryan is tall

Mary and Bryan are the subjects of the sentences. If we want to replace the names, we use
the subject pronouns: she and he.

She works every day

He is tall

CONVERSATION / CONVERSACIÓN

Dan: Who is Maria?

Rita: Maria is my sister. She lives in Lima.
Dan: Is Lima a good place to live?
Rita: Yes, it is. My sister loves it.
Dan: Who are Jose and Alex?
Rita: They are my brothers. Jose and Alex are twins.
Dan: What is José's favorite soccer team?
Rita: He loves Real Madrid. He thinks Cristiano Ronaldo is the best soccer player in the
world.
Dan: Yes, he is one of the best. Who is your favorite player?
Rita: I'm sorry, but I don't like soccer. I think soccer is stupid.
Dan: I see. What do you and your family do in your spare time?
Rita: Well, we usually go to the park or to the movies.
Dan: Rita, I have to go. Dan: Bye.
Rita: All right, I'll see you tomorrow.
 SONG / CANCIÓN

LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXjfcEmqAHc
 3. DEFINITION / DEFINICIÓN

Possessive pronouns are words that we use in English to show ownership/possession

of a thing or a person. Sometimes we can use possessive pronouns to not only show
ownership but also emphasize our ownership.

Object pronouns are words used to replace a noun in order to avoid repetition. The main
difference between personal pronouns and personal object pronouns is that while the former
replaces a noun that acts as a subject, the latter replace a noun that does not act as a subject.
 STRUCTURE / ESTRUCTURA

OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS
 PHRASES / FRASES

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS
 4. DEFINITION / DEFINICIÓN

As in many languages, prepositions are perhaps the most difficult part of grammar to
learn because direct translation is often impossible. Prepositions can be translated
differently depending on the situation or context of their use. It is therefore
recommended that the student memorize the different types and us es of the various
prepositions, depending on their relationship to the object in the sentence (place, time,
movement/ direction). A we will see; many prepositions can be used in various context.

IN / AT/ ON

Among the most common prepositions are “in”, “at”, “on”. These three prepositions can
be used to indicate either place or time.

STRUCTURE / ESTRUCTURA

 IN

Use (place): “in” is used to indicate both open and closed spaces. We use this preposition
to indicate that something is included within the limits of something, a closed space or the
interior of something in a physical sense. As we can see from the following examples, “in”
can also be used to indicate the geographical location of something.

Examples:

 I live in Brighton.
 The cat is in the box.
 I found your address in the phone book.
 My parents arrive in France on Monday.

Use (time): “In” is used with months, years, periods of time, seasons and parts of the day.

Examples:

 We went to Mexico in May.

 I always run in the mornings.
 I will see him in a week.
 She was born in 1972.
 AT

Use (place): It is used in front of buildings such as houses, airports, universities, for events
such as meetings, parties, concerts, sports, etc., before "top", "bottom", "the end of" and
after "arrive" when we are referring to places other than cities or countries.

Examples:

 He is at home.
 I always visit my sister at work.
 She will se him at the theatre.

Use (time): We use “at” before the hour or holidays.

Examples:

 He runs every morning at 6.

 I will see them at Christmas.

 ON

Use (place): “On” is used with surfaces, when we are referencing a location within a room,
such as the ceiling or the wall, or to indicate the someone is inside a mode od transport or n
the floor of a building.

Use (time): “On” is used with days of the week, dates and holidays.

Examples:

 They went to Mexico on the first of May.

 He runs on Mondays and Fridays.
 I will see Luis on his birthday.
 CONVERSATION / CONVERSACIÓN

A: I am tired! (¡Estoy cansada!)

B: Why? What’s going on? (¿Por qué? ¿Qué pasa?)
A: I usually have to work at night. (Usualmente tengo que trabajar en la noche.)
B: oh, that’s too bad. Do you have any free time? (Eso está mal. ¿Tienes tiempo libre?)
A: I sometimes spend some time with my boyfriend on weekends. (A veces paso
tiempo con mi novio los fines de semana.)
B: How long have you and your boyfriend been together? (¿Hace cuánto tú y tu novio
están juntos?)
A: A couple of years. We started dating in 2013. (Un par de años. Comenzamos a salir
en el 2013.)
B: Great! (¡Genial!)
A: Actually, I met him on September 5th 2011. (En realidad, lo conocí el 5 de
septiembre de 2011.)
B: You’ve got a great memory. (Tienes una memoria muy buena.)

SONG/ CANCIÓN

On, in, under, at.

On, in, under, at.
On, in, under, at.
Where is the rabbit?
On!

On, in, under, at.

On, in, under, at.
On, in, under, at.
Where is the rabbit?
In!

On, in, under, at.

On, in, under, at.
On, in, under, at.
Where is the rabbit?
Under!
 On, in, under, at.
On, in, under, at.
On, in, under, at
Where is the rabbit?
At!

LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXjfcEmqAHc
 5. DEFINITION AND STRUCTURE

A verb ending in -Ing is either a present participle or a gerund. These two forms look
identical. The difference is in their functions in a sentence.

Present participles
A present participle is most commonly used as part of the continuous form of a verb, after
verbs of perception, after verbs of movement, or as an adjective.

