CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION TO ELASTICITY

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 2.1 Concept Of Displacement
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 2.2 STRAIN
Consider two points P and Q in a solid body. The
coordinates of P and Q are (x, y, z) and (x + Δx, y, z),
respectively. The distance between the two points
before deformation is Δx; see Fig. 2.3.

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The three normal strain components are
not sufficient to describe a general state
of deformation in a 3-D body. Additional
shear strain components are needed to
describe the distortional deformation.

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For simplicity, let us consider a 2-D case.
Let P,Q,R be three neighboring points all
lying on the x-y plane as shown in Fig. 2.4.

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 2.3 STRESS
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 2.4 EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM IN A
NONUNIFORM STRESS FIELD
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 2.5 PRINCIPAL STRESSES
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 2.5.1 Shear Stress
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 2.5.2 Revisit of Transformation of Stress
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 2.6 LINEAR STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
2.6.1 Strains Induced by Normal Stress
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 2.6.2 Strains Induced by Shear Stress
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 2.6.3 3-D Stress-Strain Relations
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Thus, there are only 21 independent
elastic compliances or, equivalently, 21
elastic constants. This is the maximum
number of independent elastic
constants that linear elastic materials
can have. Most materials possess certain
elastic symmetries that would reduce the
number of independent elastic constants.
The following are two material groups
that are of practical interest.
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Orthotropic Materials
Unidirectional fiber composites can be
regarded as orthotropic materials which
possess three mutually orthogonal planes
of symmetry. The directions perpendicular
to these planes are called the material
principal directions. If the coordinates x, y,
z are set up such that they are parallel to
the material principal directions,
respectively, then the elastic compliance
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By def n t on, an orthotrop c mater al has at least 2
orthogonal planes of symmetry, where mater al
propert es are ndependent of d rect on w th n each
plane. Such mater als requ re 9 ndependent var ables
( .e. elast c constants) n the r const tut ve matr ces. In
contrast, a mater al w thout any planes of symmetry s
fully an sotrop c and requ res 21 elast c constants,
whereas a mater al w th an nf n te number of symmetry
planes ( .e. every plane s a plane of symmetry) s
sotrop c, and requ res only 2 elast c constants.

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A familiar example of an orthotropic material is wood.
In wood, one can define three mutually perpendicular
directions at each point in which the properties are
different. These are the axial direction (along the grain),
the radial direction, and the circumferential direction
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 2.7 ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY
An elastic body can store energy in the
form of deformation. This strain energy is
completely released when loads are
removed. Since the strain energy is stored
solely in the form of deformation, it can be
expressed in terms of strain components
or stress components.

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 2.8 PLANE ELASTICITY
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 2.8.1 Stress-Strain Relations for Plane
Isotropic Solids
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These relations are different from the
corresponding plane strain relations given
by (2.102). However, the two sets of
stress-strain relations can be put in a
single expression by introducing the
following parameter defined by

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 2.8.2 Stress-Strain Relations for
Orthotropic Solids
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 2.8.3 Governing Equations
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2.8.4 Solution by Airy Stress Function for
Plane

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These stresses are required to satisfy the
boundary conditions. Note that, in using
the Airy stress function, one needs not
worry about equilibrium equations since
they are automatically satisfied. The
solution procedure involves solving the
partial differential equation (2.118) and
satisfying the boundary conditions (2.113).

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