PHY 109:

Electromagnetic Theory

Topic 1
Introduction to Scalar
and Vector Field
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Vectors

What We will Learn

•Recap of vector algebra

•Define position vector

•The concept of field

•The difference between a scalar field and a vector field.

•Learn how a volume and an area can be looked upon as scalar and
vector respectively
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Vectors

3 Types of Physics Quantities : Scalar, Vector and tensor

Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Vectors

3 Types of Physics Quantities : Scalar, Vector and tensor

 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Vectors

Tensors Quantity:
A tensor is a quantity, which has magnitude, direction, and a plane
surface in which it acts. Stress and strain are both tensor quantities.
Tensors are represented in the form of Matrix

Examples: Stress, Strain, Elasticity, Stiffness

 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Vectors

Tensors Quantity:

Rank of a Tensors: The number of basis vector required to fully specify

a component of a Tensor is called Rank of tensor in matrix notation.

Basis Vector, Component of a Vector, and Rank of a Physical Quantity ?

or
Unit Vector
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Scalar & Vectors

In order to specify a vector in 3D we need

a. Only magnitude
b. Only Direction
c. Magnitude and direction
d. None of the above
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Scalar & Vectors

A Tensor quantity has

a. Only magnitude
b. Only Direction
c. Magnitude and direction
d. Magnitude, Direction and plane surface
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Scalar & Vectors

Basis, Component, and Rank of a Physical Quantity ?

Scalar Quantity:

What is the temperature of Delhi?

Temperature = 285 K
Scalar : 1 specific component and 0 basis vector or ‘unit vector/component’

So Scalar is Tensor of rank ‘0’

Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Scalar & Vectors

Vector is Invariant whereas is component of Vectors are not

invariant

z
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Scalar & Vectors

z
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Scalar & Vectors

Basis Vector, Component of a vector and Rank of Tensor ?

Vector Quantity:

Vector : 3 specific component and 1 basis vector or ‘unit

vector/component’
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Vectors

Representation of a Vector:
or = d(x, y, z), Coordinate form

or = , Matrix Form
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Tensor

Stress tensor:

Stress Tensor : 9 specific component and 2 basis vector or ‘unit

vector/component’

So Stress Tensor is Tensor of rank ‘2’

 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Tensor

Representation of a Stress Tensor:

= Matrix Form
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Tensor

Stress tensor:
Representation of a Stress Tensor:

= , Matrix Form
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Tensor

Stress tensor:
Representation of a Stress Tensor:

= , Matrix Form
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Types of Vector

1.Zero Vector
2.Unit Vector
3.Position Vector
4.Co-initial Vector
5.Like and Unlike Vectors
6.Co-planar Vector
7.Collinear Vector
8.Equal Vector
9.Displacement Vector
10.Negative of a Vector
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Zero Vector

A zero vector is a vector when the

magnitude of the vector is zero and the
starting point of the vector coincides with
the end point.
𝐴𝐵 is zero vector is coordinates of point A
and B is same.
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Unit Vector

A vector which has a magnitude of unit

length is called a unit vector.

is unit vector

, unit vector along x- axis

, unit vector along y- axis
, unit vector along z- axis
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Home Work

=4
Find
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Co-initial Vector
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Co-Planar Vector

Three or more vectors lying in the same

plane or parallel to the same plane are
known as co-planar vectors.
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Problem 1
Find is Coplanar (A,B,C) ??
A = (1,2,3), B = (4,5,6), C = (7,8,9)

Hint: The 3 vectors are coplanar, if their scalar triple product is zero

Calculate scalar triple product A⋅(B×C)

Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Collinear Vector

Vectors which lie along the same line

or parallel lines are known to be
collinear vectors. They are also known
as parallel vectors.
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Quick Quiz
Which of the following are vector quantities?

i. The velocity of a frisbee

ii. The width of a crater made by an asteroid

iii. The speed of a car on the highway

iv. The displacement of a billiard ball after it is struck by the cue ball

A. i only

B. i and ii

C. ii and iii

D. i and iv
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Quick Quiz

Which of the following groups are vector quantities?

A. Velocity, Displacement, Energy

B. Momentum, Acceleration, Work
C. Weight, Momentum, Distant
D. Power, Force, Acceleration
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Quick Quiz
y

Pole
𝑨 is
x a. -7 ̂ + 3 ̂
b. 7 ̂+3 ̂
c. 6 ̂ + 13 ̂
d. 6 ̂ - 13 ̂
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Quick Quiz

Pole
𝑩 is

a. 3 ̂
b. - 6 ̂
c. ̂ + 7 ̂
d. 7 ̂ + ̂
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Quick Quiz

Pole
𝑩 is

a. 3 ̂
b. - 6 ̂
c. ̂ + 7 ̂
d. 7 ̂ + ̂
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Quick Quiz

Pole
𝑪 is

a. 3 ̂
b. - 6 ̂
c. 𝟖 ̂ + 2 ̂
d. 3 ̂ + 8 ̂
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Quick Quiz

𝟖̂+2 ̂

Pole
𝑪 is

a. 3 ̂
b. - 6 ̂
c. 𝟖 ̂ + 2 ̂
d. 3 ̂ + 8 ̂
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Quick Quiz

𝟖̂+2 ̂

Pole
𝑬 is

a. -5 ̂ − ̂
b. -6 ̂
c. -4 ̂ − 5 ̂
d. 3 ̂ −8 ̂
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Quick Quiz

Pole
𝑬 is

a. 3 ̂
b. -6 ̂
c. -4 ̂ - 5 ̂
d. 3 ̂+8 ̂
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Quick Quiz

Pole
𝑫 is

a. 3 ̂
b. -4 ̂
c. -4 ̂ - 5 ̂
d. 3 ̂+8 ̂
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Types of Vector

Quick Quiz

Pole
𝑫 is

a. 3 ̂
b. - 4 ̂
c. 𝟖 ̂ + 3 ̂
d. 3 ̂ + 8 ̂
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Negative Vector

𝐴⃗
̶ 𝐴⃗

Example : =5 4 +7
- = ̶5 +4 ̶7
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Triangular Law Vector

Triangular law of Vector addition:

Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Parallelogram Law

Parallelogram law of addition:

Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Parallelogram Law
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Subtraction Law

Vector Subtraction: Method 1:

 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Subtraction Law

Vector Subtraction:

Method 2:

A A
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Subtraction Law

Vector Subtraction:
= (+2, - 3, +4)

= (+1,+ 5, - 3)

a. = +7
b. = +7
c. = +7
d. =
Problems :

Q1.

Q2.

Q3.

Q4.

Q5.
Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Vector Multiplication

Vector Multiplication
 Two kinds !
 Scalar, or dot product
 Vector, or cross product
 Unit 1- Electromagnetic Theory Vector Multiplication

Two ways to multiply vectors:

The dot product of two vectors is a scalar quantity