1. Explain Computer Organization and Computer Architecture in your own words.

Computer Architecture is concerned with the way hardware components are connected
together to form a computer system. Computer Organization is concerned with the structure
and behaviour of a computer system as seen by the user. It acts as the interface between
hardware and software.
2. What are the basic reasons of switching from one generation to another. Compare
the Second and Third generations of computer.
Early modern computers are typically grouped into four "generations." Each generation is
marked by improvements in basic technology. These improvements in technology have been
extraordinary and each advance has resulted in computers of lower cost, higher speed, greater
memory capacity, and smaller size
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS:
The second generation (from 1956 to 1963) of computers managed to do away with vacuum
tubes in lieu of transistors. This allowed them to use less electricity and generate less heat.
Second generation computers were also significantly faster than their predecessors. Another
significant change was in the size of the computers, which were smaller. Transistor computers
also developed core memory which they used alongside magnetic storage.
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS:
From 1964 to 1971 computers went through a significant change in terms of speed, courtesy of
integrated circuits. Integrated circuits, or semiconductor chips, were large numbers of miniature
transistors packed on silicon chips. This not only increased the speed of computers but also made
them smaller, more powerful, and less expensive. In addition, instead of the punch cards and the
printouts of previous systems, keyboards and monitors were now allowing people to interact with
computing machines.
3. List general categories of functions that are specified by computer instructions?
Processor-memory: Data may be transferred from processor to memory or from memory to
processor.
Processor-I/O: Data may be transferred to or from a peripheral device by transferring between
the processor and an I/O module.
Data processing: The processor may perform some arithmetic or logic operation on data.
Control: An instruction may specify that the sequence of execution be altered.

4. Given following 16-bit hypothetical machine working on hexadecimal numbers has

following Instructions: