G - To - Fayissaa Report

Declaration
We clarify that our work is based on outline given by the Dembi Dollo University. The work
contained in this report has been done under the guidance of Ethiotelecom supervisor and
Technician and school advisor. The report tells that how the organization is working and in what
way the theoretical concepts are applied to practical situations and how to apply different
communication concepts in Ethiotelecom.
Declared by ID No Signature
1. Fayisa __________________
2. ______________
3. ______________
This is to certify that I have read this paper and in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and
quality. Therefore, I approve this paper as good quality and good scope internship report.
Company Adviser:
Name:
Signature: __________________
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First we would like to thanks Dembi Dollo university for accepting and implementing this program
and University-Industry Linkage coordination office for their allocations in Ethio telecom and also
we would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to our adviser ……for his good and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the internship. We
would like also to extend our heartfelt gratitude to Ethio telecom and the O&M Supervisor of
Dembi Dollo Mr. Samuel Gadisaa and all Co-workers of O&M department of Dembi Dollo
telecom. Lastly, we would like to thank all the staff members of the Network departments for their
valuable supports. It would have been difficult to complete our internship report successfully
without their support.
i
EXCUTIVE SUMMARY
This paper is formally written document that explains what we have learned, done and gained
in the past four months during the internship. The overall structure of the paper is divided in to
five chapters.
First, it clearly describes the general background of the company, explains the company profile
and history, how it was gradually passed different establishments including the fourth one that is
Ethio Telecom, company mission and values, the service and product of the company, and the
overall organization of the company. Secondly, it explains all about the overall internship
experience that includes how we got to the company, the department of the company that we
have worked which was Operation and Maintenance ,with sub departments IP RAN (IP
Addressing), Power, Core Switch, RAN (Mobile Service), and Transmission. It also explains how
each department works its tasks and the contribution we had during the past four months in the
company. Thirdly, it explains the overall benefits of the internship that we have gained. Fourthly,
it explains our project to Ethio-telecom. The final part of the paper is the total summary, conclusion
and recommendation of our final report.
ii
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................. i
EXCUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................................................ v
ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................. vi
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
COMPANY BACKGROUND AND MAIN PRODUCT .............................................................. 1
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE AND HISTORY .............................................................................. 1
1.2 MISSION AND VALUES OF ETHIO TELECOM. ............................................................ 3
1.3 PRODUCT AND SERVICE ................................................................................................. 4
1.3.1 FIXED LINE SERVICE ................................................................................................. 4
1.3.2 MOBILE SERVICE ....................................................................................................... 6
1.3.3 INTERNET AND DATA ............................................................................................... 7
1.4 CUSTOMER OF ETHIO TELECOM .................................................................................. 9
1.5.2 NETWORK DIVISION ................................................................................................. 9
1.5.3 NETWORK DIVISION CHART ................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 11
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE .................................................................................. 11
2.1 ENTRY IN TO THE COMPANY ...................................................................................... 11
2.2 O&M DEPARTMENT ....................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1. IP RAN (IP ADDRESSING) ....................................................................................... 11
2.2.2. POWER ....................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.3 RAN (MOBILE SERVICE) ......................................................................................... 18
2.2.4 TRANSMISSION ......................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 29
THE OVERALL BENEFIT WE HAVE GAINED FROM THE ................................................. 29
3.1 UPGRADING THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE AND IMPROVING PRACTICAL
SKILL........................................................................................................................................ 29
3.2 IMPROVING COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND TEAM PLAYING SKILLS ............. 30
3.3 IMPROVING LEADER SHIP SKILL ............................................................................... 30
3.4 IMPROVING ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL ................................................................. 31
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 32
iii
PROBLEM IDENTIFIED AND PROPOSED SOLUTION ........................................................ 32
4.1 OBSERVED PROBLEM .................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................. 33
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 33
5.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 33
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 34
REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................ 35
iv
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2. 1 Private IP in the different classes ................................................................................. 12
Table 2. 2 Different IP classes ...................................................................................................... 12
Table 2. 3 Comparison of CDMA and GSM. ............................................................................... 21
v
ACRONYMS
IP = Internet Protocol
O&M = Operation and Maintenance
ER = Edge Router
GLBP = Gateway Load Balancing Protocol
AVF = Active Virtual Forwarder
AVG = Active Virtual Gateway
CR = Core Router
RAN = Radio Access Network
ARP = Address Resolution Protocol
HSRP = Hot Standby Routing Protocol
VRRP = Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
VPN = Virtual Private Network
TCP = Transmission Control protocol
DHCP = Dynamic Host Control Protocol
BTS = Base Transceiver Station
ATS = Automatic Transfer Switch
GSM = Global System for Mobile Communication
MSAG = Multi Service Access Gate
vi
INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT 2021
CHAPTER ONE
COMPANY BACKGROUND AND MAIN PRODUCT

