GE Oil & Gas

Heavy Duty Gas Turbine

Control Fundamentals
Control Fundamentals

The Control system communicates with the Gas Turbine in order to measure and
adjust many control parameters.
Limitations

speed load temperature

if exceeded, the efficiency decreases and

the turbine could be even damaged!

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Control Fundamentals

Purposes
• maintain the normal operating
conditions
• prevent exceeding the limitations
• ensure a proper fuel/air mixture
across the whole range of operation.

Too Much Fuel Over-Temperature

Not Enough Fuel Flame blow-out

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Control Fundamentals

Control system TO CRT DISPLAY

is designed to TEMPERATURE

find and set the FUEL

control loop
requiring the TO CRT DISPLAY FSR
least amount MINIMUM FUEL
of fuel SPEED VALUE SYSTEM
SELECT
LOGIC

ACCELERATION RATE TO
TURBINE
START-UP

SHUT-DOWN
MANUAL

FSR = Fuel Stroke

Reference signal

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Control Fundamentals

TSRNZ
CPD MINIMUM
VALUE
Control system HP SPEED SELECT VARIABLE
is designed to LOGIC NOZZLES

find and set the

TO CRT DISPLAY
control loop
TEMPERATURE
requiring the
FUEL
least amount of
fuel
TO CRT DISPLAY FSR
HP rotor speed
MINIMUM
is adjusted by LP SPEED VALUE
FUEL
SYSTEM
means of SELECT
LOGIC
variable nozzles TO
ACCELERATION RATE
TURBINE
START-UP

SHUT-DOWN
MANUAL
FSR = Fuel Stroke
Reference signal
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Control Fundamentals

18%

15%

100%

100% Speed & Load loop

100% is set in control
100%

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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

18%

19%

100%

Speed & Load FSR is

100% requested to increase
100% 
Temperature loop will
100%
take control
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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

18%

19%

100%

100% Temperature loop

100% is set in control
100%

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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

Main Control Loops

• Start-up
• Speed/Load
• Temperature

Auxiliary Control Loops

• Acceleration
• Shutdown
• Manual

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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

FSNL

Acceleration
Warm-Up
Fuel is reduced
and held
constant, to
Ignition reduce thermal
shock (~1 min)

Start-up

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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

• Speed control adjusts the shaft rotation speed, assuring that the turbine runs
within the proper speed range.
• Load control is able to maintain the delivered power at the desired value

Differences exist
between
isochronous and
droop operations

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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

Load changes

called-for
speed Actual speed
changes

FSR

Isochronous Operation FSR adjusted to follow

mechanical drive or power the called-for speed
generation to small electrical grid
t

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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

FSR adjusted as a function of the

difference between a speed 4% Droop
(frequency) set point and the
actual speed.
In a small electrical grid, one unit
is operated in Isochronous Control
mode and any other unit is
operated in Droop control mode.

Droop Operation
power generation to
large electrical grid

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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

Avoids exceeding the temperature limit, while producing optimum power.

భష ೖ
The firing temperature is ܶସ ൌ ܶଷ ×
௉య ೖ

too hot to be measured! ௉ర

The GT exhaust temperature T4 is measured by several thermocouples and

used as feedback to control and monitor the firing temperature.

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Control Fundamentals

The Control System

calculates the actual firing
temperature by using a
linearized function of the
exhaust gas temperature
(T4) and the compressor
discharge pressure (CPD).

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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

Talarm = Tcontrol + 25°F (14°C) reference

Ttrip = Tcontrol + 40°F (22°C) values only

T4

P3 (cdp)

The turbine exhaust temperatures (T4), as measured during the loading phase,
are plotted for different ambient temperature values.

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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

The acceleration control loop works during sudden load changes or

through start-up control, referring to the actual speed.

Desired Actual FSR

speed speed
trend trend

t t t

Actual acceleration ≤ Reference Acceleration

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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

% FSR Unloading starts

(fuel)

Loss of flame
from one flame
detector
Fired shutdown

Loss of all
signals
(flame out)

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HDGT Control System
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Control Fundamentals

% FSR
Typically used through (fuel)
an initial start-up or
after a major outage. Start-up FSR

The main purpose is to

manually limit fuel to
prevent over-firing the
machine. 20%
Manual FSR

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Thank you.

20
Introduction & General Overview
maggio 2013