Frame system

It is the structural development of the idea of the beam and the column.

the column and the beam become one element In this system by virtue of the theory of physical and
engineering continuity, so that the stiffness is achieved and the span between the fulcrum points are
increased.

The larger the ribs, the greater the compressive stresses,So Frames can Cover span
ranging from 15 to 80 meters.
Types of frames :
Linear frames
Polygonal frames
Curvilinear frames :

Examples :

Ludwig Erhard Building, Berlin

By Nicholas Grimshaw

First Direct Arena, United Kingdom

By populous architects

Trusses system
In Structural Engineering, the name “truss” describes a triangular design. A joint framed structure that
sustained the inclined, vertical or horizontal loads. A truss consist of angles, channels, plates and eye bars.
It is a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge or other
structure. You will find them supporting the roofs of auditoriums, cinema halls, stadiums, railways,
stations, airports and others.

Usually, these parallel truss are used to cover large halls with wide span up to 60 meters. The trusses are
also connected in the vertical direction by purlins that may be in the form of small trusses to strengthen the
main trusses and to link the structure together.

Types of truss :
Trusses are in the form of a triangle, plane or arch.

Examples :

CULTURAL Pompidou Center , FRANCE

By Renzo Piano Building Workshop, Richard Rogers
Limoges Concert Hall ,FRANCE by Bernard Tschumi
Architects

Han Show Theatre ,CHINA by Stufish Entertainment

Architects

Japanese Cultural Center of D.R. Congo / Keio University SFC Hironori

Matsubara Laboratory

Cable structure

The cable system is one of the oldest methods of engineering construction and was used with plant
ropes in the past, then it evolved into the use of steel cables. These cables transfer the load to other
supporting cables, and then the load is transmitted to the ground.

The cable system is used to cover large span from 20 to 100 meters and more.

It is also suitable for covering gyms, airports and exhibitions. With distances of up to 350 m (tight
ceiling system).

Examples :

Shijiazhuang International Convention & Exhibition

Center , CHINA by THAD

Prince Sultan Cultural Center,Saudi-Arabia by SL-Rasch GmbH

shell system :

in building construction, a shell structure is a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied
forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface. They are
usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh.

Types of shell :

Folded Plates shell :