1.1 COMPANY PROFILE AND HISTORY
The history of telecommunications in Ethiopia from its introduction to the present day spans one
century. The recent day’s history starts after a reformation takes place from the previous company
titled Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporations or ETC, which is now replaced by Ethio
telecom. The long history of Telecommunications in Ethiopia is backbone for current existence of
Ethio telecom as Telecommunication Company today. Telecommunications service was
introduced in Ethiopia in 1894, 17 years after it is introduced to the world. The first major
telephone line constructed spanned a total distance of 477 Km and connects Harar a major trade
center in eastern region with Addis Ababa. Immediately after the telephone line, a telegraph line
was installed following the construction of the first and only rail way line in Ethiopia. With a
construction period of two years 880km North to South telephone line connecting Asmara with
Addis Ababa was constructed and made operational in 1904. The ‘verbal repeater’ system was
used to facilitate long distance calls, making use of the several intermediate stations opened at the
small towns and villages along the route.
By 1930 a route distance of 7000 km was completed and over 170 towns were being served by the
telephone network. International communication service, however took long to develop. Until
1930 Asmara and Djibouti are the only cities connected. By 1932 Ethiopia becomes the member
of ITU (International telecommunication Union). By 1934 Ethiopia has established direct radio
telephone links with Cairo, Djibouti, Aden and London and soon after radio communications
training sectors for Ethiopians in order to replace the expatriates handling the nation’s traffic.
Administratively the country’s telecommunication sector is run by an office in imperial palace.
When Italy evade Ethiopia for five years they destroy all the telephone line but when they start to
work in the country they need to have telephone for their own use so they build telephone route
again in new format. By 1941 they build a telephone line in Addis Ababa and Asmara with a
capacity of 1,500 and 1,200 respectively. After all, when they leave Ethiopia after the Ethiopian
Army defeat them they left nothing in the sector, they destroy all things they deploy. The main
thing done after Italian return to their country at the beginning of this period was rehabilitation of
Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 1

the destroyed telephone network. In this period the ministry of Telephone, Telegraph and post was
reestablished to facilitate the rehabilitation work. By 1952 the communications sector comes one
step to the front due to the establishment of IBTE (Imperial Board of Telecommunications in
Ethiopia) by proclamation number 132/52 on October which was independent of telegraph and
post. Under the Dreg regime, the IBTE reorganized as Ethiopian Telecommunications Service on
October 1968 which was in turn reorganized [3] (TCP) On November 1996, the Ethiopian
Telecommunications Authority became Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation (ETC) by
Council of Ministers Regulation No. 10/1996.The subsequent Proclamation 49/1996 expanded the
ETC's duties and responsibilities. The provision of mobile service in Ethiopia has begun in 1999
with a capacity of 36,000 lines in Addis Ababa.
After three years, the number of subscribers reached about 207,000. In 2006, the number of mobile
subscriber has reached 1.5 million throughout the country. In late 2006, the ETC signed an
agreement worth US$1.5 billion with three Chinese companies, ZTE Corporation, Huawei
Technologies and the Chinese International Telecommunication Construction Corporation, to
upgrade and expand Ethiopian telecommunications services. This agreement will increase the
number of mobile services from 1.5 million to 7 million, land line telephone services from 1
million to 4 million, and expansion of the fiber optic network, from the present 4,000 kilometers
to 10,000 by 2010.
It is part of a larger US$ 2.4 billion plan by the Ethiopian government to improve the country’s
telecommunications infrastructure So as to render world standard telecom services, On December
2, 2010 ETC was reborn as Ethio Telecom after France Telecom takes over the management. The
new company, Ethio Telecom, which is also totally owned by the Ethiopian government, handles
all the business activities of the former ETC for the last three years. The government came up
with the decision of outsourcing ETC‟s management because the corporation was not able to meet
the demands of the fast growing country, Ethiopia. The Ethiopian government paid 30 million euro
to France Telecom, mostly known for its Orange brand, for managing the new company and salary
for its 24 professionals for two years start from November 29, 2010.For its international traffic
links and communication services, Ethio telecom mainly uses its earth station at Sululta which
transmits and receives to both Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean satellites.

1.2 MISSION AND VALUES OF ETHIO TELECOM.

The Ethiopian government has decided to transform the telecommunication infrastructure and
services to world class standard, considering them as a key lever in the development of Ethiopia.
Thus, Ethio telecom is born from this ambition in order to bring about a paradigm shift in the
development of the telecom sector to support the steady growth of our country.
VISION
To be a world-class provider of telecom services.
MISSION
Connect Ethiopia through state-of-the-art telecom services.
Provide high quality, innovative and affordable telecom products and services that
enhance the development of our nation.
Build reputable brand known for its customers‟ consideration.
Build its managerial capability and manpower‟ talent that enables Ethio telecom to
operate at international level.
Support community and environmental development.
VALUES
Lead with vision
 Be committed to understand, meet and exceed the telecom needs and expectations of the
country at large and of customers in particular.
Respect
 Respect customers and recognize that the revenue generated allow Ethio telecom to
operate.
 Recognize employees of Ethio telecom as most valuable assets and create conducive
working environment that allows them to develop and grow.
Excellence
 Be committed to high-level performances, customer service quality, organizational
excellence and continuous improvement of Quality of Services.
 Be ethical and honest in all assignments.

1.3 PRODUCT AND SERVICE

Ethio telecom is institutionalized with the objectives of promoting the development of high
quality, efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication services in the country.
The service provided by Ethio telecom are: -
 Fixed line telephone
 Fax service
 GPRS (general packet radio service)
 Mobile telephone
 Internet both broadband and narrowband
 Multimedia services
 CDMA both voice and data
1.3.1 FIXED LINE SERVICE
A. FIXED LINE
Fixed Line is traditional wired phone service, it delivers voice, fax and Internet services, and it is
fixed in locations such as homes and offices, no mobility. It is most importantly reliable and cheap
alternative for businesses.
B. FIXED WIRELESS CDMA
Fixed wireless refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as
homes and offices. It is much similar to the ordinary fixed telephone service; it uses Fixed Wireless
Terminal (FWT) which enables it to give a voice, data and other value added services. It works
wherever CDMA network is available.
C. ISDN (INTEGRATED SERVICE DIGITAL NETWORK)
ISDN is an international communications standard for sending voice, video, and data over digital
telephone lines or normal telephone wires. ISDN supports data transfer rates of 64 Kbps (64,000
bits per second). It can be considered the step of internet evolution that lies between dial up and
DSL/Cable. ISDN internet service is basically a telephone based network system that operates by
a circuit switch, or dedicated line. It can transmit data and phone conversations digitally over
normal telephone wires.

