Leisure Time Learning Series

 
 
International Ataturk Alatoo University

English Language Teaching Department

Let’s Learn Academic Words

"A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step."

Confucius

Ibrahim Koncak
Nazira Kurt
Taalaigul Usenova
Tinatin Zhakshylykova

                                                                                     Bishkek 2013

 
УДК 80/81
ББК 81, 2-4
L 52

Recommended
by the Scientific Council of the International University
“Ataturk Alatoo”

Referees
Ph. D, Associated professor of Moscow Slavonic Institute,
Chairman of Linguistics Department
Alimjan Zakirov

Associated professor of International Ataturk Alatoo University

Shurubu Karimova
Editor: Nazira Kurt

L 52
Let’s Learn Academic Words.-B.:2013.-124 P.

ISBN 978-9967-453-65-4

Leisure time English learning series “Let’s learn academic words”book strengthens
English vocabulary and familiarizes English learners with the academic word which
helps learners to build confidence to communicate successfully,distinctly and vividly in
an academic environment.

L 460203000000-13 УДК 80/81

ISBN 978-9967-453-65-4 ББК 81, 2-4

© Ibrahim Koncak
Nazira Kurt
Taalaigul Usenova
Tinatin Zhakshylykova 2013
 Introduction
One of the very important parts of learning a language is learning vocabulary. Leisure time English
learning series “Let’s learn academic words” book strengthens English vocabulary and familiarizes
English learners with the academic word list which helps learners to build confidence to communicate
successfully, distinctly and vividly in an academic environment.
The English language consists of an enormous number of words. It is impossible for anyone to know
all the words in the language, which means that you must choose the words to learn.
There are no clear rules to help you choose the words as you learn vocabulary. What we have seen so
far is that vocabulary in any language is a complex issue. Most people think of only single words, but
there are many other kinds of vocabulary that present additional and important challenge, for example,
the academic word list. The purpose of this book is to enlarge the vocabulary of students regarding the
academic word list.

Structure of the book

Let’s Learn Academic Words is a book for students to learn, practice and revise academic words.
There are over 550 words, many crosswords, puzzles and exercises in 12 units.
The book includes the list of academic words supplied with definition, Russian equivalent and examples
of use.
The overview is divided into 3 parts.
• Learning vocabulary and its meaning.
• Practicing vocabulary through puzzles and crosswords
• Doing cloze exercises

In the first part there are words in the alphabetical order with transcription, definition and translation.
The second part includes filling-in-gap exercises, to practice the words in context.
The third part consists of crosswords and puzzles which help to remember spelling and definition.There
is an answer key and academic word list at the back of the book.
How to use the book for self-study
Students need to both comprehend and produce academic language. Although the ability to produce
academic language is valuable to understand lectures in English, to function in seminars and discussions
and to read their major related literature.
You shouldn’t go through materials mechanically. It’s better to study the information about the meaning
and the use of the word. After that you do filling in gaps exercise to practice and learn how to use the
words in context. Finally, you can solve the word puzzle and crosswords to learn definition of words.
And most important of all, don’t forget the real purpose for which you learned these words: to use them
in your oral and written speech.
Learning academic language will enable you to be an efficient language user in any field of study when
you take notes during a lecture, prepare an academic report or write a term paper and so on.
To the teacher
This explanation of academic language has important implications for supporting students. In
essence, teachers have been strongly encouraged to teach academic vocabulary. Teachers need support
in moving from teaching academic vocabulary to teaching the language of their content areas. The
purpose of compiling these words in one book is to make it so the teacher will be able to take all the
words in the Academic Word List and put them in a format that will make it easier to integrate them
into a usable vocabulary program, or just to use in daily lessons. Teachers can use this book as a
supplementary material in all classes to strengthen students’ vocabulary stock.
Content___________________________
Introduction…………………………………………………………….……3

Structure of the book………………………………………………………..3

How to use the book for self-study…………………………………………3

Unit 1 A(Definition andTranslation)…………………………….……...6-11

Vocabulary activities……………………………………………12-15

Unit 2 B(Definition and Translation)……………………………………..16

Vocabulary activities………………………………………………17

C(Definition and Translation)……………………………….…17-26

Vocabulary activities……………………………………………26-29

Unit 3 D(Definition and Translation)………………………………..…30-33

Vocabulary activities……………………………………………34-37

E(Definition and Translation)……………………………….…38-41

Vocabulary activities……………………………………………42-45

Unit 4 F(Definition and Translation)………………………………..…46-47

Vocabulary activities……………………………………………48-51

Unit 5 G H(Definition and Translation)……………………………...52-53

Vocabulary activities……………………………………………53-56

Unit 6 I (Definition and Translation)……………………………..……57-62

Vocabulary activities………………………………………….…63-66

Unit 7 J (Definition and Translation)……………………………….…..…67

L (Definition and Translation)………………………………..…67-68

Vocabulary activities……………………………………….……68-69

M (Definition and Translation)………………………………..…69-72

Vocabulary activities……………………………………….……72-74

Unit8 N (Definition and Translation)……………………………...…….75-76

Vocabulary activities………………………………………..……76-77

O (Definition and Translation)……………………………….….77-78

 Vocabulary activities…………………………………………….……78-82

Unit 9 P (Definition and Translation)………………………………….…….83-89

Vocabulary activities………………………………………………….89-92

Unit 10 Q (Definition and Translation)………………………….…….………..93

R (Definition and Translation)……………………….………..….…93-96

Vocabulary activities………………………………………………...97-100

Unit11 S (Definition and Translation)…………………………….………101-104

Vocabulary activities……………………………………………….105-108

Unit 12 T(Definition and Translation)……………………………………109-110

U (Definition and Translation)……………………………….……110-111

V (Definition and Translation)………………………………….………111

W(Definition and Translation)……………………………..………111-112

Vocabulary activities……………………………………………….112-115

Academic Word List………………………………………………….…….116-120

Pronunciation Guide ……………………………………………………...….…121

Answer Key……………………………………………………………...…122-123

Resources…………………………………………………………………....……124
 -UNIT 1-
—A—
abandon /əˈbæn·dən/ v [T] forsake, leave behind, desert; reject, renounce, give
up.покидать, оставлять; отказываться; предаваться
Air attacks forced the villagers to abandon their homes.
The weather was so bad, we abandoned our plans for a picnic.

abstract /æbˈstrækt/ adj intangible, unconnected to concrete reality; theoretical,

not practical;абстрактный, отвлеченный; теоретический; трудный для
понимания;
"Humanity" is an abstract idea

academic ˌ/æk·əˈdem·ɪk/ adj learned, educated; scholastic; theoretical; of learning or

academia.университетский, академический, академичный; теоретический;
учебный
The students return in September for the start of the new academic year.
It is a purely academic question

access /ˈæk.ses/ n [U] approach; entry; attack of a disease; permission to enter a

computer system and/or retrieve data (Computers) доступ, подход, проход,
приступ, припадок, добавление, прирост, выборка; разрешение на вход в
компьютерную систему и/или получение данных (компьют.)
Students must have access to good resources.
You need a password to get access to the computer system.
Journalists were denied access to the President
v [T] gain entrance to; get at, reach; иметь доступ, обращаться
The loft can be accessed by a ladder.

accommodation /əˌkɑm·əˈdeɪ·ʃən/ n a room, group of rooms, or building in which

someone may live or stay жильё, жилище, помещение
The cost of rented accommodation keeps going up
Our sole accommodation was a tent barely able to contain eight persons.

accompany /əˈkʌm·pə·ni/ v [T] go along with, go together with; join, attach;

сопровождать, сопутствовать; аккомпанировать
Students cannot leave the building during class hours unless they are
accompanied by an adult.
The illness is often accompanied by nausea

accumulation /əˈkjum·jəˌleɪʃən/ n [C/U] gathering; collection; agglomeration, pile;

накопление, аккумуляция, собирание; груда, масса; скопление
Gamekeeping is not some sort of science, but an accumulation of
experience and knowledge

accurate /ˈæk·jər·ət/ adj precise, exact; точный, правильный; тщательный; меткий

It is vital that you keep accurate records when you are self – employed

achieve /əˈtʃiv/ v [T] obtain, attain; perform, accomplish; succeed ; достигать,

добиваться,
выполнять, успешно выполнять, доводить до конца
I am hopeful that we can achieve peace eventually, but it is not going to be easy.
We have achieved what we set out to do.

6 
acknowledged /ɪkˈnɑl·ɪdʒd/, /æk-/ adj recognized; received; признанный, общепризнанный
He's an acknowledged expert in the field

acquisition /ˌæk·wəˈzɪʃ·ən/ n [C/U] act of acquiring; purchase, something acquired or

obtained;приобретение, овладение, сбор
[C] The museum has made several recent acquisitions.
[U] The acquisition of a new language requires a commitment of time and effort.

adaptation /ˌæd·əpˈteɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U] act of adapting; process of making one thing fit another;
modification, adjustment; адаптация, приспособление, привыкание;
применение;обработка, переделка, аранжировка
The movie was an adaptation of a novel.

adequate /ˈæd·ɪ·kwət/ adj sufficient, suitable; barely passable, tolerable; достаточный,

отвечающий требованиям, соответствующий; адекватный; компетентный
He didn’t have adequate time to prepare for the exam.
He didn’t give an adequate answer to the question
Make sure that there is adequate ventilation in the room before using the paint.

adjacent /əˈdʒeɪ·sənt/ adj near; next; смежный, примыкающий, соседний

They work in adjacent buildings.
The planes landed on adjacent runways

adjustment /əˈdʒʌst.mənt/ n making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances ,

adjusting,adaptation; state of being adjusted; settlement of an insurance claim ;
регулировка,приспособление, установка, сборка, корректирование ,
регулирование, согласование
I’ve made a few adjustments to the design.

administration /ədˌmɪn·əˈstreɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U] management (of an office, project, etc.); execution

of managerial duties; people in charge of directing or managing, supervisors,
leadership; act of dispensing or applying (i.e. drugs, medication, etc.);
управление, управление делами, администрирование; администрация,
правительство, министерство; назначение
Education has been given a high – priority rating by the new administration.
Successive administrations have failed to solve the country’s economic problems.

