Republic of the Philippines

KOLEHIYO NG PANTUKAN
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Kingking, Pantukan, Davao de Oro

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

Major in Home Economics

RES-1 Methods of Research

An assignment in the subject

Submitted by:

NECY MAE U. YPON

Student

Submitted to:

Dr. EUFROSINA “RONI” P. MINES

Instructor
 1. What is Research?

Research can be defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the creative

application of existing knowledge to generate new concepts, methodologies, and

understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to

the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.

Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data;

documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that

data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific

professional fields and academic disciplines.

Research is about using established methods to investigate a problem or question in

detail with the aim of generating new knowledge about it.

It is a vital tool for scientific advancement because it allows researchers to prove or

refute hypotheses based on clearly defined parameters, environments and

assumptions. Due to this, it enables us to confidently contribute to knowledge as it

allows research to be verified and replicated.

2. What are the different kinds of research? Define each kind of research and

types of research under them.

There are different types of research based on their objective, depth of study,

data analysis, time required to study the phenomenon, and other factors. It is

important to note that a research project will most likely use more than one type of

research.
According to its Purpose

Theoretical Research

Theoretical research, also known as pure or basic research, is concerned with the

generation of knowledge, regardless of its practical application. Data collection is

used in this case to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a

specific field or to answer a theoretical research question.

This type of result is usually oriented toward theory formulation and is based on

documentary analysis, the development of mathematical formulas, and the reflection

of high-level researchers.

For example, a philosophical dissertation, because the goal is to generate new

approaches from existing data without considering how the findings can be applied

or implemented in practice.

Applied Research

The goal here is to identify strategies that can be applied to a specific research

problem. Applied research is used extensively in STEM fields such as engineering,

computer science, and medicine to generate practical scientific knowledge.

This research is classified into two types:

• Technological applied research aims to improve efficiency in a specific

productive sector by improving processes or machinery related to said productive

processes.

• Scientific applied research: serves as a predictor. We can measure certain

variables to predict behaviors useful to the goods and services sector, such as
consumption patterns and the viability of commercial projects, using this type of

research design.

For example, market research can be used to develop strategies for the

development of new products and marketing campaigns, among other things.

Note: Applied research is usually based on knowledge or results obtained through

theoretical research.

In fact, it is common for research projects to begin with the theoretical framework,

both to define the field of study and to identify possible theories that could be tested

or applied to solve the specific problem posed in the project.

According to your Depth of Scope

Exploratory Research

Exploratory research is used for preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet

well understood or sufficiently researched. It establishes a frame of reference and a

hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed, allowing conclusive

results to be generated. Because exploratory research is based on the study of little-

studied phenomena, it relies less on theory and more on data gathering to identify

patterns that explain these phenomena.

For example, look into the role of social media in self-image perception.

Descriptive Research

The primary goal of descriptive research is to define the characteristics of a specific

phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that cause it.

In this type of research, the researcher must take special care not to intervene in the

observed object or phenomenon, as its behavior may change if an external factor is

present.

For example, look into how the public census of influential government officials

differs between urban and non-urban areas.

Explanatory Study

Explanatory research is the most common type of research method, and it is

responsible for establishing cause-and-effect relationships that allow generalizations

to be extended to similar realities. It is similar to descriptive research, but it adds

information about the observed object and its interactions with the environment.

For example, studying the brittle behavior of a specific material under compressive

load.

Correlational Research

The goal of this type of scientific research is to establish a link between two or more

variables. A correlational study seeks to determine, if a variable changes, how much

the other elements of the observed system change.

According to the Type of Data Used

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is frequently used in the social sciences to collect, compare,

and interpret information. They have a linguistic-semiotic basis and are used in

techniques such as discourse analysis, interviews, surveys, records, and participant

observations.
The observations collected must be numerically evaluated before statistical methods

can be used to validate their results. Qualitative research, on the other hand, tends

to be subjective because not all data can be fully controlled. As a result, this

research design is better suited to extracting meaning from an event or phenomenon

(the 'why') than its cause (the 'how').

For example, studying the effects of sleep deprivation on mood.

Quantitative Research

A quantitative research study investigates a phenomenon by collecting quantitative

data and measuring it with mathematical, statistical, and computer-aided tools. This

enables the projection of broad conclusions over time.

For example, conducting a computer simulation on vehicle collision impacts to

collect quantitative data.

According to the Degree of Manipulation of Variables

Experimental Research

It entails designing or replicating a phenomenon whose variables are manipulated

under strictly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another

independent variable or object. The phenomenon to be studied is measured using

study and control groups and the scientific method.

For example, randomized controlled trial studies on human subjects to assess the

efficacy of new pharmaceutical drugs.