D. FIXED LINE VALUE ADDED SERVICE (VAS)

There are different packages of fixed line value added services which are very important
for both
enterprise and residential customers
CLIP (Caller Line Identification Presentation): Also called "caller ID", this service
allows a called party to see the telephone number of an incoming call on a display
connected to the telephone line. The local exchange is kept updated on which subscribers
have signed up for this service. .
Call Waiting: A special signal is generated during a call in progress to indicate that a
third party is trying to reach you. This caller receives an ordinary ringing tone...
Call Barring: Certain types of outgoing call can be barred in different ways, for example,
by trunk discrimination. It is also possible to bar specified numbers (such as premium rate
numbers) or to define open numbers and bar the rest. However, as yet no service exists that
bars certain types of incoming call. To affect such call screening, the subscriber has to use
the CLIP service or selective call forwarding.
Abbreviated dialing: Subscribers can enter a list of abbreviated numbers in the local
exchange. This service is practical for a company whose PBX has no function for internal
abbreviated numbers.
Don’t disturb: Calls are connected to recorded message or tone information.
Call Divert: Incoming calls are sent to another number or mobile number.
Fixed Hot line: This service allows the subscriber. there are two variant available in fixed
hot line:
 The number is called directly or after a few seconds.
 The delay enables the subscriber to call a number other than the
programmed one.
Call Conference: Lets you speak to two or more people at the same time.
Short number call: It is similar to the normal fixed line calls except that these calls are
made through short numbers (three digits).

1.3.2 MOBILE SERVICE

1. GSM MOBILE (PREPAID/POSTPAID)
The service is given using SIM (Subscriber Information Module). It has voice, data, SMS, and
other value added capabilities, in order to use the service in pre-paid scenario; it is required to
charge using scratch able cards and for postpaid services, users are charged at the end of every
month (usage charge + Rent).
Services offered in addition to Voice are:
 SMS (Short Message Service): Before using this service the message service center
should be set by putting +251911299708
 Call Divert: It allows an incoming call to a called party to be redirected to another mobile
or fixed telephone number. It can be activated from the phone
 Call Waiting: Is a feature that alerts someone using the phone to an incoming call and
allows switching between calls.
 Call Barring: This service enables to restrict or bar certain or all types of calls to and
from your mobile phone. To use this service to visit nearby sales office and subscribe is
required
 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS): It is a mobile data service available to users of
GSM mobile phones. It provides moderate speed data by using unused microwave
resources in the GSM network. To use GPRS setting access point to APN etc.com is
required
 Credit Transfer Service: for prepaid mobile customers as per its corporate values, Ethio
telecom shall strive to commit to understand, meet and exceed the telecommunications
needs and expectations of the country at large and of customers in particular. To this end,
Ethio telecom has recently launched a credit transfer service for the prepaid mobile
customers in order to meet the needs of communities living in voucher card inaccessible
areas.
 USSD Command Service: Introduction Ethio telecom has also introduced the USSD
command service which has the following advantages in recharging and balance
inquiring:-
 It is customer user friendly (that is, no time out, no error to network, no to follow
voice command);

 It reduces voice network congestion.

Ethio telecom has also recently enhanced other products and service offers such as Machine to
Machine, Bulk SMS and Short Code Premium, in signing partnership with content providers.
2. WCDMA
It offers a wide range of advanced services; high speed internet access, video and High Quality
image transmission, video conversation, online chat, it requires cell phones that support
3Gservices, users are charged at the end of every month (usage charge + Rent), accessing calls
while browsing the web pages is possible, you can transmit and receive data at greater speed and
capacity, and it also supports all services offered by 2G GSM Services offered in addition to Voice.
3. SATELLITE MOBILE TELEPHONE
Satellite Mobile Telephone service enables customers in every part of the globe to be beneficiaries
of telecom services through satellites stationed on the universe. This kind of service needs special
telephone apparatus. This telephone services have been also provided to those customers found
outside the mobile telephone coverage. They provide similar functionality to terrestrial mobile
telephones; voice, short messaging service and low-bandwidth internet access are supported
through these systems. It is important service for enterprises mainly working in an area not covered
by the GSM network.
4. MOBILE ROAMING SERVICE:
Roaming service will provide the ability for wireless customers to automatically make and receive
voice calls, send and receive data or access other services when traveling outside the geographical
coverage are of ET.
1.3.3 INTERNET AND DATA
1. BROADBAND INTERNET
Broadband Internet is a relatively fast Internet service provided through wired and wireless
connections.
A. WIRED BROADBAND INTERNET
The wired broadband is provided through copper or fiber with different access methods (ADSL
ADSL2, ADSL2+, and VDSL2). It can be provided with different speed depending on customer’s
requirement and the access they use. Customers can buy CPEs or rent from Ethio Telecom.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is one form of the Digital Subscriber Line, a data
communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines.