adult /əˈdʌlt/ [C] grown-up; mature person, mature animal

взрослый человек, совершеннолетний человек; зрелый человек
An adult under British law is someone over 18 years old.
Through play, children act out in miniature the dramas of adult life.

advocate /ˈæd·vəˌkeɪt/ v [I/T] be in favor of, support; stand for; защищать, выступать в
защиту, отстаивать, поддерживать, пропагандировать
[T] Some people advocate teaching to the test.
[I] The organization advocates for human rights.
/ˈæd·və·kət/ n [C] defense counsel; attorney; supporter, follower, proponent,
champion.адвокат, заступник, защитник, сторонник
She’s a strong advocate of women’s rights.

affect /əˈfekt/ v [T] influence; move someone (emotionally); attack (of a disease); act as
if, pretend; have a certain disposition towards; have an affinity for
воздействовать, влиять; затронуть, трогать, задевать; поражать, вредить,
наносить ущерб; волновать; любить, предпочитать;
7 
 I was deeply affected by the film.
The south of the country was worst affected by the drought.
Many external influences can affect your state of mind.

aggregate /ˈæg·rɪ·gət/ v accumulate, hoard; bring together; собирать вместе,

объединять,агрегировать, равняться, составлять в сумме, приобщать
The scores were aggregated with the first round totals to decide the winner.
Population is aggregated in small villages

aid /eɪd/ n help or support ; assistance; accessory ; помощь, содействие,

поддержка; помощник;
The programme of economic reform is given financial support by foreign aid.
They made a request for further aid.
A good dictionary can be a useful aid to understanding a new language.

albeit /ɔlˈbi·ɪt/, /æl-/ conjunction although, even though; хотя, тем не менее
даже хотя
He finally agreed, albeit reluctantly, to help us.
He was considered as a tough albeit fair boss
The nation is adapting, albeit slowly, to the new global economy.
Their voices, albeit the accent was provincial, were soft and musical.

allocation /ˌæl·əˈkeɪ·ʃən/ n allotment; apportionment; portion ; ассигнование,

отчисление;распределение; размещение, локализация, установление места;
назначение;
The allocation of food to those who need it most.

alter /ˈɔl·tər/ v [I/T] change, modify; be changed, be modified; изменять(ся);

менять(ся); вносить изменения, переделывать
The city has altered very much since 1990.
Prices did not alter significantly during 2004.
The landscape has been radically altered, severely damaging wildlife.

alternative /ɔlˈtɜr·nə·t̬ ɪv/ n [C] choice, option; альтернатива, выбор

You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly; those are the two
alternatives

ambiguous /æmˈbɪg·ju·əs/ adj open to dispute, having many possible interpretations;

obscure, vague, двусмысленный, неясный, неопределенный, сомнительный,
неоднозначный;
The movie’s ending is ambiguous. Her account was deliberately ambiguous.

amendment /əˈmend·mənt/ n [C] correction, revision; alteration, change

улучшение, исправление, поправка, изменение, поправка к закону, редакция
She made several minor amendments to her essay.
Parliament passed the bill without further amendment.

analogous /əˈnæl·ə·gəs/ adj parallel; similar, comparable; аналогичный, сходный

He said the teachers' union had agreed to analogous changes in work rules.

analysis /əˈnæl·ə·sɪs/ n [C/U] process of breaking down a subject and studying it;
examination ; анализ, исследование, разбор, проба,
The book is an analysis of poverty and its causes.
You can ask for a chemical analysis of your tap water.
8 
 The blood samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis.

annual /ˈæn·ju·əl/ adj occurring once a year ; ежегодный, годовой, годичный,

погодный
The chairman of the company presented the annual report.

anticipated /æntɪ̱ sɪpeɪtɪd/ adj expected, foreseen, predicted, envisioned

ожидаемый; оценочный; предполагаемый; прогнозный
The eagerly anticipated movie will be released next month.

apparent /əˈpær·ənt/ adj obvious; ostensible, pretended ; видимый; явный, очевидный,

бесспорный, несомненный; кажущийся
It was apparent from her face that she was really upset.
Then, for no apparent reason, the train suddenly stopped.

appendix /əˈpen·dɪks/ n [C] a separate part at the end of a book or report that gives
additional information: приложение, добавление; аппендикс
The appendix lists all the Olympic champions

appreciation /əˌpri·ʃiˈeɪ·ʃən/ n [U] esteem, high regard; increase in value ; определение,

высокая оценка, оценка, признательность, уважение, благоприятный отзыв,
положительная рецензия; вздорожание, повышение ценности
Please accept this gift in appreciation of all you’ve done for us.

approach /əˈproʊtʃ/ v [I/T] appeal to -, turn to -; come near to; access; подходить,
приближаться; близиться, надвигаться, подступать, подступаться,
приступиться; обращаться, делать предложения, начинать переговоры,
пытаться повлиять; быть почти равным
We have been approached by a number of companies that are interested in our
product. I’d like to ask his opinion but I find him difficult to approach.

appropriate /əˈproʊ·pri·ət/ adj suitable; fitting, proper; соответствующий, подходящий,

присущий, свойственный
Is now an appropriate time to make a speech?

approximate /əˈprɒksɪmeɪt/ verb [I or T] approach, come near приближаться,

приблизительно равняться, почти соответствовать, приближать;
His story approximates to the facts that we already know.
adj not quite exact or correct; аппроксимированный; приближенно
выраженный
The cost given is only approximate

arbitrary /ˈɑr·bɪˌtrer·i/ adj wanton, reckless; uncontrolled, unrestricted; unreasonable,

unsupported ; произвольный, своевольный, случайный, капризный,
He makes unpredictable, arbitrary decisions.
The choice of players for the team seemed completely arbitrary.

area /ˈeər·i·ə/ n [C] region; geographical region of boundary having no set limits;
domain; sphere, area of activity or interest, field; surface area; площадь,
пространство, область, зона, участок, свободное пространство; район, край;
ареал; ограниченное поле; сфера деятельности; поверхность;
There is heavy traffic in the downtown area tonight.
She knows the local area very well.
John is the London area manager.
9 
aspects /ˈæs·pekt/ n [C] point of view, facet; appearance, outlook; direction;
вид, внешний вид, взгляд, выражение, аспект, сторона, точка зрения
There’s another aspect of the cost of caring for old parents at home that I’d like
to mention.
He knows almost every aspect of the criminal justice system.
A farmer has to handle various aspects of the business.

assembly /əˈsem·bli/ n [C/U meeting, conference; gathering; act of putting together parts
сбор, собрание, ассамблея, общество; законодательное собрание,
законодательный орган;
The national assembly has voted to adopt the budget.

assessment /əˈses·mənt/ n [C] estimation, appraisal (of worth)

оценка, суждение; оценка имущества для обложения налогом, обложение,
обложение налогом; разверстка, размер налога, сумма обложения
This is an interesting assessment of Mark Twain’s importance in American
literature.

assigned /əˈsɑɪn/ v [T] give an assignment to (a person) to a post, or assign a task to (a

person) назначать, предназначать; поручать задание; присваивать, назначать
на должность, определять на должность; ассигновать, приписывать
The teacher assigned each of the students a different task.

assistance /əˈsɪs·təns/ n [U] aid, help; помощь, содействие, вспомоществование

With some financial assistance, we’ll be able to start our own business.
She offered me practical assistance with my research.

assume /əˈsum/ v [T] suppose to be true (especially without proof); take on a position or
duty; adopt an idea or cause принимать, брать на себя; предпринимать;
присваивать себе, предполагать, допускать; принимать характер; вступать,
вступать в должность
Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds.
It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work.
I had assumed him to be a Belgian.

assurance /əˈʃʊər·əns/ n [C/U] promise, pledge; confidence, security

уверение, заверение, гарантия; убежденность, уверенность,
самоуверенность, самонадеянность, наглость; страхование
[C] He gave me his assurance that he would give us an answer by the end of the
week.
Unemployment seems to be rising, despite repeated assurances to the contrary.
[U] She answered all the questions put to her with assurance and poise.

attached /əˈtætʃt/ adj bound, fastened; annexed, feeling close to emotionally, or loving:
прикрепленный, приложенный, привязанный; преданный кому-л.
Please complete the attached application form.
The research unit is attached to the university.
I’ve never seen two people so attached to each other

attain /əˈteɪn/ v [T] reach, achieve, fulfill (goal, desire, etc.) достигать, добиться,
добираться; приобретать
Most of our students attained five ‘A’ grades in their exams.
The cheetah can attain speeds of up to 97 kph.
10 
attitude /ˈæt̬ ·ɪˌtud/ n [C/U] posture, policy; treatment, sentiment ; позиция, отношение,
мироощущение; поза;
[U] Start each day with a positive attitude.
[C] People’s attitudes toward family are set very early in life.

attribute /ˈæ·trəˌbjut/ n [C] quality, characteristic; adjective свойство, характерная

черта;
Self-confidence is a rare attribute in a 17-year-old.
She has the physical attributes to become a championship swimmer.
определение; атрибут, признак, характерный признак
v ascribe to; credit with относить, приписывать
She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck.
This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare.

author /ˈɔ·θər/ n [C] writer, one who writes a book or other literary work; one who
creates, one who originates автор, писатель, творец, создатель, сочинитель
The author stresses the uniqueness of the individual.

authority /əˈθɔr·ɪ·t̬ i/, /əˈθɑr-/ n [C/U] power, control, jurisdiction

власть, полномочие; власти, начальство; авторитет, вес, влияние; крупный
специалист; основание, значение
[U] The police have no legal authority in these disputes.
[C ] The health authorities are investigating the problem.

automatically /ˌɔ·t̬ əˈmæt·ɪk·li/ adv unintentionally, in an automatic manner автоматически,

машинально, непроизвольно
The camera focuses automatically.
You will automatically get free dental treatment if you are under 18.
I turned left automatically without thinking.

available /əˈveɪ·lə·bəl/ adj ready for use; attainable; unoccupied; valid

пригодный, полезный, наличный, имеющийся в распоряжении, имеющийся,
доступный, действительный, годный
Her new book is available in bookstores all across Kyrgyzstan
Are you available for a meeting tomorrow?

aware /əˈweər/ adj attentive; conscious of сознающий, знающий, осведомленный

He was well aware of the problem.
Advances students need to be aware of the importance of collocation.

