Sculpture is three-dimensional

artwork created by shaping or

combining hard materials, typically
stone such as marble, metal, glass or
wood, or plastic materials such as
Philppine Indigenous Arts
clay, textiles, polymers and softer
metals.

Ancient and Pre-Spanish Era

It is believed that the first inhabitants
of the Philippines arrived over many Carving
thousands of years ago. it is is one of the techniques used in
commonly thought that they sculpture
migrated over a lad bridge, which
existed at that time, from the Asian
mainland.
The next known inhabitation is when
the Negrito or Aeta arrived in the
islands. However, they were driven
back by several waves of immigrants
from Indonesia, only to be followed
by the maritime peoples of the
Malayan islands.
-Bul-ul are carved anito figures of the
Philppine Indigenous Arts Ifugaos: these represent their
-Sculpture/ carving ancestral spirit and granary gods.
-Pottery -seated Ifugao “Bulul” at the
-Weaving conclusion of the annual ifugao
-Physical Ornaments harvest ritual “Bululs” placed in rice
granaries are considered guardians
of the harvest
Ifugao Sculpture
Sarimanok
shown above are the most well-
known of the old designs, the
sarimanok. The figure represents a
fowl with wings, feathered tail, and a
head decorated with ornaments of
scrolled and painted motif of leaves,
spirals, and feather-like forms. it
usually stands on a fish and another
one hangs from its beak. the
wooden figure, usually perched
atop a bamboo pole, stands among
decorative flags during weddings
and other festive occasions
Ang hagabi ay isang upuan kahoy
ng mga Ifugao na sumisimnolo sa
panlipunang katayuan ng isang
mayaman. ito ay nagpapakita ng
yaman at kapangyarihan ng may-ari
nito na kadalasan ay isang
kadanagyan o isang taong
nabibilang sa mataas na antas sa
lipunan. ito ay sa kadahilanang
tanging ang mga mayayaman
lamang ang may kakayahang mag
pagawa nito kasama na ang ritwal
na ipangdiriwang sa oras na
matapos ang pagbubuo nito.
Ang hagabi ay isang upuang kahoy
na gawa sa narra o ipil. Ang orihinal
na anyo nito ay tinatawag na
ginulgulding na ang ibig sabihin ay
“kagaya ng kambing”, sapapgkat
sa dalawang dulo ng upuan ay
mayroong nakaukit na animo’y ulo
ng kambing. sa kasalukuyan ang
hagabi ay may iba’t iba nang anyo-
ang isang dulo nito na tinatawag na
ngiwi ay kagaya na ng ulo ng isang
hayop na may mahabang ilong at
dalawang malalaking tainga.
Torogan, the ancestral home of the
Maranao Sultan or Datu
one of the richest survivors of the
Philippine Pre-Spanish art is Maranao
Decorative Art, described by critics
as graceful and rhythmical. the
floorbeams of the houses project
beyond the walls, and the ends or
panolong, such as the decorative
figure, are carved and multicolored
The Panolong is a carved end beam
of the Torogon
Pottery are objects that are first
shaped of wet clay, then hardened
by baking. pottery includes both
decorative and practical items such
as bowls, vases, dishes, and lamps
Potter in the Philippines varies in
forms and functions. the forms of the
pots are directly influenced by the
functions of the pots and the
tradition of the community/local
area
Palayok
Manunggul Jar
ang tapayan sa manunggul ay
isang banga na ginamit sa paglibing
ng mga sinaunang tao sa Palawan
noong 890-710 BK. Ang banga ay
ukol sa sekondaryang paglilibing
kaya mga buto lamang ng yumao
ang laman nito. itinuting itong
pambansang kayamanan ng
pilipinas at makikita rin sa likod ng with sophisticated pottery and
1000 libo na salapi nephrite adzes and axes were
recovered. Other materials include
Manunggul Jar
stone ornaments and shell beads

Weaving means to make cloth and

The Manunggul Jar is a national other objects. Threads or strands of
treasure of the Philippines. A material are passed under and over
secondary burial jar, it is designated each other
item 64-MO-74 in the national
museum of the Philippines, Manila.
The jar was found in chamber A of
the Tabon Cave, one of the
Manunggul caves in Palawan. The
jar is dated from about 2800 years
before the present. It was found by
Robert Fox and Miguel Santiago. Weaving in the Philippines has
different forms, functions and
materials. they also vary in design
and techniques used. most of the
common forms of weaving in the
Philippines are in the form of hats,
mats, bags, baskets and textiles
(clothes and blankets)
Weaving
Leta-leta cave archeology
Leta-leta cave, Langen island, El
Nido, Palawan was excavated in
1965 by Ro. Robert Fox. Leta-leta
cave is an important burial site
belonging to the late Neolithic
period where an assemblage of
stone and shell artifacts associated
A molong Bearing Okir Designs wear the red landap and the
women, the yellow

Physical Ornaments

The Maranaos call their ornamental

design okir, a general term for both
scroll and the geometric form.