Through ADSL customers will get a better, affordable, reliable and faster internet connection
starting from only 950 birr per month.
B. WIRELESS BROADBAND INTERNET
The wireless can be given through EVDO, VSAT and AIRONET. EVDO is a standard for high
speed wireless broadband. The acronym is short for "Evolution, Data Only" or "Evolution, Data
Optimized". It is a CDMA technology that supports a High speed internet data connection with a
peak speed of 3.1mb/s and with an average speed of 800kb/s -1.7mb/s. It works where ever
CDMA network is available. EVDO is given in both post-paid and pre-paid format. It offers you
fast, affordable and mobile Internet access by using an EVDO modem and a computer (desktop or
laptop). It is now available throughout Addis Ababa and about 200 major towns and cities
throughout Ethiopia. It is in bundled in three packages 1, 2 and 4 GBs, so that it can meet different
needs of customers.
2. BROADBAND DATA (MPLS-VPN)
Virtual private network (VPN) is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure,
such as internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with secure access to their
organization’s network and data. Ethio telecom gives VPN service mainly through MPLS (Multi-
Protocol Labeled Switch) network. MPLS-VPN is a virtual private network with a multi-protocol
labeled switch to deliver data, voice and video services using a shared telecom infrastructure. Its
goal is to provide the organizations with the same, secure capabilities, but at a much lower cost.
3. INTERNET VAS
There are different kinds of internet value added service: those are;
 Domain Name: If you want to have unique address on the Internet you will be provided a
domain name. A domain name is the part of your Internet address that comes after
"www".
 Internet Protocol (IP) Address: If you want an IP address which is numerical label that
will be assigned to your devices participating in a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication between yours and other nodes. You can get this service
through Virtual IP address or One IP address service.
 Web Hosting: If you want your website to be accessed on the internet, you can be
provided with a web hosting service. The company operates and maintains online servers
locally to host the information that you want to make available on the Internet.

The company can provide you with consultancy in server design, maintenance services
and technical support. The company also provides virtual hosting, dedicating server and
hosted server web hosting services.
1.4 CUSTOMER OF ETHIO TELECOM

In this section we will see who the customers of Ethio Telecom are. Generally, the customers or
end users of Ethio Telecom are the entire people in the whole country where the company’s
network coverage is there. This is because everyone can use the network of Ethio Telecom where
ever the network is there as much as he/she has fulfilled the requirements to use the services. As
explained in the previous section there is two types of customers in the new Ethio Telecom
organization.
Enterprise customers
Residential customers
There are different division in Ethio telecom and those divisions are:
Network division
Customer service division
Information system division and
Enterprise division
1.5.2 NETWORK DIVISION
MISSION
 To define and the technical strategy for the network roll out and services delivery.
 To implement, monitor and supervise all network systems and services to provide state
of art QoS.
ACTIVITIES
 Master plan delivery (fixed mobile and IP networks).
 Networks subsystems engineering.
 Projects roll out to respect time to market.

1.5.3 NETWORK DIVISION CHART
Figure 1. 1 Network division chart

CHAPTER TWO
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 ENTRY IN TO THE COMPANY
According to the curriculum of Dembi Dollo University, internship program is take place during
4th year 2nd semester. We were happy for the opportunity because as computer science student
Ethiotelecom is one of the great place to change our theoretical knowledge to practical for more
advancement.
2.2 O&M DEPARTMENT

In Ethiotelecom, there are different departments out of those we were focusing on the operation
and maintenance (O&M) department. The main sub-departments exist in this department are:
I. Transmission
II. Power
III. Core Switch
IV. RAN (Mobile Service)
V. IP RAN
2.2.1. IP RAN (IP ADDRESSING)
IP RAN means when the end-to-end system is IP based, including radio, RNC (in 3G) or the packet
core (in LTE). Those are end systems and they needed to be able to speak IP and support TCP/IP
OSI layer stack. For example - IP RAN in 3G/UMTS, the Node B and Radio will have to be
upgraded to support Ethernet and IP directly to be called IP RAN. The IP-based radio Access
network (IP-based RAN), which applies IP transport to FOMA radio access network with the
introduction of the IP-radio network controller (IP-RNC), The compact indoor IP based transceiver
station (IP-BTS), and the outdoor high-density multi-band BTS. Generally, it is a logical
addressing which work on the network layer. There are two types of IP addressing:
Static IP Address: when a device is assigned a static IP address that does not change. The device
always has the same IP address.
Dynamic IP Address: is a temporary IP address that is assigned to a computing device or node
when it's connected to a network. A dynamic IP address is an automatically configured IP address
assigned by a DHCP server to every new network node.
There are two version of internet protocol (IP) addressing scheme.