11 
Fill in the blanks with a proper word.
1. The baby had been____________. by its mother.
a)abandoned b)awared
c) assumed d) attained

2. He had finally _____________ success

a)abandoned b) awared
b)achieved d) attributed

3. The book is an _____________ of poverty and its causes.

a) authority b) analysis
c) assistance d) analogous

4. Let us ____________ for a moment that the plan succeeds.

a) aware b)attain
c) assign d) assume

5. The farm and surrounding ________________ were flooded.

a)area c)author
b)abstract d) authority

6. The money will be spent on ________________ for the university library.

a) authority b) assessment
c) acquisitions d) analysis

7. Charts for this purpose are _____________ from many sources.

a) available b)analysis
b) acquisitions d) arbitrary

8. The trustees will prepare an ________budget for the college and submit it to the board of school
estimate.
a) arbitrary b) analogous
b) annual d) attached

9. These were often ____________ guesses, and in rounded numbers.

a) annual b) approximate
c) attached d) arbitrary

10 The intention is to make students _____________of the wider context in which formal accounting
controls are set.
a) available b) arbitrary
c) attached d) aware

11 Unemployment was a general experience for the working class as a whole and there was much more
solidarity and mutual____________.
a) aid b) area
c) author d) attitude

12. He says an elected_____________" will allow the region to truly take control of its destiny " .
a) arbitrary b) assembly
c) author d) aid

12 
 Find the ‘A’ words in the puzzle.
T A T A X T E E E T A G E R G G A Q G K
C E E T X N T T Z D U N O D N A B A K A
I T V T A E A A A L T E R O T N Y S F E
M A I R U M U R A X O A I P C O R S A R
E I T I T D Q U D M M T I A A I A E N A
D R A B H N E C B E A S M D R T R S T N
A P N U O E D C Q R T B B L T A T S I O
C O R T R M A A T S I A S Z S D I M C I
A R E E I A D S U G C A M J B O B E I T
P P T D T B I O U C A R D I A M R N P I
P P L E Y N G O O V L T S J X M A T A S
R A A Y I O U M A W L N O S A O A E T I
E F X M L S P I N X Y Q P O E C R I E U
C V D A K A L Q A S S U R A N C E P D Q
I A N O N A D A P T A T I O N A C N P C
A A G I B R X A L L O C A T I O N A T A
T W E L R R E M E C N A T S I S S A W T
I D E S T L U D A C C U M U L A T I O N
O X I D N E P P A C K N O W L E D G E D
N E R A W A D J U S T M E N T R S E Z L
abandon administration approximated
abstract adults arbitrary
academic aggregate area
access aid assessment
accommodation allocation assistance
accompanied alter assurance
accumulation alternative attributed
accurate ambiguous author
acknowledged amendment authority
acquisition analogous automatically
adaptation anticipated available
adequate appendix aware
adjacent appreciation
adjustment

13 
 Complete the puzzle
1 2

5 6 7

8 9

10 11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

   

 
14 
Across: Down:
1. aid, help; 1. esteem, high regard; increase in
4. meeting, conference; gathering; value

5. help or support ; assistance 2. process of breaking down a subject

and studying it;
6. obvious; ostensible, pretended ;
3. choice, option;
8. reach, achieve, fulfill (goal, desire, etc.)
5. expected, foreseen, predicted,
9. attain; succeed envisioned
11. leave behind 7. not quite exact or correct;
12. region; geographical region of boundary having no 9. suitable; fitting, proper;
set limits; domain; sphere,
10. suppose to be true (especially
13. conjunction although, even though; without proof);
14. act of acquiring; something acquired or obtained; 16. grown-up; mature person,
15. a separate part at the end of a book or report that 17. occurring once a year ;
gives additional information
18. promise, pledge;
17. Please complete the ..................... application form.
19. change, modify; be changed, be
18. go together with modified;
19. attentive; conscious of
20. correction, revision; alteration, change

15 
 -Unit 2-
—B—
behalf / bɪ'hɑːf/ representing; support в защиту; в пользу; ради
in behalf of sb | in sb’s behalf - in order to help sb
We collected money in behalf of the homeless.
on behalf of sb | on sb’s behalf - as the representative of sb or instead of them
On behalf of the department I would like to thank you all.

benefit /ˈben·əˌfɪt/ n [C/U] advantage, profit; aid; stipend, pension

польза; выгода, прибыль; пособие, пенсия; бенефис
I’ve had the benefit of a good education.
v be useful; receive benefit; give benefit; profit, be advantageous приносить
пользу, помогать; извлекать
I have benefited greatly from her wisdom
Who exactly stands to benefit from these changes?

bias /ˈbɑɪ·əs/ n a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or

situation, prejudice, preconception; уклон, наклон; пристрастие; склон,
покатость; предубеждение, предвзятость, необъективность,
тенденциозность;
Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without bias.
Does news coverage reflect a reporter’s bias?
v prejudice, influence opinions ; склонять, настраивать, оказывать влияние,
оказывать плохое влияние
My parents are biased against popular music before they even hear it.

bond /bɑnd/ n [C] link; obligation; grasp; certificate of debt связь, узы, тесная связь;
долговое обязательство, закладная; крепостной; облигация, купюра; оковы;
тюремное заключение; соединение, перевязка
A bond of friendship had been forged between them.
The agreement strengthened the bonds between the two countries.
v store in a bonded warehouse; stick; be stuck скреплять, связывать,
привязываться; подписывать обязательства; закладывать имущество;
выпускать облигации, выпускать боны; оставлять товары на таможне
It cannot be used to bond wood to metal.

brief /brif/ adj short, concise and succinct;; короткий, недолгий, лаконичный,
краткий, сжатый, грубый, отрывистый
We were given a brief demonstration of the computer’s functions.

bulk /bʌlk/ n [U] volume, mass; main part, most величина, объем, вместимость,
масса; большие размеры, большое количество, основная масса, большая
часть, огромное большинство; груз судна, груз; корпус; грубая пища
We buy a lot of our groceries in bulk to save money.

16 
 Fill in the blanks with a proper word.

1. Our intentions are simple: to bring together the community and the football club for the
mutual_______________ of all.
a) bias c)benefit
b) bonds d)bulk

2. ________________description of some of the websites we have designed - we hope you will enjoy
them.
a) benefited c)bright
b) biased d)brief

3. The agreement strengthened the _____________between the two countries.

a) bias c) benefit
b) bonds d)boll
4. Some institutions still have a strong _________________ against women.

a) bias c)benefit
b) bonds d)bulk

5. Despite its _____________ and weight, the car is extremely fast.

a) bias c)benefit
b) bonds d)bulk

6. On_______________.of the department I would like to thank you all.

a) benefited c)bright
b) biased d)behalf

—C—

capable /ˈkeɪ·pə·bəl/ adj skilled, able, proficient; способный, могущий, одаренный,

умный, умелый, поддающийся, допускающий, правоспособный
Only human beings are capable of thinking in a logical way.

capacity /kəˈpæs·ɪ·t̬ i/ n volume which can be contained or received, amount that

something can hold or contain; function, role, job; physical or mental power of a
person to learn something; емкость, вместимость, объем; пропускная
способность; возможность, умственные способности; производительность;
способность, компетенция; правоспособность; качество; мощь
Limited resources are restricting our capacity for developing new products.

category /ˈkæt̬ ·ɪˌgɔr·i/ n [C] class, division ; категория, разряд, класс

The books are categorized by subject.
The results can be divided into three main categories.

cease /sis/ v [I/T] stop, halt; прекращать, останавливать, приостанавливать,

прекращаться;
17 
 You never cease to amaze me!
He ordered his men to cease fire

challenge /ˈtʃæl·əndʒ/ n [C/U] invitation to engage in a contest, dare; something which tests
one's ability, difficult and stimulating task ; вызов, вызов на дуэль; сомнение,
сложная задача
The role will be the biggest challenge of his acting career
Germany faces broad challenges in the coming years.

channel /ˈtʃæn·əl/ n [C] canal; station; television station and its programs; conference, chat
room on the Internet канал, русло, фарватер; протока, пролив; сток, сточная
канава; путь,
дорога, проход; источник; канал чата (общения в интернете) конференция
The company has worldwide distribution channels.
Music is a great channel for releasing your emotions

chapter /ˈtʃæp·tər/ n [C] one of the main divisions of a book or other literary work; phase,
stage, period; local branch of an organization; assembly of church leaders глава
(книги), серия, последовательность; собрание каноников, собрание членов
монашеского ордена, собрание членов рыцарского ордена; местное
отделение общества; тема, сюжет
Each chapter begins with a quotation.

chart /tʃɑrt/ n [C] graph, diagram диаграмма, схема, таблица, график, чертеж;
морская карта, меркаторская карта, карта; список самых популярных
пластинок
The chart shows a top-down communication model.

chemical /ˈkem·ɪ·kəl/ n [C] pertaining to chemistry, used in a chemical process, produced

by a chemical process; химический
Chemical weapons are banned internationally.

circumstances /ˈsɜr·kəmˌstæns/ n [C/U] condition of a person with respect to income and

material state.обстоятельства, условия, материальное положение
[C] The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain
circumstances.
[U] He had to leave the country through force of circumstance

cited /sɑɪt/ v [T] quote; officially praise; summon to a court of law ссылаться,
сослаться, цитировать; вызывать в суд; упоминать в списках отличившихся
Scientists cite this experiment as their main support for this theory
If you cite too many writers, readers will wonder if you have any ideas of your
own

civil /ˈsɪv·əl/ adj pertaining to citizens, of civilians; civilian (not military; civil court);
non- religious, polite, courteous, having good manners; domestic гражданский,
штатский, государственный; вежливый, воспитанный
These helicopters are for rescue and other civil use.

clarity /ˈklær·ə·t̬ i/ n [U] clearness чистота, прозрачность, ясность, четкость,

доходчивость
The story is filmed with razor-sharp clarity.