Okie Designs Bontoc, Ifugao, and Kalinga Tribal

Textiles with a variety of silver and
brass “Linglingo” fertility charms

Bontoc warrior’s ritual “Boaya” head

hunting necklace:
Shell, Boar tusk, Rattan, Fiber and
Okir a datu (gentlemen’s design) the Bone
scroll is the dominant feature in the
men’s work composed of various
spiral forms. in Contrasts, the zigzag
and angular forms are the
dominating motifs in women’s
geometric art – okir a bay (ladies’
design)
Physical ornamentation can be
categorized to three areas
specifically the use of traditional
costumes (textile), jewelleries and
tattoos. the designs vary depending
on the location, users and function
of the ornaments

Filipino bawisak earrings

The most popular of all the malong
styles is the Landap. Which is either
dominantly red, yellow, green, blue,
or violet. Red is the favorite color
along with yellow; these colors stand
for royalty or aristocracy. often, men

-traditional Ifugao tribe (northern
Luzon, Philippines) bead and shell
bawisak earrings
The bottom shell designs have been
described as either representing
butterflies or a certain item of male
generative anatomy
Ifugao: warrior’s silver “Linglingo”
earring pair and pendants
Traditional Filipino Tattoo
The Philippine Tribal Costumes
The B’laan are one of the indigenous
peoples of southern Mindanao in the
Philippines.
They are famous for their brassworks,
beadwork and t’nalak weave. The
people of these tribes wear colorful
embroidered native costumes and
beadwork accessories
Kalinga
-The Kalinga are called the
“peacocks of the north” because of
their attention to appearance and
dressing. Kalinga is a landlocked
province of norther cordillera
Philippines. “Kalinga” means enemy,
a name that the bordering
inhabitants called this tribe because
of their headhunting attacks. The
name stuck and became accepted
by the natives themselves
T'Boli
-The T’boli distinguish themselves
from other tribal groups by their
colorful clothes, bracelets and
earrings, this tribe is famous for their
complicated beadwork, wonderful
woven fabrics and beautiful brass
ornaments
The Bagobo are proud people with
proto Malayan features. They have
ornate traditions in weaponry and
other metal arts. They are noted for
their skill in producing brass articles
through the ancient lost-wax process
These people also weave abacca
cloths of earth tones and make
baskets that are trimmed with
beads, fibers and horse’s hair
How does Philippine folk (Indigenous)
art reflect nature and the life of the
common folk?
-Philippine folk (indigenous) art
reflects nature and the life of the
common folk through various media
techniques and processes based on
the factors of time, climate,
resources, ideas and historical and
cultural context
Muslim Art
-Muslim Art was very conditioned by
the first pillar of Islam…
Can you remember which was this
1st pillar?
The 1st pillar of Islam is..
Faith: there’s no God but Allah and
Muhammad is its prophet
This implied that idolatry was
forbidden, so they couldn’t make
representations of human figures
that represented deities (holy
beings). Therefore, the main artistic
achievements were in architecture
Characteristics of Muslim
architecture:
-Basic building Materials:
Brick
Wood
Plaster
-Different kinds of arches supported
by columns or pillars
Horseshoe Arch (Arco De
Herradura)
 Polylobed Arch (Arco
Polilobulado)
Use of different types of domes
(byzantine influence!)
-Very Modest exteriors but very
decorated interiors (marble, tiling,
plaster or wood). Motifs:
Arabesque (floral designs)
Latticework (Interlaced
geometric Figures)
Epigraphs (inscriptions from the
Koran)
Most Important Buildings:
a) Mosques (Mezquita)
Player room (1): covered area
with columns & arches
-Kiblah (3) – Wall that faces
Mecca towards which prayers are
directed
-Mihrab (4) – small niche or
room where a Koran was Kept
Minaret: Tower from which the
Muezzin used to call Muslims to
prayer five times a day
Courtyard (2): open space
surrounded by a portico. In its center
there is usually a fountain for the
ablutions, where the attendants
perform their ritual cleansing before
prayer
Fountain in the country: a Muslim
practising the ritual of the ablution
before entering into the prayer room
Prayer Hall

-kairouan (Tunisia)
Mihrab to identify the Kiblah

-Cordoba (Spain)
Muezzin calling the faithful to prayer
from the minaret

b) Palaces
-where caliphs lived
Example of important mosques... -Two parts:
-Public area: throne, meeting
-Damascus (Syria)
rooms
-Private are: where the caliph
and his family lived
-They had beautiful gardens with
fountains
-Muhammad’s face is usually not
shown
-Books can show “Historical images”
but they are not for praying to
-Some rules relaxed later in some
places, like Iran (Persians)
-So, instead, Islamic art focused on
repetition, using:
Geometric patterns
Arabesques
Calligraphy
Geometric Patterns

4.2 Muslim art, architecture and

design, mosques and palaces
History of Islam
7th Century AD
-Religion of Islam started by
Muhammad, in what is now Saudi
Arabia. “Muslims” are followers,
“Islam” is the religion
8th Century AD & on
-Islamic empire spreads throughout Arabesques (curved designs)
the Middle East, North Africa, Spain,
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh,
Indonesia, etc.
1453
-Ottoman Turks (Muslims) take over
Constantinople & the Byzantine
Empire, renaming it Istanbul
1492
-Christians Ferdinand and Isabella
defeat and Kick out all Muslims in
Spain