 IP version 4 - 32-bit addressing

Class Addressing range Status
A 0.0.0.0 Reserved
10.0.0.0-126.0.0.0 Available
127.0.0.0 Reserved
B 128.0.0.0-191.254.0.0 Available
191.255.0.0 Reserved
C 192.0.0.0 Reserved
192.0.1.0 to 223.255.254.0 Available
223.255.255.0 Reserved
D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Multicast group address
E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254 Reserved
255.255.255.255 Broadcast
 IP version 6-128-bit addressing
IP Addressing Classes:
The total IP addressing range is extended from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255. 255.This total IP addressing
scheme is divided into five classes.
Private IP Address: There are certain addresses in each class of IP address that are reserved for
local area network. These addresses are called private address. They can be used for: home and
office networks, networks not connected to internet.
Table 2. 1 private IP in the different classes
Class Private networks Subnet mask
A 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255 255.0.0.0
B 172.16.0.0-172.31.0.0 255.240.0.0
C 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255 255.255.0.0
Table 2. 2 Different IP classes

2.2.2. POWER
Every telecommunication system needs power for its operation, telecommunication equipment’s
BTS, MSAN, MSAG and any other auxiliary equipment’s are operated at dc volts that come from
ac power supplies. However, these supplies must be stabilized because every telecommunication
system must give reliable and consistent connectivity, so we are obliged to give reliable power
supply. For reliable power supply, the system uses additional energy systems like generator and
battery by connecting to the commercial grid lines to a common load and using the battery systems
as either a transition or short duration power supply to our telecommunication device. In brief, the
telecommunication devices work as the system shown in the following block diagram.
Figure 2. 1 Telecommunication power flow diagram
Every input to the first telecommunication device is ac power except the battery that feds to an
input as a dc power, in which it does not need to, have a rectifier.
COMMERCIAL GRID
Is one form of input to the telecommunication device, as shown above the commercial grid will be
input to the generator and the output will be a common load from both the generator and from the
commercial grid line, The ATS will control whether the generator or the main supply must supply
power to our equipment, but the main point is that the ATS will use the commercial grid as a
primary power source and the generator as an alternative source because interims of cost

commercial line is cheap and durable operating times. Three phase commercial lines mostly used
when operating under a common load condition unless we use single phase power supplies to our
MSAN and MSAG devices. These supplies must have 220 and 380 line to neutral and line to line
voltages respectively.
GENERATOR SUPPLY
This generator supplies as an alternative source to the telecom device, this generator is mainly
operated similar to the diesel engine, that converts the fuel supply to an electrical output through
the mechanical shafts that intern rotate the rotor part of our generator with a fixed rotation at 1500
rpm which has a frequency of 50Hz.this will induce an electric field on the stator part where the
stator is excited through different mechanisms. We can refer to the different excitation mechanisms
depending on our needs, these are separately excited, shunt and series excitation mechanisms.
As a point the ATS in the generators read voltages that are line to line or line to neutral voltages,
mostly in our Ethio telecom generators the ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) read voltages from
line to neutral so when incase a phase is absent we shunt the line from another one to make the
generator think as it has full three phase 220v line to neutral readings. But Why this? Because to
decrease our fuel consumption and to stop the generator and work on the main grid line. In
addition, when installing three phase lines EECPO will place surge arrester units before giving
these supply to our generator and this is where the shunt occurs as discussed above.

Figure 2. 2 Mostly used Ethio telecom generator type specification.
COMMON LOAD FROM A GENERATOR

This is mostly described above on the generator supply unit, the ATS in the generator will control
and determine which one to operate, and this will read the line to neutral or line-to-line voltages
to lock on to the generator or the commercial line side. The ATS has a display unit that allows us
to understand where the supply is from, it shows the simple circuitry of the path where the supply
and the load are, also the generator has a display unit at the front end that displays the overall status
of the generator.
 The load currents
 Line to neutral or line to line voltages
 Generator operation hours
 Alarm on the generator
 Alarm specifications
 Graphical user interface command lines
 History of the generator.
MAJOR TELECOM POWER AND COMPONENT
Major telecom power as discussed above is get from the main commercial grid lines that are
supplied by the respective power corporations, thus through a series of steps it is converted to a
dc voltage that will be an input to the telecom devices, now let’s discuss about how these dc 48volt

is supplied to the devices through the following block diagram. The telecommunication devices
are MSAN, MSAG, and BTS where these devices contain many types of equipment inside them.
We will see the rectifiers and the components inside the MSAG (Multi Service Access Gate).
Figure 2. 3 MSAG outlook
Display unit Power section (Rectifier)

MSAG DISPLAY UNIT

MSAG display unit displays the overall status of the power equipment and displays different alarm
conditions.
 Ac power input
 Alarm handling
 Load current and voltage
 DC output voltage.
BATTERY SUPPLY
The Battery supply unit uses mainly for two purposes first as a transition between the commercial
line and the generator, when the commercial line is gone the battery starts to discharge and give
supply till the generator starts up but if there is no generator or if the generator fails to start the
battery will operate until it is fully discharged or until the commercial grid is connected. How long
the battery will supply depends on the amount of load it is connected to and the strength of the
battery, in Ethio telecom devices the ZTE or HUWAWEI have 24 cells of batteries each connected
in series, so that the overall voltage will be 48-volt dc output voltage and 2.3A constant current
supply since voltages add in series and current will be the same. The main reason for connecting
batteries in series is that it has high current output and the same current output, so as current is the
main element in doing work. Below figure shows single 2V battery.
Figure 2. 4 Single 12V Battery cell
Finally, when connecting our battery system to out telecommunication device, there are two main
ports these are BLVD and LLVD.
BLVD (Battery Low Voltage Disconnect): Is a port which is disconnected when the battery is
below settled voltage, the battery give supply until the voltage is below the given point, and the
equipment connected to this port will cut their operation due to power loses.