classical /ˈklæs·ɪ·kəl/ adj excellent; timeless; traditional; serving as a model (in art
18 
 and literature); of or pertaining to Greek and Roman antiquities; классический,
гуманитарный;
Classical music is generally considered to be serious and to have a lasting value:
He plays classical music, as well as pop and jazz.

clause /klɔz/ n [C] paragraph, section (in a document); part of a sentence which contains
a subject and predicate статья, пункт, условие, оговорка, клаузула,
предложение
"If I go to town" is a clause, but not a sentence.
They often go to Italy’ is the main clause and ‘because they love the food’ is a
subordinate clause. A clever lawyer might find a way of getting round that clause.

code /koʊd/ n [C/U] cipher; original code, succession of commands in a programming

language, collection of instructions of the law, the codex and rules кодекс, свод
законов, законы; законы морали, законы чести, принципы; код, система
кодирования, кодировка; последовательность команд в языке
программирования ;
[U] Farid writes computer code.
[C] There are two codes for London.

coherence /koʊˈhɪər·əns/ n [U] sticking together; consistency ;

связь, сцепление; связность; согласованность, слаженность
The points you make are fine, but the whole essay lacks coherence.

coincide /ˌkoʊ·ənˈsɑɪd/ v [I] be compatible; happen at the same time; agree; take up
the same place совпадать, совпасть, соответствовать, равняться
The interests of employers and employees do not always coincide.

collapse /kəˈlæps/ v [I/T] fall in, suddenly fall apart; fail; suddenly lose consciousness;
cause to collapse рушиться, обваливаться; сильно ослабеть, свалиться от
болезни, свалиться от слабости, изнемочь; падать духом, упасть духом;
терпеть крах, рухнуть; сжиматься;
The roof collapsed under the weight of snow.

colleague /ˈkɑl·ig/ n [C] fellow worker коллега, сослуживец

He always got along well with his colleagues in the university.

commence /kəˈmens/ v begin, start; начинать, начинаться

He commenced speaking before all the guests had arrived.
The day commenced with a welcome from the principal.
She commenced her medical career in 1956.

comment /ˈkɑm·ent/ v [I] make a remark; write an explanatory note; explain

комментировать, высказывать мнение, делать замечания
I don’t feel I can comment on their decision.
n. remark; explanatory note; explanation; response комментарий, примечание,
замечание, отзыв, толки, суждения
She made helpful comments on my work.
He handed me the document without comment.

commission /kəˈmɪʃ·ən/ n [C] percentage of profits earned by a salesperson, fee paid to

an agent; committee, group of people appointed or delegated to investigate or
consider some matter;document that grants certain powers; authorization;
perpetration, act of committing an illegal act ; доверенность, полномочие;
19 
 заказ; комиссионное вознаграждение, комиссионные; комиссия; патент на
офицерский чин;
Congress appointed a commission to study immigration policy.

commitment /kəˈmɪt·mənt/ n [C] obligation, promise; act of committing обязательство;

вручение,передача; передача законопроекта в комиссию; арест, заключение
под стражу;
Try the product for two weeks with no commitment to buy.
The company’s commitment to providing quality at a reasonable price has been
vital to its success

commodity /kəˈmɑd·ɪ·t̬ i/ n [C] merchandise, goods, item that is bought and sold; something
useful.предмет потребления, товар, продукт, удобство
The goal is to raise the productivity of basic food commodities such as grains.
Crude oil is the world’s most important commodity.

communication /kəˌmju·nɪˈkeɪ·ʃən/ n exchange of information or ideas; transfer, passing along;

letter,message; передача, сообщение, информация; общение, связь,
средство общения; средство сообщения, коммуникации; снабжение;
контакты, связи
E-mail is an increasingly important means of business communication.
Speech is the fastest method of communication between people.
Good communication is key to our success.

community /kəˈmju·nɪ·t̬ i/ n [C/U] people living in the same area; group of people that live
together; group of people that share common characteristics or interests; община,
общество; округ, населенный пункт, микрорайон; сообщество,
объединение, общность
[U] There’s a real sense of community (= caring and friendly feeling) in this
neighborhood.
We believe that the greatest goal in life was to serve the community.
[C] Bus fares were raised despite the protests of the community.

compensation /kɑm·pənˈseɪ·ʃən/, n [U] recompense, repayment; something done to make up for

(a loss, deficiency or fault) ; возмещение, компенсация; вознаграждение,
жалованье; уравновешивание, уравнивание; восстановление
He applied for unemployment compensation (= money paid to you by a
government,
usually for a limited amount of time, when you do not have a job).

complement /ˈkɑm·pləˌment/ v [T] complete, make whole, make perfect; supplement, make
up for a deficiency дополнять, служить дополнением до целого,
укомплектовывать
She used photographs to complement the text of the news story.
The excellent menu is complemented by a good wine list.
The team needs players who complement each other.

complex /kəmˈpleks/ adj compound, various objects that form a whole; interconnected
group (of objects, buildings, etc.); obsessive feeling; repressed feelings or
concepts that lead to exceptional mental condition or behavior комплекс;
совокупность; заскок, пунктик
The question of who is legally responsible is a complex issue.

20 
composite /kɑmˈpɑz·ɪt/ adj made up of interconnected parts; complicated; сложный,
составной,запутанный, комплексный, трудный
The document was a composite of information from various sources.

component /kəmˈpoʊ·nənt/ n [C] ingredient, single piece which forms part of a larger
whole; part, constituent ; компонент, деталь, составная часть, составной
элемент
Trust is a vital component in any relationship.

compound /ˈkɑm·pɑʊnd/ n [C enclosed area; mixture, substance composed of different

elements .соединение, смесь; состав; сложное слово, составное слово;
огороженное место
His jokes have been described as a compound of fears, anxieties, and insecurities.
v mix, blend, combine; смешивать, составлять, соединять; улаживать;
The problems were compounded by severe food shortages.

comprehensive /ˌkɑm·prəˈhen·sɪv/ adj extensive, including much, large in scope;

having a thorough understanding of a subject or subjects исчерпывающий,
обстоятельный; легко схватывающий; всесторонний;
They put forward comprehensive legislation to revise the rules for financing
political campaigns.

comprise /kəmˈprɑɪz/ v include; be composed of ; включать, заключать в себе,

вмещать, содержать, охватывать, входить в состав
The Pacific Rim comprises countries bordering the Pacific, including the US,
Canada, Japan, China, and Koreas.

computer /kəmˈpju·t̬ ər/ n [C] machine that computes, machine that processes data
компьютер, электронно-вычислительная машина, счетно-решающее
устройство
Nowadays many children are addicted to computer games.

conceive /kənˈsiv/ v understand; think of an idea; постигать, понимать, возыметь,

почувствовать, задумывать, представлять себе.
God is often conceived of as male.

concentration /ˌkɑn·sənˈtreɪ·ʃən/ n careful attention; strength of a solution; assembly, gathering

концентрация, сосредоточение, уплотнение, сосредоточенность, крепость
раствора, обогащение руды, сгущение
This book requires a great deal of concentration.
There’s a heavy concentration of poor and elderly in the district.
concept /ˈkɑn·sept/ n [C] idea, thought понятие, идея, общее представление,
концепция
He introduced the concept of selling books via the Internet.
He can’t grasp the basic concepts of mathematics

conclusion /kənˈklu·ʒən/ n [C] end; final decision; deduction окончание, завершение,

заключение, умозаключение, вывод, исход, результат
The conclusion of the book was disappointing.

concurrent /kənˈkɜr·ənt/ adj unanimous, in agreement; convergent; parallel; simultaneous;

совпадающий, действующий совместно, согласованный
He is serving two concurrent prison sentences.

21 
conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ v [T] behave; manage; direct an orchestra or other musical ensemble;
transfer; вести, сопровождать, эскортировать; руководить, проводить,
управлять,
The experiments were conducted by leading scientists.

conference /ˈkɑn·fər·əns/ n [C/U] discussion; meeting; convention конференция,

совещание, съезд
The hotel is used for exhibitions, conferences and social events.

confined /kənˈfɑɪn/ v [T] constricted, restrained; limited, bound; referring to a small or

tight area or space ограниченный, узкий, тесный, заключенный,
отбывающий наказание.
You can’t keep kids in a confined space for long.

confirm /kənˈfɜrm/ v [T] approve; verify, show to be true; strengthen подтверждать,

утверждать, ратифицировать; подкреплять, закреплять, поддерживать
Please write to confirm your reservation.

conflict /ˈkɑn·flɪkt/ n [C/U] clash, fight, quarrel конфликт, столкновение,

противоречие
[C] Conflicts between parents and children become more frequent when the
children teenagers.
[U] This technology may be in conflict with copyright law.

conformity /kənˈfɔr·mɪ·t̬ i/ n [U] acting in accordance with prevailing norms or standards;

correspondence in form or character, agreement, compliance соответствие,
согласованность, сходство, сообразность, подчинение
The contract requires that managers conform to high standards of personal
conduct.

consent /kənˈsent/ n [U] agreement, accord; permission, sanction согласие, разрешение

The written consent of a parent is required

consequence /ˈkɑn·sɪ·kwəns/ n [C usually pl] result, outcome; importance; следствие,

последствие; вывод, заключение; значение, важность, влиятельность,
влиятельное положение
For someone who is old and weak, the consequences of a broken hip can be
serious.
Two hundred people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger.

considerable /kənˈsɪd·ər·ə·bəl/ adj important; sizable, substantial значительный, большой,

немалый
The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money.
Damage to the building was considerable.

consistent /kənˈsɪs·tənt/ adj firm, coherent; steadfast совместимый, согласующийся,

последовательный, стойкий, твердый, плотный
The president has been remarkably consistent on economic issues.

constant /ˈkɑn·stənt/ adj continuous; firm, steadfast, unmoving; faithful

постоянный, константный, неизменный, верный, неослабный, твердый
We had a constant stream of visitors.
Even in this age of high technology, the popularity of hunting and fishing remains
constant.
22 
constitutional /ˌkɑn·stɪˈtju·ʃə·nəl/ adj according to a constitution; pertaining to a constitution
конституционный, конституциональный; органический [мед.]
Freedom of speech is a constitutional guarantee in the United States.