Art
-Strict Rules about meant you could
not make a picture of statue of God,
a holy person, etc.
Calligraphy: Writing arrangement of arches, usually
forming a ceiling or roof

Islamic Architecture
Islamic architecture and design -Mosque: Place of worship
Please copy:

Many mosques feature Columns,

Domes and Arches

-plaster is a building material used for

covering walls and ceiling. Similar to
mortar or cement it is mixed with.
Unlike mortar and cement, plaster
remains quite soft and can be easily
manipulated with tools. it is used for
finishing a construction
Vaulted Roofs
-In building construction, a structural
member consisting of an
Portico Inside, Mosques are carpeted and
you must remove your shoes

Islamic architecture often uses a

courtyard with a portico look at page 35.
can you find the…
-Kiblah
-Mihrab – Where the Koran is kept
Do you know where Damascus,
Kairouan, Samarra, Jerusalem, and
Cordoba are?

Samarra, Iraq
-Before an explosion in 2006
-After

Minarets are the towers where the

muezzin calls people to prayer

-Kairouan is in Tunisia. Referred to as

the Islamic cultural Capital, it is a
UNESCO world heritage site. The city
was founded by the Arabs around
670. The holy Mosque of Uqba is
situated in the city. (2)(3) it is -The dome of the rock, in Jerusalem,
considered by many Muslims to be Israel
Islam’s fourth holiest city

Famous Mosques
-The Ka’aba, in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
-More dome of the Rock

-Media
-Dome of the Rock Interior
-Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain
-More Alhambra
Water
-Because they were a desert culture,
the early Muslims valued water
highly, and often incorporated it into
architectural design
-water is used for washing before
prayers, 5 times a day
Arabic Science & Math
-To create such beautiful artworks,
Arabic geometry and math became
very advance
-They invented algebra
-“Arabic Numerals” are still used
today (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
-they were the first to create
hospitals with quarantine, the
compass, lenses, and the first to
create distilled alcohol as an
aesthetic
-Arab libraries contained math and
science books from all over the
world, and helped start the
renaissance in Europe
 CONTEMPORARY ART FROM THE
PHILIPPINE REGIONS

Focus Questions
How do you define a contemporary art?
What are the elements and principles of
contemporary art?
What are the different art forms based on
contemporary art?

WHAT IS CONTEMPORARY ART?

“Art mad and produced by artists living

today.”
- J. Paul Getty Museum
-
It is not restricted to individual
experience, but it is reflective of the world
we live in.
Events in the world having an effect to
the Philippines.
Artwork that is created by today’s
contemporary artists and has a world view
and is sensitive to changing times.

ELEMENTS/PRINCIPLES OF
CONTEMPORARY ART

APPROPRIATION
Existing artworks are appropriated to
produce another artwork.
Usage of prints, images, and icons to
produce another art form.
Combines past from the present.
Revives interests to existing forms of
art.
Is appropriation still acceptable?
Do you think that the pre-existing artwork
used un appropriation is defaced or
devalued?
PERFORMANCE
Performance evolved to “emphasize
spontaneous elements of chance.” (Walker
Art Center)
 Interpreting various human activities
such as ordinary activities such as chores,
routines and rituals, to socially relevant
themes such as poverty, commercialism and
war.

Site specific art forms – art form that is

performed and positioned in a specific space
such as public places.

HYBRIDITY
Usage of unconventional materials,
mixing of unlikely materials to produce an
artwork. For example, coffee for painting;
miniature sculptures using crayons.

SPACE
Arts transforming space. For
example, flash mobs, art installations in malls
and parks.
 WHAT IS CONART?
Contemporary Art is a statement
that as artist makes about life, thoughts,
ideas, and many other things that define
human life.
Strictly speaking, the term
“contemporary art” refers to art made and
produced by artist living today. Today’s
artists work in and respond to a global
environment that is culturally diverse,
technologically advancing, and
multifaceted. Working in a wide range of
mediums, contemporary artists often reflect
and comment on modern-day society.

Contemporary Art is the art of

today, produced by artists who are living in
the twenty-first century. Contemporary art
provides an opportunity to reflect on
contemporary society and the issues relevant
TECHNOLOGY
to ourselves, and the world around us.
Usage of technology in the creation
Contemporary artists work in a globally
and dissemination of art works.
influenced, culturally diverse, and
technologically advancing world.

Their art is a dynamic combination

of materials, methods, concepts, and subjects
that challenge traditional boundaries and
defy easy definition.

CHARACTERISTICS OF
Video phenomenon from MTV to
CONTEMPORARY ART
Youtube.
1. Bold strokes, bright colors
Recording performances, video
2. Abstract, Expressionist, & Surrealist
posting, sharing, live streaming.
3. Art became public.
4. Some artists were self-taught.
5. Different materials were used instead
of the traditional ones.
6. Originality is not an issue in ConArt.
7. Process is important.