LLVD (Low Level Voltage Disconnect): These port will cut the battery voltage when the battery
voltage is below critical battery voltage and if it is not possible the battery to operate below that
level of voltage and if it is a case when it destroys the battery for example: -when the given BTS
gives a link to the another or many BTSs the link is connected to these port because it may not
only affect its coverage area, it will affect another coverage region in which it gives a link. So only
it has to affect its coverage regions not anyone’s so is must be connected to this specific port.
END DEVICES
These devices are devices that uses and process the DC 48volt, these may include the core,
transmission, BTS and different devices.
Every BTS contain digital unit for GSM, digital unit for WCDMA, transmission control unit
(TUC), MMU, transmission network control and the operation and maintenance part. Also
different sector depending on the number of customer on DUG and DUW.
NEED OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS FOR TELECOM DEVICES
Telecommunication devices consists of many different circuitries and many print in and many
components, these components on their operations use different current requirements, so as to
process and achieve the signaling process, so as known these current from these
telecommunication devices produce heat, these heat if not cooled to normal operating temperatures
will damage the different devices and cost us unpredicted repair costs, also these will damage and
change the structure of customer cards:-ALC,GILCA,GIS,MPRB,TSLC and will reduce our
quality of service in addition to customer complaints about inconsistent service[2].
2.2.3 RAN (MOBILE SERVICE)
A radio access network is a technology that connects individual devices to other parts of a network
through radio connections. It is a major part of modern telecommunications, with 3G and 4G
network connections for mobile phones being examples of radio access networks. The radio access
network gets the signal to and from the wireless end point, so it can travel with other traffic over
networks built with a collective and deliberate purpose. Information between the mobile unit and
the cellular network uses radio communication. Hence the subscriber is able to move around and
become fully mobile.

Figure 2. 5 Radio link between cell site and mobile unit
1. CELLULAR TELEPHONY
A cellular telephone system links mobile subscribers into the public telephone system or to another
cellular subscriber. Information between the mobile unit and the cellular network uses radio
communication. Hence the subscriber is able to move around and become fully mobile. The service
area in which mobile communication is to be provided is divided into regions called cells. Each
cell has the equipment to transmit and receive calls from any subscriber located within the borders
of its radio coverage area.
2. RAN CLASS WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
A) GSM
GSM, or Global System for Mobile, is the primary type of technology used for cell phones in the
rest of the world. The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems.
GSM is a digital technology; the signals passed over a digital air interface can be protected
against errors by using better error detection and correction techniques. The GSM system
provides for high degree of confidentiality for the subscriber. Calls are encoded and ciphered
when sent over air. The mobile equipment can be identified independently from the mobile
subscriber. The mobile has an identity number hard coded into it when it is manufactured. This
number is stored in a standard database and whenever a call is made the equipment can be
checked to see if it has been reported stolen. In a GSM system the mobile station and the
subscriber are identified separately. The subscriber is identified by means of a smart card known

as a SIM. This enables the subscriber to use different mobile equipment while retaining the same
subscriber number.
B) CDMA
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. CDMA does not specifically refer to one kind
of technology or one network, but for a system of networks that have evolved over time. Each
successive version of this network has sought to provide better, faster network access with a larger
amount of coverage [1].
microwave
dish
Radio link antenna
Figure 2. 6
Main
components of
RAN network

3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CDMA AND GSM TECHNOLOGIES
Table 2. 3 Comparison of CDMA and GSM.
GSM Technology CDMA Technology

SIM Card Internal Memory
Type of Storage Used
Dictated by the user's SIM card. Dictated by the user's
Network Service device.
Easier access More difficult access
International Roaming
Multiple (850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz) Single (850 MHz)
Frequency Band
GPRS/E/3G/4G EVDO/3G/4G/
Data Transfer
BBU3900
The BBU3900 (BBU for short) is a baseband processing unit and centrally manages the entire base
station. The BBU provides the following functions:
 Manages the entire base station system in terms of operation, maintenance, signaling
processing, and system clock.
 Processes uplink and downlink data, and provides common public radio interfaces
(CPRIs) for the communication between the BBU and RF modules.
 Provides physical ports for information exchange between the base station and the
transport network.
 Provides an OM channel between the base station and the operation and maintenance
center (OMC).
 Provides ports for receiving and transmitting signals from environment monitoring
devices.

Figure 2. 7 BBU outlook
RRU
 Remote radio units (RRUs) perform modulation, demodulation, data processing, and
power amplification of baseband and radio frequency (RF) signals, and conduct
voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) detection.
ANTENNA SYSTEM
Antenna RF system mainly divided in to three distinct categories

 Single band: Only GSM
 Dual band: GSM and CDMA

 Triple band: GSM, CDMA and 4G LTE
And also these antenna systems have 900 and 1800 MHz frequencies where the former is used for
large coverage and low capacity and the latter is used for high capacity and small coverage.

RADIO LINK
Radio link is a link, which used as an input for the BBU when there is no backbone fiber input
for the transmission equipment. It directly receives link from the linked base station and used as
an input for the transmission equipment.
DUG (DIGITAL UNIT FOR GSM)
The Digital Unit GSM (DUG) can control up to 12 GSM carriers. If more than 12 TRXs are
required, then an additional DUG can be installed on the radio shelf and synchronized with the
other DUGs in the cabinet. The DUG comes in two variants; DUG 10 supports RUG whereas
DUG 20 supports RUS and RRUS. The DUG supports the cross-connection of individual time
slots to specific TRXs and extracts the synchronization information from the Pulse-Code
Modulation (PCM) link to generate a timing reference for the RBS.
DUW (DIGITAL UNIT FOR WCDMA)
The Digital Unit WCDMA (DUW) comes in three variants, depending on capacity demand. The
DUW contains the baseband, control, and switching, as well as the Lub and Mub interfaces. The
DUW can handle different time varying traffic mixes consisting of voice circuit-switched data,
packet-switched data, and high-speed data such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)

Figure 2. 8 Main component of RBS contain Mini-link, DUG, DUW, TNC, TCU and sectors
The operational and maintenance of the network based on 2G and 3G during the fault occur on the
site the technician of the Ethio telecom troubleshoot going to the area of BTS if it is necessary
mean that if not maintained remotely.