constraints /kənˈstreɪnt/ n [C] restriction; artificial manner, unnatural manner; force

принуждение,принужденность (манер), скованность, стеснение; тюремное
заключение
At last we could relax and talk without constraint.

construction /kənˈstrʌk·ʃən/ n [U] act of building; something that has been built; meaning
строительство, стройка, конструкция, сооружение, строение, здание,
истолкование.
Work has begun on the construction of the new airport.

consultation /ˌkɑn·səlˈteɪ·ʃən/ n counseling, advising; conferring консультация, совещание,

консилиум
We hope to work in consultation with Congress on how the law should be
interpreted.

consumer /kənˈsu·mər/ n [C] buyer; someone or something which consumes потребитель,

потребительский , быть в контакте, быть в соприкосновении,
прикасаться, соприкасаться; приводить в контакт, приводить в
соприкосновение;
American consumers are becoming informed about the safety of products made
for children.

contact /ˈkɑn·tækt/ n [U] establish communication, connect (with someone or

something) link, touch; influential person who can help, middleman; physical
connection; соприкосновение, контакт, касание; связь, сцепление,
отношения, знакомства, связи; знакомый;

contemporary /kənˈtem·pəˌrer·i/ adj modern, current; pertaining to the present time

современный, одновременный, одного возраста, одной эпохи
person living at about the same time as another; person of about the same age as
another, coeval; современник, ровесник, сверстник; издание; произведение
We have no contemporary account of the battle.

context /ˈkɑn·tekst/ n [C] paragraphs surrounding a word or sentence; overall situation,

background ; контекст, связь, ситуация, обстановка, фон
He is willing to look for solutions in the context of changes to the health-care
system

contract /ˈkɑn·trækt/ n [C] agreement, pact, covenant; договор, соглашение, контракт,

подряд, брачный договор, помолвка, обручение;
She already has a contract for her next book with a publisher.
v create a formal agreement; get; make smaller; reduce; become smaller
заключать договор, заключать соглашение; подряжаться; вступать,
завязывать; приобретать, получать, подхватывать болезнь; сокращаться,
сужаться, спекаться.
The exercise consists of stretching and contracting the leg muscles.

contradiction /ˌkɑn·trəˈdɪk·ʃən/ n [C/U] denial; opposition; inconsistency противоречие,

23 
 антагонистичность, полное несоответствие, противоположность,
расхождение,опровержение His life was full of contradictions
His public speeches are in direct contradiction to his personal lifestyle.

contrary /ˈkɑnˌtrer·i/ adj contradictory, opposed; stubborn, obstinate;

противоположный, инверсный; своевольный, упрямый, капризный
The government has decided that the publication of the report would be ‘contrary
to the public interest’.

contrast /ˈkɑn·træst/ n [C/U] act of contrasting; state of unlikeness; opposition, variance

контраст, контрастность; противоположность, антагонистичность; оттенок;
противопоставление; сопоставление;
[U] She is quite petite, in contrast with her tall sister.
[C] Contrasts between Manhattan’s rich and poor astonished him.
v compare; be different in comparison with something else сопоставлять,
противопоставлять, контрастировать
It is interesting to contrast the British legal system with the American one.

contribution /ˌkɑn·trəˈbju·ʃən/ n [C/U] act of donating; donation, something donated,

something given пожертвование, взнос, вклад, сотрудничество, статья,
содействие
All contributions will be gratefully received.

controversy /ˈkɑn·trəˌvɜr·si/ n [C/U] disagreement, debate, argument спор, полемика,

дискуссия, ссора
[C] Publication of the article unleashed a scientific controversy that raged for
years.
[U] The president’s decisions stirred up a lot controversy.

convention /kənˈven·ʃən/ n [C/U] conference; treaty; agreement; routine, custom; собрание,

съезд, конвент, договор, соглашение, конвенция; обычай, обыкновение,
условность .
Many countries are signatories of the Vienna Convention.

conversely /kənˈvɜrs·li/ adv in an opposite manner, in a contrary manner обратно, вспять

He was regarded either as too imitative to be considered original or, conversely,
as being overly original.

convert /kənˈvɜrt/ v [I/T] change religions; exchange money; transform, change, alter
превращать; обращать, обращать в другую веру; конвертировать; обращать
в свою пользу, присваивать в свою пользу; переводить; реконструировать,
переделывать;переходить на выпуск другой продукции
We’ve converted from oil to gas central heating.

convince /kənˈvɪns/ v [T] persuade, convict, influence убеждать, уверять, убедить,

уверить,доводить до сознания
We tried to convince my grandfather to live with us.

cooperative /koʊˈɑp·ər·ə·t̬ ɪv/ adj willing to work together; pertaining to a

collectively owned and operated business, jointly run совместный,
объединенный, согласованно действующий, кооперативный
Cooperative activity is essential to effective community work.

coordination /koʊˌɔr·dənˈeɪ·ʃən/ n [U] harmony, accord; working together координирование,

24 
 координация, согласование, сочинение
We need better coordination between state and local authorities.

core /kɔr/ n [C] central part of a fruit (containing the seeds); center, heart; cross-
sectional sample (of soil, ice, etc.) сердцевина, ядро, центр, сердце,
внутренность; суть, сущность; сердечник, жила кабеля, ядро сечения
He gathered a small core of advisers around him.

corporate /ˈkɔr·pə·rət/ adj incorporated; common, shared, collective; of or pertaining to a

corporation; корпоративный, общий
The BBC is a corporate body.

corresponding /ˌkɔr·əˈspɑn·dɪŋ/ adj similar, analogous, comparable, parallel

соответственный, подобный, соответствующий, ведущий переписку
Give each picture a number corresponding to its position on the page.

couple /ˈkʌp·əl/ n [U] pair, duo, group of two persons or things; (Mechanics) two
equal forces acting in opposite directions (causing rotation) пара, два, чета; пара
борзых на своре,пара гончих на смычке;
There are a couple of things I have to do first.

create /kriˈeɪt/ v [T] produce, make ; создавать, творить, созидать; возводить;

вызывать; производить, возводить в звание; волноваться, суетиться He
created some of the most magnificent works of art ever made.
The new hotel is expected to create 200 jobs.

credit /ˈkred·ɪt/ n [U] money (in a bank account); money available for a person to
borrow (from a bank or other source); deferred payment; trust, confidence;
importance, respect; points earned (through study); recognition; thanks; entry on
a list of people who contributed to a movie or written work ; вера, доверие;
хорошая репутация, доброе имя; влияние, значение, уважение, честь; зачет;
удостоверение о прохождении какого-л. курса в учебном заведение; кредит,
долг, правая сторона бухгалтерской
книги; сумма
The bank offers small businesses credit.

criteria /krɑɪˈtɪr·i·ə/ n [C] standard against which something is measured (i.e. standard or
principle) критерии
What criteria are used for assessing a student’s ability?

crucial /ˈkru·ʃəl/ adj critical, decisive, very important решающий, критический,

крестообразный
Parents play a crucial role in preparing their child for school.

cultural /ˈkʌl·tʃər·əl/ adj civilized, refined; pertaining to culture культурный,

обрабатываемый,искусственно выращиваемый
The country has a rich cultural heritage.

currency /ˈkɜr·ən·si/ n [C/U] money; circulation; custom, prevalence употребительность,

денежно обращение, валюта, деньги
You’ll need some cash in local currency but you can also use your credit card.

25 
cycle /ˈsɑɪ·kəl/ n [C] series (of poems, stories, etc.); recurring period of time; long
period of time цикл, круг; шаг цикла, такт процессора; круговой процесс,
круговорот, кругооборот; велосипед .
We went for a cycle ride on Sunday.

Fill in the blanks with a proper word.

1.I'll leave the organization in your _________.hands.
a) cultura c)capable
b) crucial d)cooresponding
2.The problem grows in intensity each year as man’s knowledge, and his_________________ to
translate such knowledge to the written word, continue to expand.
a) cycle c)core
b) criteria d)capasity
3.The violence was the result of political and ethnic ___________________.convention
c)conflicts
a) criteria d)core

4.Destruction of the environment is one of the most serious ______________we face.

a) conventions c)criterias
b) challenges d)conflicts

5.Scientists disagree about how the universe was ______________.

a) created c)contrasted
b) convinced d)conducted

6. I've been trying to ____________ him to see a doctor.

a) conduct c)conceive
b) create d)convince

7.We rely entirely on voluntary _______________________.

a) cycle c)contribution
b) criteria d)capacity

8.When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by ________________.
a) cycle c)contrast
b) criteria d)capasity

9.They voted to _______________________ strike action immediately.

a) conduct c)conceive
b) create d)cease

10 Grants are awarded according to your financial ________________________.

a) conventions c)challenges
b) circumstances d)criteria

11.________________in writing is much more difficult to sustain than coherent speech simply
because writers have no nonverbal clues to inform them if their message is clear or not.
a) criteria c)coherence
b) contrast d)capacity

12.Have you considered the possible ______________________ ?

a) circumstances c)criterias
b)consequences d)challenges

26 
 Find the ‘B’ and ’C’ words in the puzzle.

G L S L T N E M E L P M O C F L A H E B
N U A E C O N S T R U C T I O N U Z D L
O N F N C C O N S T R A I N T S F A I C
I O F S O N R E R T N E M T I M M O C O
T I T Y E I A Y T I N U M M O C I S N N
A S C N C U T T C A T E G O R I E S I S
R U K O O O G U S C O M M E N C E D O I
T L K C M I M A T M E B L M F O E N C D
N C C O C M T M E I U A U V H N V O C E
E N O N O E U A I L T C S L X T I B O R
C O N T N S G N T S L S R E K R S C N A
N C F E S P C N I L S O N I S A N O S B
O L O M I A C I E C U I C O C D E M E L
C A R P S L Q I T L A S O T C I H P Q E
C S M O T L N U V E L T N N R C E O U L
H S I R E O W T A I D A I O U T R N E F
A I T A N C A P A B L E H O C I P E N B
R C Y R T N E R R U C N O C N O M N C I
T A J Y C O N F E R E N C E I N O T E A
K L C O M P E N S A T I O N L C C S S S
behalf coincide conclusion
bias collapse concurrent
bond colleagues conference
bulk commenced conformity
capable commission consequences
categories commitment considerable
ceases communication consistent
challenge community constitutional
chart compensation constraints
circumstances complement construction
cited components consultation
civil comprehensive contemporary
classical concentration contradiction
 