Non-Experimental Research
It is also known as an observational study because it focuses on the examination of

a phenomenon in its natural setting. As a result, the researcher does not intervene

directly, but instead focuses on measuring the variables needed for the study. It is

frequently used in descriptive research due to its observational nature.

A study on the effects of certain chemical substances in a specific population group,

for example, can be considered a non-experimental study.

Quasi-Experimental Study

It only affects a subset of the variables in the phenomenon under investigation and

thus is not completely experimental. In this case, the study and focus group are not

chosen at random, but rather from existing groups or populations. This is done to

ensure that the collected data is relevant and that the population's knowledge,

perspectives, and opinions can be incorporated into the study.

For example, determining the effectiveness of an intervention measure in reducing

the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

According to the Type of Inference

Deductive Investigation

In this type of research, reality is explained by general laws that point to specific

conclusions; conclusions are expected to be part of the research problem's premise

and are considered correct if the premise is valid and the inductive method is

correctly applied.

Inductive Research
In this type of research, knowledge is generated from an observation in order to

achieve a generalization. It is based on the gathering of specific data in order to

develop new theories.

Hypothetical-Deductive Investigation

It is based on observing reality to form a hypothesis, then using deduction to reach a

conclusion, and finally verifying or rejecting it through experience.

According to the Time in Which it is Carried Out

Longitudinal Research (also referred to as Diachronic Research)

It is the tracking of the same event, person, or group over a set period of time. It

intends to track changes in a variety of variables and observe how they evolve over

time. It is frequently used in medical, psychological, and social settings.

For example, consider a cohort study that examines changes in a specific

indigenous population over a 15-year period.

Cross-Sectional Research (also referred to as Synchronous Research)

A cross-sectional research design is used to observe phenomena, an individual, or a

group of research subjects at a specific time.

According to The Sources of Information

Primary Research
This fundamental research type is distinguished by the fact that the data is gathered

directly from the source, i.e., primary, first-hand information.

Secondary research

Secondary research, as opposed to primary research, is created using information

from secondary sources, which are typically scientific literature and other documents

compiled by another researcher.

According to How the Data is Obtained

Documentary (cabinet)

Documentary research, also known as secondary sources, is based on a systematic

review of existing sources of information on a specific subject. This type of scientific

research is commonly used when conducting literature reviews or creating a case

study.

Field

The direct collection of information at the site where the observed phenomenon

occurs is the focus of a field research study.

From Laboratory

Laboratory research is conducted in a controlled environment to isolate a dependent

variable and establish its relationship with other variables using scientific methods.
Mixed-Method: Documentary, Field and/or Laboratory

Mixed research methodologies combine findings from secondary (documentary) and

primary sources obtained through field or laboratory research.

3. The following characteristics should be present in a good research

problem:

• It should fill a knowledge gap.

• It should be significant enough to add to the existing body of knowledge.

• It should lay the foundation for additional research.

• The problem should lend itself to investigation through data collection.

• It should be of interest to the researcher and fit his or her skills, time, and

resources.

• The approach to solving the problem should be ethical.

4. The factors influence on selection of the problems are:

• Personal Preference. The researcher's personal inclination is the primary

motivator in selecting a research problem. If a researcher has a personal interest in

the topic, he will choose it as the subject of his research.

• Availability of resources. During the selection process, a researcher will look over

the available resources. If these resources, such as money, time, accommodation,

and transportation, are available to the selection location, then selecting the problem

is simple.

• Importance in Relation to Others. The significance and nature of the problem are

also important considerations in the selection of a research problem. If the problem

is relatively important, the researcher will favor problem selection.

• Research. Knowledge. The researcher's knowledge should be considered when

selecting a research problem. An investigator's wisdom and experience are required

for the proper collection of research data. He has the ability to pick a problem that he

dislikes.

• Practicality: The selection is also influenced by practicality. The main reason for a

researcher to attend a problem is its practical usefulness.

• Time-lines of the Problem. Some problems require little time to solve, while

others require more time. So it all depends on how much time we have to finish his

research.

• Data availability. If the researcher has access to the desired data, the problem will

be chosen.

• Urgency. The relevance of urgency in the selection of a research problem cannot

be overstated. Urgent problems must be prioritized because immediate solutions can

benefit people.

• Feasibility. The feasibility of the research problem is also an important

consideration in its selection. The researcher's qualifications, training, and

experience should be appropriate for the problem.

• Area culture. In which a researcher conducts his research also influences the

choice of research problem.

5. A research paper is divided into eight sections:

 The title (cover page)

 Introduction

 Review of the literature

 Methodology of research

 Data examination

 Results

 Conclusion

 Page of Reference

If you follow this structure, you will end up with a concise, well-organized

research paper.