4. ZXMSG 5200 CABINET TYPES
OUT 20E (outdoor)

OUT 40E (outdoor)
19D06H20 (indoor)
CABINET CONFIGURATION
OUT 40E cabinet configuration includes the following components: -

 One heat exchanger
 One power distribution module
 Four 100/150 AH storage batteries
 Three standard subscriber shelves
 Two fan trays
 One fiber connection area
 One 45A rectifier
 One MDF cable distribution module
 One air division frame
 One centralized supervision unit (CSU)
Figure 2. 9 Outdoor 40E shelf components

2.2.4 TRANSMISSION
In telecommunications, Transmission is the process of sending, propagating and receiving an
analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
transmission medium, wired either optical fiber or wireless. Transmission technologies and
schemes typically refer to physical layer protocol duties such as modulation, demodulation, line
coding, equalization, error control, bit synchronization and multiplexing. One of the basic elements
in transmission is a transmission medium. A transmission medium (plural transmission media) is
a material substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) that can propagate energy waves. For example,
the transmission medium for sound received by the ears is usually air, but solids and liquids may
also act as transmission media for sound. Now days the most part of telecommunication uses an
optical fiber and microwave as a medium of transmission.
There are different elements of transmission system those are:
Transmitter
Transmission channel
Receiver
Figure 2. 10 Over all transmission system of telecommunication

1 FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by

sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave
that is modulated to carry information. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission,
optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire.
A) OPTICAL FIBER
An Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of very pure glass (silica) not much bigger
than a human hair that act as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light between the two end
of fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application
of optical fiber is known as fiber optics. Optical fiber is widely used in fiber optic communication,
which permits transmission.
Figure 2. 11 Optical fiber
An optical fiber consists of a core, cladding, and a buffer (a protective outer coating), in which
the cladding guides the light along the core by using the method of total internal reflection. The
core and the cladding (which has a lower refractive index) are usually made of high-quality
silica glass, although they can both be made of plastic as well. Connecting two optical fibers is
done by fusion splicing or mechanical splicing and requires special skills and interconnection
technology due to the microscopic precision required to align the fiber cores. As explained above
optical fiber typically consists of a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding
material with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection.
This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with
a tough resin buffer layer, which may be further surrounded by a jacket layer, usually glass.

B) TRANSMITTERS
The most commonly used optical transmitters are semiconductor device such as light-emitting
diode (LEDs) and laser diodes. The difference between LEDs and laser diodes is that LEDs
produce incoherent light, while laser diode produces coherent light for use in optical
communications, semiconductor optical transmitters must be compact, efficient and reliable, while
operating in an optimal wavelength range, and directly modulated at high frequency. In
transmission of light (optical signal) we can use different technology. Ethio-telecom mostly uses
the different types of last technologies. Those are
 WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

 TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
 SDM/FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Multiplexing is a process that combines several signals for simultaneous transmission on one
transmission channel. Most of the transmission systems in the telecommunications network
contain more capacity than is required by a single user. Multiplexing is economically feasible to
utilize the available bandwidth of optical fiber or coaxial cable or a radio system in a single high-
capacity system shared by multiple users.
C) RECEIVER
The main component of an optical receiver is a photo detector, which converts light into
electricity using the photoelectric effect. The photo detector is typically a semiconductor based
photodiode. Optical electrical convertor is typically coupled with a Trans impedance amplifier and
a limiting amplifier to produce a digital signal in the electrical domain from the incoming optical
signal, which may be attenuate and distorted while passing through the channel. Further signal
processing such a clock recovery from data (CDR) performed by a phase-locked loop may also be
applied before the data is passed on.

CHAPTER THREE
THE OVERALL BENEFIT WE HAVE GAINED FROM THE

INTERNSHIP
The first aim of internship program is - to develop the theoretical knowledge of the student to
practical knowledge through practicing in different governmental and non-governmental
organization especially for natural science student. In the past two weeks, we were able to
understand different working principles and structural flow the Ethio telecom in different staffs as
mentioned above (IP staff, RAN staff and Transmission staff) and we were able to see how
communication is achieved over a long distance using fiber optics (DWDM) and microwave link
for 2G ,3G Data and PSTN for remote location. In addition to this we have seen how to maintain
and troubleshooting the fault occurred remotely through software (like OMT, RBS Element
manager and WINFIOL) and physical the remote site (DSLAM). The company provides a
conductive working atmosphere among the staff’s co-worker. Generally, we have gained different
skills during the internship in terms of practical and theoretical skill, team playing skill,
communication skill, leadership and entrepreneurship skill.
3.1 UPGRADING THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE AND IMPROVING

PRACTICAL SKILL
As the main purpose of the Internship Program at the University level is to facilitate or develop
student-learning opportunities outside the classroom, these experiences provided us the
opportunity to apply theoretical concepts to the real world situations. Beside, in our university, we
learned different laboratory techniques (labs) at different times and even some teachers took an
initiative measure and tried to make an interconnection of the theoretical part with the real practical
part by taking us into labs, but due to different reason such as no enough material and some of the
exiting material did not working properly or damaged we did not gain the expected practical skill.
Therefore, an internship was the right program to improve our practical skill concerned the
communication course.