   

27 
Complete the puzzle
1

2 3

4 5

7 8

9 10

11

12

13

14

15 16

17

18

19

20 21 22

23

24

25

26

   

28 
Across:
1. machine that computes, machine that
processes data
2. include; be composed of
4. behave; manage; direct an orchestra or
other musical ensemble; transfer;
6. obligation, promise;
10. disagreement, debate, argument
13. careful attention; strength of a solution;
assembly
14. people living in the same area; group of
people that live together;
16. stop, halt
17. idea, thought
18. modern, current; pertaining to the present
time
20. understand; think of an idea
22. difficult and stimulating task
23. fall in, suddenly fall apart; fail; suddenly
lose consciousness;
24. exchange of information or ideas; transfer,
passing along;
25. quote; officially praise
26. one of the main divisions of a book or other
literary work; phase, stage,
29 
Down:
1. made up of interconnected parts;
complicated;
3. act of donating; donation, something
donated,
4. graph, diagram
5. discussion; meeting; convention
7. persuade, convict, influence
8. clash, fight, quarrel
9. constricted, restrained; limited, bound;
referring to a small or tight area
10. excellent; timeless; traditional; serving as a
model (in art and literature);
11. begin, start
12. important; sizable, substantial
15. result, outcome; importance;
16. extensive, including much, large in scope;
19. ingredient, single piece which forms part of
a larger whole;
20. make a remark; write an explanatory note;
explain
21. physical or mental power of a person to
learn something
 -UNIT 3-
—D—

data /ˈdeɪ·t̬ ə/ n [U] information, facts; данные, факты, сведения, информация

They had data on health, education, and economic development.

debate /dɪˈbeɪt/ n argument; discussion ; дискуссия, прения, дебаты, спор, полемика

Education is always a topic of interest and public debate.
v. argue; discuss; consider; обсуждать, дискутировать, рассматривать, спорить
The question of the origin of the universe is still hotly debated by scientists.

decade /deˈkeɪd/ n [C] ten years; group of ten; группа из десяти,десяток, десятилетие
The economy is growing at its fastest rate this decade.

decline /dɪˈklɑɪn/ v [I] refuse; go down, decrease; наклоняться, клониться; заходить;

уменьшаться, идти на убыль, спадать; ухудшаться, идти к концу; отклонять
предложение, отказываться, отказывать; наклонять, склонять; просклонять
The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year.

deduction /dɪˈdʌk·ʃən/ n [C/U] subtraction, reduction, discount; conclusion; method

of logicalreasoning in which one uses a general rule to determine individual
elements вычитание, удержание, отчисление, скидка, вывод, заключение,
выведение, дедукция ;
If my deductions are correct, I can tell you who the killer was.

definite /ˈdef·ə·nət/ adj clear, decisive; limited; specific; ясный, точный,

определенный
They have very definite ideas on how to bring up children.

definition /ˌdef·əˈnɪʃ·ən/ n [C] explanation, meaning, interpretation (as of a word or term)

определение, описание, ясность, точность, четкость, резкость
What’s your definition of happiness?

demonstrate /ˈdem·ənˌstreɪt/ v [T] exhibit, present; display emotion; display public opinion
(through a protest march, meeting, etc.); show or illustrate through examples
or physical demonstrations ; демонстрировать, наглядно показывать,
проявлять; доказывать; участвовать в демонстрации, производить
демонстрацию; наносить отвлекающий удар
He demonstrated how to use the new software

denote /dɪˈnoʊt/ v [T] symbolize; mark ; указывать, указывать на, показывать,

отмечать, выражать, обозначать, значить, означать
A very high temperature often denotes a serious illness.

deny /dɪˈnɑɪ/ v [T] say that something is not true; refuse; renounce ; отрицать,
отвергать, отказывать, отпираться, отказываться, отступаться
Access to the information was denied to them.

depression /dɪˈpreʃ·ən/ n sadness, low spirits; lowering, sinking; dent, hollow;

economic slump
She suffered from severe depression after losing her job.

derive /dɪˈrɑɪv/ v extract, take from a source; obtain through reasoning; получать,
извлекать; устанавливать происхождение, происходить, наследовать;
30 
 выводить; ответвлять, отводить, шунтовать
The word ‘politics’ is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘city’.

design /dɪˈzɑɪn/ v make plans for; formulate, conceive, think up; intend ; замышлять,
задумывать, намереваться, предполагать, предназначать; составлять
план, проектировать, конструировать, разрабатывать; рисовать,
изображать, делать эскиз
We need to design a new syllabus for the third year.

despite /dɪˈspɑɪt/ prep in spite of, notwithstanding ; несмотря на

Her voice was shaking despite all her efforts to control it.

detect /dɪˈtekt/ v [T] discern, discover; находить, обнаруживать, выявлять,

высматривать, открывать, расследовать, замечать, выпрямлять,
детектировать
The tests are designed to detect the disease early.
deviation /ˌdi·viˈeɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U] act of deviating; aberration, abnormality; divergence;
отклонение, отступление, отступное; уклон [полит.], девиация;
отклонение от договоренного рейса
Any deviation from the party line is seen as betrayal.

device /dɪˈvɑɪs/ n [C] apparatus; trick, scheme; hardware component which can send or
receive data схема, план; способ, проект, средство; затея, прием; устройство,
приспособление, механизм, аппарат, прибор; эмблема, девиз; устройство
для приема передачи или обработки данных
He invented a device for measuring very small distances exactly.

devoted /dɪˈvoʊ·t̬ ɪd/ adj faithful, dedicated, loyal; преданный, нежный, посвященный,
увлекающийся
They are devoted to their children.

differentiation /ˌdɪf·əˌren·ʃiˈeɪ·ʃən/ n [U] act of distinguishing; discrimination; act of changing;

разграничение, различение, дифференциация, разделение, видоизменение
Packaging can be a source of product differentiation.

dimension /dəˈmen·ʃən/ n measurements in length width and height of cargo (Transport);

significant quantities of a unit system in physics being mass length and time
(Physics) ; размер, величина, объем, протяжение, измерение, размерность
We measured the dimensions of the kitchen.

diminished /dəˈmɪn·ɪʃd / adj lessened, reduced, decreased, made smaller

уменьшенный, униженный
The world’s resources are rapidly diminishing.

discretion /dɪˈskreʃ·ən/ n caution, wisdom, careful judgment; осторожность,

осмотрительность, благоразумие, усмотрение, свобода действий
This is confidential, but I know that I can rely on your discretion.

discrimination /dɪˌskrɪm·əˈneɪ·ʃən/ n [U] discernment; partiality, unequal treatment; ability to

choose well (in matters of taste); проницательность, разборчивость, умение
разбираться; дискриминация, неодинаковое отношение, различный
подход; распознавание
He showed great discrimination in his choice of friends.

31 
displacement /dɪˈspleɪ·smənt/ n act of moving something from its usual place;
condition of being displaced; replacing of one thing with another;
перемещение, перестановка, смещение; видимый разряд; замещение,
вытеснение; литраж, водоизмещение; сдвиг, сдвиг пластов [геол.];
фильтрование
The displacement of the Sun in parallax is imperceptible.

display /dɪˈspleɪ/ v [T] put out for others to see, show, exhibit; reveal; show in an
ostentatious manner ; показывать, демонстрировать; проявлять,
обнаруживать, выставлять; выставлять напоказ; хвастаться,
выделять особым шрифтом
The exhibition gives local artists an opportunity to display their work

disposal /dɪˈspoʊ·zəl/ n [U] getting rid of; act of disposing, arranging; device that grinds
up garbage; передача; удаление, избавление; контроль, возможность
распорядиться, распоряжение, управление; продажа; расстановка,
диспозиция ;
He will have a car at his disposal for the whole month.

distinction /dɪˈstɪŋk·ʃən/ n difference, uniqueness; excellence; honor, mark of honor ;

распознавание, отличие, различие; почет, знатность; индивидуальность,
выдающиеся качества; знак отличия
We need to draw a distinction between the two events.

distortion /dɪˈstɔr·ʃən/ n [C/U] deformity, twisting out of shape; falsification,

misrepresentation; искажение, искривление, извращение, перекашивание
Dole charged his opponent with making deliberate distortions of his record

distribution /ˌdɪs·trəˈbju·ʃən/ n [U] act of distributing or portioning something out; particular

group to which something is distributed (e.g. a newspaper or magazine);
allotment; systematic division of items into parts; (Statistics) probability or
frequency with which items are distributed into various groups распределение,
раздача, разверстка, распространение; дистрибуция; разбор шрифта и
распределение его по кассам; рассылка
The bill would prohibit the sale and distribution of firearms.

diversity /dɪˈvɜr·sɪ·t̬ i/ n variety; difference, unlikeness разнообразие, различие,

многообразие, несходство, разновидность, разнородность
There is a need for greater diversity and choice in education.

document /ˈdɑk·jə·mənt/ n certificate, paper which provides information or evidence;

deed, written file; data file containing the product of a user's work (Computers)
документ, свидетельство, текст; информационный файл содержащий
результат работы пользователя [комп.]
Do you have all your documents in order to apply for a passport?

domain /doʊˈmeɪn/ n field; sovereignty, autonomy; division of the Internet according to

country and type of organization (Computers); владения, территория,
владение, имение; область, сфера; часть сети интернет характеризуемая
государством и типом организации [комп.]
The care of older people is being placed firmly within the domain of the family.

domestic /dəˈmes·tɪk/ adj pertaining to home, pertaining to family; relating to the

internal affairs of a country; of or pertaining to an implied country; within a
32 
 country; loving home and family; tame (about an animal)
семейный, домашний, бытовой; внутренний, отечественный, ручной;
домоседливый, любящий семейную жизнь
I’ve never been fond of domestic chores like cooking and cleaning.

dominant /ˈdɑm·ə·nənt/ adj controlling, commanding; господствующий,

преобладающий, возвышающийся, доминантный, доминирующий
The dominant feature of the room was the large fireplace.

draft /dræft/ n rough outline, sketch; check, written order for payment; conscription,
calling up for army service; unit; current of air; (Sports) method by which NBA
teams choose once a year college or foreign players to their teams
набросок, план, эскиз, проект; чек, получение по чеку; отбор для
специальной цели, призыв, призыв в армию, вербовка; отряд, подкрепление;
скидка на провес; тяга, сквозняк, дутье; осадка, уклон; сужение, конусность
The architects gave us their first draft of the design.

dramatic /drəˈmæt̬ ·ɪk/ adj written as a drama, having the base of drama; emotional,
surprising, containing conflict ; драматический, театральный; драматичный,
актерский, деланный; волнующий, разительный, впечатляющий,
эффектный; бросающийся в глаза
He’s as good in comedies as he is in dramatic roles.

duration /dʊˈreɪ·ʃən/ n period of time that something continues; продолжительность,

длительность
The school was used as a hospital for the duration of the war

dynamic /dɑɪˈnæm·ɪk/ adj forceful, energetic, vigorous, spirited динамический,

активный, энергичный, действующий, функциональный
In a dynamic market demand and supply conditions are continually changing.