Present participles as part of the continuous form of a verb

Present participles are an element in all continuous verb forms (past, present, future,
conditional, etc.). The helping verb will indicate the tense, while the present participle
remains unchanging.

Examples:

He is painting.
She was waiting.
They will be coming.
We would be staying.
I would have been leaving.

Present participles after verbs of perception

Present participles can be used after verbs of perception in the pattern verb + object +
present participle to indicate the action being perceived.

Examples:

 We saw him swimming across the pond.

 I watched her painting Sarah's portrait.

 I couldn't hear her singing because of the noise.

 I would like to see you knitting sometime.

Present participles after verbs of movement, action, or position, to indicate parallel
activity.

Examples:

She sat looking at the sea.

He walks reading his newspaper.
I cook listening to the radio.
Sally lay listening to the bugs in the grass.

Gerunds
The gerund always has the same function as a noun, although it looks like a verb. It can be
used in the same way as a noun.

Examples:

Eating people is wrong.
Driving too fast is dangerous.
Walking is good for you.
Your knitting is beautiful.

A gerund after prepositions

Examples:

 Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?

 She is good at painting.
 I was the fastest at climbing the rope.
 He learns music by listening to the chords.

A gerund after certain specific verbs

Examples:

 I like cooking.
  He enjoys walking.
 They hate milking cows.
 I can imagine drifting away in a balloon.
A gerund in compound nouns.

Examples:

 I took her to her driving lessons.

 We are going to the swimming pool.
 My uncle does a lot of bird-watching.
 I found this pie by dumpster-diving.

6. DEFINITION / DEFINICIÓN

FOR or SINCE?
Look at these two sentences.
 I have been living in Spain for 6 years.
 I have been living in Spain since 2012.

Why did we use FOR in the first sentence and SINCE in the second sentence?
For and since are prepositions. Let’s look at the difference between these two words.
 STRUCTURE / ESTRUCTURA

FOR is used with a period of time.

This is often a number plus a time word.
FOR is used when we measure the DURATION of something or how long it lasts.
It has a start point and an end point and can be used in different tenses.
Here are some example sentences:
 I studied English in Ireland for two years.
(This talks about a duration of two years and is in the past tense)
 I will be there for around two months.
(This is in the future tense)
 We have been married for 16 years.
(This is in the present perfect tense)

SINCE is used with a starting point or a time or date.

It refers to something that started in the past and continues until now.
SINCE is mostly used with the present perfect and perfect progressive tense.
Here are some example sentences:
 He hasn’t eaten since 7 o’clock.
(My period of not eating started at 7 and continues until right now)
 I have been working here since June.
 We have been married since 2002.
(We got married in 2002 and we continue to be married now 16 years later)

EXAMPLE SENTENCES USING FOR

 I have been a teacher for years.

 I studied English in Ireland for two years
 I will be there for around two months.
 We have been married for 16 years.
 For ten minutes.

EXAMPLE SENTENCES USING SINCE

 He hasn’t eaten since 7 o’clock.
 I have been working here since June.
 We have been married since 2002.
  Since the end of last century.
 Since I left school.

7. DEFINITION / DEFINICIÓN

Cardinal and ordinal numbers

There are two main types of numbers:

Cardinal Numbers - 1 (one), 2 (two) etc. (Used mainly for counting)
Ordinal Numbers - 1st (first), 2nd (second) etc. (Used mainly for putting things in a
sequence)

Cardinal Numbers
Cardinal numbers are normally used when you:

 count things: I have two brothers. There are thirty-one days in January.
 give your age: I am thirty-three years old. My sister is twenty-seven years old.
 give your telephone number: Our phone number is two-six-three, three-eight-four-
seven. (481-2240)
 give years: She was born in nineteen seventy-five (1975). America was discovered
in fourteen ninety-two

Notice how we divide the year into two parts. This is the form for year up to 1999. For the
year 2000 and on, we say two thousand (2000), two thousand and one (2001), two thousand
and two (2002) etc.
Ordinal Numbers
You can normally create Ordinal numbers by adding -TH to the end of a Cardinal Number.
Ordinal numbers are normally used when you:

 give a date: My birthday is on the 27th of January. (Twenty-seventh of January)

 put things in a sequence or order: Liverpool came second in the football league
last year.
 give the floor of a building: His office is on the tenth floor.
 have birthdays: He had a huge party for his twenty-first birthday.
 refer to centuries: Shakespeare was born in the 16th century.

For the name of a king or queen in written English, Roman numerals are used = Henry VIII
but in Spoken English you would say Henry the Eighth.
STRUCTURE / ESTRUCTURA
 SONG / CANCIÓN

LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sa90YHePQvE

CONVERSATION / DIÁLOGOS

Man: Do you have a large or small family, Mary?

Woman: I have a huge family. I have NINE (9) siblings.
Man: Wow, NINE (9) siblings? I am an only child. How many brothers do you have?
Woman: Just ONE (1)! I have sisters.
Man: How nice! Do you get along with your EIGHT (8) sisters?
Woman: Well, we have had ups and downs, but most of the time we get along well.
Man: How many aunts and uncles do you have?
Woman: Hmm let me see. SEVEN (7) aunts and FOUR (4) uncles.
Man: You really have a big family, Mary; I wish I had a larger family.
8. DEFINITION / DEFINICIÓN
STRUCTURE / ESTRUCTURA
LECTURA/ READING