Different issue we have covered during internship session are listed below.
 Basic concept of networking system
 What mean MDF (main distribution frame) in PTSN
 What does MSAG looks like internally including the cards inside the MSAG.
 Basic concept of transmission of information through fiber and microwave
 How ADSL work and digital transmission
 Optical communication system
 DWDM (Dense wavelength division multiplexing)
 How different site communicate and serve UE 2G and 3G through DUG (Digital Unit
for GSM) and DUW (Digital Unit for WCDMA) also XPON (Passive Optical
Network)
 Generally, we got a great experience about how telecommunication service is
provided starting from the subscriber’s home to an exchange devises practically.
3.2 IMPROVING COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND TEAM PLAYING

SKILLS
As Interpersonal skills are the life skills, we used each day to communicate and interact with other
people, both individually and in groups in different places. It is obvious that People who
worked on developing strong interpersonal skills are usually more successful in both their
professional and personal lives. Skill-building training improves communications abilities.
Reading a handout may improve our understanding and knowledge of the main concepts. That is
why we have been doing so and our interpersonal communication skill were developed. A high
level of communication effectiveness can be reached our experience only through intensive and
well-designed training programs.
Teamwork is work performed by a team towards a common goal. Our team playing skill was
developed; this was because the workers of the company were engaging us in activities that
require us to work together with them.
3.3 IMPROVING LEADER SHIP SKILL

Explaining and understanding the nature of good leadership is probably easier than practicing it.
No matter what position you hold, leadership skills are valuable for moving you through your
career and into a leadership role. So it is crucial that we learn how to improve leadership skills.

When we are a leader of a group of people we must continually assess our own performance on a
regular basis, so that we can progress forward instead of stagnating and remaining at one particular
level. So we develop and more understand practically the leadership skills. This is because we
are always contacted with customers, we listen their problem, and to satisfy customers we must
have to lead appropriately in doing so we develop our leadership skills.
Work ethics include not only how one feels about his job, career or vocation, but also how one
does his/her job or responsibilities. This involves attitude, behavior, respect, communication, and
interaction; how one gets along with others. Work ethics involve such characteristics as honesty
and accountability. So as explained above, that is to satisfy our customers we must be honest and
accountable, and since we see and learn from the workers of the company how they manage and
lead the customers our work ethic was developed.
To improve this leadership skill, we tried to improve the following basic things:
 Critical Thinking
 Listening Effectively
 Motivate Others
 Discipline
 Be a Follower…etc.
3.4 IMPROVING ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL
Entrepreneurship, the pursuit of opportunity beyond the resources you currently control, is now a
subject with segmented interest across a wide variety of fields and topics, including new venture
creation, venture capital, social ventures, business model innovation, open software, internet,
corporate entrepreneurship, global business, and biotechnology.
We understood that to have a good entrepreneurship skill we must have the following characters:
 Self-Motivation
 Self Confidence
 Ethics and Morals
 Time Management …. etc.

CHAPTER FOUR
PROBLEM IDENTIFIED AND PROPOSED SOLUTION

4.1 OBSERVED PROBLEM

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCE
[1] ZTE Gigabit routing, v1, Edison
[2] Different Ethio telecom’s documents
[3] www.ethionet.et/routers
[4] [Sklar] “Digital Communications”, 2nd Edition, 2001, Prentice-Hall
[5] Redundancy and Load Balancing, v1.31, Aaron Balchunas
[6] http://www.routeralley.com.
[9] http://www.cisco.com/go/fn

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Declaration

O&M = Operation and Maintenance

GLBP = Gateway Load Balancing Protocol

AVF = Active Virtual Forwarder

AVG = Active Virtual Gateway

RAN = Radio Access Network

ARP = Address Resolution Protocol

HSRP = Hot Standby Routing Protocol

VRRP = Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol

VPN = Virtual Private Network

TCP = Transmission Control protocol

DHCP = Dynamic Host Control Protocol

BTS = Base Transceiver Station

ATS = Automatic Transfer Switch

GSM = Global System for Mobile Communication

MSAG = Multi Service Access Gate

COMPANY BACKGROUND AND MAIN PRODUCT

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 1

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 2

1.2 MISSION AND VALUES OF ETHIO TELECOM.

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 3

1.3 PRODUCT AND SERVICE

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 4

D. FIXED LINE VALUE ADDED SERVICE (VAS)

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 5

1.3.2 MOBILE SERVICE

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 6

 It reduces voice network congestion.

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 7

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 8

1.4 CUSTOMER OF ETHIO TELECOM

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 9

1.5.3 NETWORK DIVISION CHART

Figure 1. 1 Network division chart

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 10

OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.2 O&M DEPARTMENT

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 11

 IP version 4 - 32-bit addressing

Table 2. 2 Different IP classes

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 12

Figure 2. 1 Telecommunication power flow diagram

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 13

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 14

Figure 2. 2 Mostly used Ethio telecom generator type specification.

COMMON LOAD FROM A GENERATOR

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 15

Figure 2. 3 MSAG outlook

Display unit Power section (Rectifier)

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 16

MSAG DISPLAY UNIT

Figure 2. 4 Single 12V Battery cell

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 17

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 18

Figure 2. 5 Radio link between cell site and mobile unit

2. RAN CLASS WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Dembi Dollo Unversity computer science 19