33 
Fill in the gap with a proper word.
1. The firm has achieved a ________________________ position in the world market.
a)dominant c)domestic
b)dramatic d)devoted

2. The map shows the _____________________ of this species across the world.
a)duration c)domain
b)distribution d)diversity
3. The screen will ________________ the username in the top right-hand corner.
a)diminish c)deny
b)decline d)display
4 .This will ensure any _____________ files you have opened are closed and will thus minimize any
potential damage.
a)data c)dramatic
b)domestic d)devoted
5. After a long_______________ , Congress approved the proposal.
a) draft c)distinction
b)disposal d)debate
6. An increase in cars has resulted in the _____________ of public transport.
a)display c)decline
b)data d)domain
7 I've heard rumours, but nothing _____________________.
a)definite c)dramatic
b)domestic d)devoted
8. In this example ‘X’________________. the time taken and ‘Y’ ____________ the distance
covered.
a)diminishes c)denotes
b)declines d)displays
9. Many archeologists vigorously _____________ that cannibalism has ever been normal practice in
britain or elsewhere, in prehistory or at any more recent period.
a)diminish c)deny
b)decline d)display

10. The new drug is ________________ from fish oil.

a)diminished c)denied
b)derived d)displaid
11.This is only the first__________________ofmy speech.a) draft c)distinction
b) disposal d)debate
12. The announcement hada________________ effect on house prices.
a)definite c)dramatic
b) domestic d)devoted

34 
 Find the’D’words in the puzzle

A D E B A T E D E H S I N I M I D P D S
G D D I S T O R T I O N J B C B V E T V
N I D E S P I T E N G L Q N G Z D H N U
O S D E T O V E D O K C J O T U E C G K
I P J D I M E N S I O N S I C O V V I D
S L S Q T Y F C S T V D D T Y D I I S I
S A C F N T D I E I E X I A A I R D E F
E C Q P A I E M G N B O V N L S E U D F
R E N I N S C A Y I N T T I P P D R C E
P M O D I R L N F F N Q F M S O W A I R
E E I E M E I Y E E N R A I I S O T T E
D N T V O V N D M D G I R R D A S I A N
I T U I D I E U O H K G D C Q L E O M T
D U B A B D C O N K H B Z S P J D N A I
E Q I T N O I T C N I T S I D D A N R A
N B R I D O M E S T I C X D G A C O D T
O K T O I D E F I N I T E F W T E T P I
T V S N D E M O N S T R A T E A D S N O
E D I O I S D E T E C T E D Z J U L A N
C J D H E C I V E D I S C R E T I O N K
data despite distinction
debate detected distortion
decades deviation distribution
decline device diversity
deduction devoted document
definite differentiation domestic
definition dimensions dominant
demonstrate diminished draft
denote discretion dramatic
deny discrimination duration
depression displacement dynamic
derived display
design disposal
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

35 
Complete the Crossword.
1

4 5

6 7

10

11

12

13

14 15

16 17

18

19

36 
Across:
1.information, facts
4.say that something is not true; refuse; renounce
7.pertaining to home, pertaining to family; relating to the internal affairs of a country;
8.make plans for; formulate, conceive, think up; intend
9. controlling, commanding;
11. sadness, low spirits; lowering, sinking; derive: extract, take from a source; obtain through reasoning;
12. exhibit, present; display emotion; display public opinion
13. forceful, energetic, vigorous, spirited
15. explanation, meaning, interpretation
16. ten years; group of ten;
18. period of time that something continues;
19. lessened, reduced, decreased, made smaller
Down:
1.symbolize; mark
2.certificate, paper which provides information or evidence; written file;
3.discernment; partiality, unequal treatment
4.act of distributing or portioning something out; systematic division of items into parts;
5.act of distinguishing; discrimination; act of changing.
6.refuse; go down, decrease;
7.clear, decisive; limited; specific
9.faithful, dedicated, loyal;
10. difference, uniqueness; excellence; honor, mark of honor ;
11. in spite of, notwithstanding ;
12. put out for others to see, show, exhibit; reveal; show in an ostentatious manner ;
14. variety; difference, unlikeness.
15. rough outline, sketch; check, written order for payment; conscription.
16. argument; discussion
17. field; sovereignty, autonomy;

37 
—E—

economic /ˌi·kəˈnɑm·ɪk/ adj pertaining to the management of goods and services; of

the science of economics ; экономический, хозяйственный; экономный,
бережливый
Successful businesses are highly adaptable to economic change.

edition /ɪˈdɪʃ·ən/ n total number of copies printed at the same time (of a book,
newspaper, etc.); form in which a book is published; издание, вариант, копия,
выпуск, тираж
The dictionary is now in its sixth edition.
element /ˈel·ə·mənt/ n main component, something which is a part of a complex whole;
substance which cannot be simplified or separated (Chemistry)
элемент, составная часть, небольшая часть; стихия; основы, азы; секция;
след; подразделение, звено; причастие, святые дары
The story has all the elements of a soap opera

eliminate /ɪˈlɪm·əˌneɪt/ v remove, get rid of устранять, исключать, изымать,

уничтожать, ликвидировать
You can never totally eliminate the possibility of human error.

emerge /ɪˈmɜrdʒ/ v appear, come out, be revealed; появляться, выходить, всплывать

The swimmer emerged from the lake

emphasis /ˈem·fə·səs/ n importance that is attached to something; accent or stress that is

placed on a word or words подчеркивание, ударение, особое значение;
акцент; выделительный шрифт; выразительность; резкость контуров
We provide all types of information, with an emphasis on legal advice.

empirical /ɪmˈpɪr·ɪ·kəl/ adj learned through observation, capable of being verified or

disproved through experiments and experience ;эмпирический, основанный на
опыте
We have no empirical evidence that the industry is in trouble.

enable /ɪˈneɪ·bəl/ v make possible, make capable; allow, give power to; давать
возможность, давать право, делать возможным, создавать возможность,
облегчать, делать годным, разрешать
Saving enough money now will enable you to retire comfortably.

encounter /ɪnˈkɑʊn·tər/ v meet by chance; face, meet with (difficulties, hardship, etc.)
неожиданно встретить, наталкиваться, сталкиваться
We encountered a number of difficulties in the first week.

energy /ˈen·ər·dʒi/ n power; vigor, liveliness, intensity; (Physics) capability of a

physical system to carry out work ; энергия, сила, силы, мощность,
энергичность
They spent a lot of time and energy on the grant proposal.

enforcement /ɪnˈfɔrs·mənt/ n [U] execution, putting into force, act of enforcing

давление, принуждение
The section from the Enforcement Act of 1870 states that every person despite
race, color, or previous condition of servitude must be granted equal opportunity
to become qualified to vote
38 
enhance /ɪnˈhæns/ v [T] increase; intensify; improve; raise the value of ; увеличивать,
усиливать, усугублять, повышать, совершенствовать
The county took steps to enhance water quality.

enormous /ɪˈnɔr·məs/ adj very large, immense, huge; громадный, огромный, ужасный,
чудовищный
The wealthy will get enormous tax cuts under the proposal.
ensure /ɪnˈʃʊər/ v [T] make certain; guarantee; make secure; застраховать,
страховаться; обеспечивать, гарантировать, ручаться; принимать меры
предосторожности
Satisfactory comlpletion of the course doesn’t ensure you a job.

entity /ˈent·ət̬ ·i/ n [C] being, something that exists; thing; essential nature ; бытие,
нечто реально существующее, вещь, объект, сущность, существо, организм,
организация
Although the two buildings are in separate locations, the museum they are part of
is a single entity.
These countries can no longer be viewed as a single entity.

environment /ɪnˈvɑɪ·rən·mənt/ n [U] surroundings; conditions in which someone or

something lives ;
окружающая обстановка, окружение, среда, окружающая среда, состояние,
контекст
We’re trying to protect the environment from pollution.

equation /ɪˈkweɪ·ʒən/ n [C] making equal; statement demonstrating the equality of two
quantities
(Mathematics); equally balanced state выравнивание; уравнение [мат.]
The equation of wealth with happiness can be dangerous.

equipment /ɪˈkwɪp·mənt/ n [U] supplies, necessary items, tools or other objects for
completing a task
оборудование, оснащение, снаряжение, аппаратура; снабжение,
материальная часть, боевая техника, вооружение; подвижной состав.
The equipment of the photographic studio was expensive.

equivalent /ɪˈkwɪv·ə·lənt/ adj equal in worth or value, equal in importance; corresponding ;

равноценный, равносильный, равнозначный, равнозначащий,
эквивалентный, равновеликий
A mile is equivalent to about 1.6 kilometers.

erosion /ɪˈroʊ·ʒən/ n [U] gradual wearing away of the Earth by wind or water;
disintegration; deterioration ; эрозия, разъедание, разрушение, ссадина,
размывание, размыв, вымывание, выветривание
While erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10-
40 times the rate at which erosion is occurring globally.

error /ˈer·ər/ n mistake, something that is incorrect ; ошибка,

заблуждение,погрешность; блуждание; грех; отклонение
Investigators said the train crash was caused by human error rather than
mechanical failure.

39 
establish /ɪˈstæb·lɪʃ/ v [T] set up, found; base основывать, учреждать, создавать,
устанавливать;
заключать (контракт); доказывать, юридически доказать
Once we establish the price, we can begin to market the product.

estate /ɪˈsteɪt/ n [C] extensive piece of land usually with a large house on it; person's
property, wealth, possessions; status, social standing, rank поместье, имение,
имущество, площадка жилой застройки, площадка промышленной
застройки, сословие, положение
Her estate was left to her daughter.

estimate /ˈes·tə·mət/ v judge an object's value, appraise; have an opinion, make a

judgement оценивать, давать оценку, ценить, составлять смету,
подсчитывать приблизительно, прикидывать
It is hard to estimate how many children suffer from dyslexia.

ethical /ˈeθ·ɪ·kəl/ adj moral, pertaining to values and principles ; этический,

этичный, моральный, нравственный
Is it ethical to promote cigarettes through advertising?

ethnic /ˈeθ·nɪk/ adj of different racial and social groups; of people from different
countries этнический, языческий
She loves ethnic foods, especially Kyrgyz and Japanese.

evaluation /ɪˌvæl·jəˈweɪ·ʃən/ n appraisal, estimation, act of evaluating

оценка, определение количества, определение качества
Student evaluations of the class will be collected next week

eventually /ɪˈven·tʃu·ə·li/ adv finally, in the end; в конечном счете, в конце концов, со
временем
You learn a lot in school, but eventually you forget most of it.

evidence /ˈev·ɪ·dəns/ n [U] proof, something which proves or disproves ; основание,

улика, данные, признаки, свидетельство, доказательство, очевидность,
свидетельское
показание
These figures are being given as evidence of economic growth.

evolution /ˌev·əˈlu·ʃən/ n [U] development, progression, unfolding, growth; gradual change

in the gene pool (Biology) развитие, маневр; эволюция, постепенное
изменение, выведение; извлечение корня [мат.]
In politics Britain has preferred evolution to revolution

exceed /ɪkˈsid/ v [T] go beyond, pass; surpass, outdo, excel ; превышать, быть больше,
превосходить, переходить границы
He was exceeding the speed limit by 15 miles an hour.

exclude /ɪkˈsklud/ v [T] leave out, keep out; prevent from happening or being; reject ;
не допускать, не впускать, исключать, выгонять, изымать, снимать,
устранять
Try excluding fat from your diet

40 
exhibit /ɪgˈzɪb·ət/ v [I/T] show, demonstrate; present; показывать, проявлять
качества, выставляться, экспонировать на выставке; представлять
вещественное доказательство; экспонировать .
They will be exhibiting their new designs at the trade fairs

expansion /ɪkˈspæn·ʃən/ n [U] enlargement, increase, spread; development рост,

распространение, подъем, расширение, протяжение, экспансия
Expansion into new areas of research might be possible.

expert /ˈek·spɜrt/ n [C] person skilled in a particular area, specialist ;

специалист, знаток,эксперт
He is the administration’s foreign-policy expert for eastern Europe.
skilled, knowledgeable; опытный, квалифицированный,
высококвалифицированный, искусный, экспертный
She’s an expert swimmer.

explicit /ɪkˈsplɪs·ɪt/ adj clear, described in detail, leaving nothing to the

imagination точный, определенный; подробный; искренний, откровенный;
явно заданный
I gave them explicit directions on how to get here.

exploitation /ˌekˌsplɔɪˈteɪ·ʃən/ n [U] selfish use, imposition, utilization, taking advantage;

эксплуатация, разработка месторождения
She favors legislation to curb the exploitation of child labor.

export /ekˈspɔrt/ v ship, send abroad, sell overseas ; вывозить; экспортировать

American pop music has been exported around the world.

exposure /ɪkˈspoʊ·ʒər/ n [U] denouncement; disclosure, revealing; exposing of film

to light (Photography); photograph; abandoning; placement, location (in relation
to the sun) подвергание, выставление; оставление на произвол судьбы;
разоблачение, обличение; местоположение; выдержка [фото], вид,
экспозиция; выставка; обнажение пластов
Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight.

external /ekˈstɜr·nəl/ adj exterior, outer; outside; внешний, наружный; иностранный,

посторонний; сдающий экзамены экстерном
This skin cream is for external use only.
She handles the company’s external relations.

extract /ɪkˈstrækt/ v [T] remove, take out; squeeze, press ; извлекать,

удалять; получать экстракт, выжимать, выделять; добывать (из недр
земли); извлекать корень [мат.]
The dentist may decide that the wisdom teeth need to be extracted.

   
   

41 
 Fill in the blanks with a proper word.
 

1. The government is committed to reducing the country's _______________________ debt.

a)explicit c)external
b) ethical d)enormous

2. Starvation and poverty are the result of global economic ________________________ , not lack of
resources.
a) exploitation c)export
b) explosure d)expansion

3. The reasons for the decision should be made explicit.

a)explicit c)external
b) ethical d)enormous

4. Don't ask me—I'm no ____________________________ !

a) enforcement c)edition
b) expert d)ethical

5. The patient _______________________ signs of fatigue and memory loss.

a)exceeded c)estimated
b) exhibited d)excluded

6. Buses run every hour, Sundays __________________________________

a)exceeded c)estimated
b) exhibited d)excluded

7. His achievements have _________________________ expectations.

a)exceeded c)estimated
b) exhibited d)excluded

8. Our research attempts to _______________________. the effectiveness of the different approaches.

a)exclude c)evaluate
b)establish d)eliminate

9. Police are still trying to ______________________________.the cause of the accident.

a)exclude c)evaluate
b)establish d)eliminate

10. No new evidence _______________________ during the investigation.

a) excluded c)emerged
b) exceeded d)exhibited

11. This diet claims to ___________________________toxins from the body.

a)exclude c)evaluate
b)establish d)eliminate

12.The software ______________________. you to create your own DVDs.

a) evaluates c)eliminates
b) enable d)establishes

42 
 Find the ‘E’ words in the puzzle.

R E V A L U A T I O N D D E D U L C X E
O Q A T I C I L P X E V E N T U A L L Y
R E T H N I C S S T N E M E L E W G A K
R I N E P V V N O I S N A P X E K M O V
E B E E X P L O I T A T I O N S P T W N
T I M C E R G N J D E R E T N U O C N E
N E P H S K E I O D D X D E C N A H N E
E T I H T E D N T I E E P U U D E O H P
L A U E A R I B N N T G E E K A C A X W
A N Q N B O T E E O L U R C R J O W S X
V I E O L S I S M I L A L E X T N X T E
I M T R I I O T N T E A N O M E O X N L
U I X M S O N I O A X E C R V E M T T A
Q L L O H N C M R U T R R I E E I B I C
E E U U E G U A I Q R U W Q R T C Q B I
N C N S D K V T V E A S D G I I X U I H
Q G E T A T S E N V C N K E L N P E H T
E N F O R C E M E N T E S H D G A M X E
O Z C E N E R G Y E M P H A S I S G E E
E N A B L E C N E D I V E X P O S U R E
economic entities evidence
edition environment evolution
elements equation exceed
eliminate equipment excluded
emerged equivalent exhibit
emphasis erosion expansion
empirical error expert
enable established explicit
encountered estate exploitation
energy estimate exposure
enforcement ethical external
enhanced ethnic extract
enormous evaluation
ensure eventually

43 
Complete the Crossword.

2 3 4 5 6

7 8

9 10 11

12

13 14

15 16 17

18

19 20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

44 
Across:

1. shipping of goods to other countries; merchandise or services sold to parties in other countries;
2. main component, something which is a part of a complex whole;
4.make certain; guarantee; make secure;
7. clear, described in detail, leaving nothing to the imagination
8. being, something that exists; thing; essential nature
9. equal in worth or value, equal in importance; corresponding
11. selfish use, imposition, utilization, taking advantage;
12. making equal; statement demonstrating the equality of two quantities
14. enlargement, increase, spread;
16. go beyond, pass; surpass, outdo, excel
18. remove, get rid of
19. surroundings; conditions in which someone or something lives;
21. importance that is attached to something; accent or stress on words;
24. appraisal, estimation, act of evaluating;
25. gradual wearing away of the Earth by wind or water; disintegration; deterioration ;
26. learned through observation, capable of being verified or disproved through experiments;
27. make possible, make capable; allow, give power to;
28. set up, found; base;
29. meet by chance; face, meet with (difficulties, hardship, etc.
Down:
1. show, demonstrate; present;
3.remove, take out; squeeze, press ;
5. extensive piece of land usually with a large house on it; person's property, wealth, possessions;
6. increase; intensify; improve; raise the value of
7. leave out, keep out; prevent from happening or being; reject;
9. pertaining to the management of goods and services; of the science of economics;
10. appear, come out, be revealed;
11. supplies, necessary items, tools or other objects for completing a task ;
13. judge an object's value, appraise; have an opinion, make a judgement;
14. total number of copies printed at the same time (of a book, newspaper, etc.); form in which a
book is published;
15. power; vigor, liveliness, intensity;capability of a physical system to carry out work ;
17. of different racial and social groups; of people from different countries;
20. moral, pertaining to values and principles ;
22. exterior, outer; outside;
23. execution, putting into force, act of enforcing;
24. very large, immense, huge;
25. mistake, something that is incorrect;
26. person skilled in a particular area, specialist , skilled, knowledgeable;

45 
 -Unit 4-
-F-
facilitate /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/ [T] formal make easy, assist forward, облегчать,
способствовать
The current structure does not facilitate efficient work flow.
The new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs.

factor /ˈfæk·tər/ n [C] cause; agent, broker, фактор; посредник; движущая сила.
Economic factors had a lot to do with their decision to sell the company.

feature /ˈfi·tʃər/ n [C] characteristic, prominent quality, (v) characterize; depict,

качество; материал;особенность, (v) изображать; характеризоваться
This car has excellent safety features.
She has fine, delicate features (= parts of the face).

federal /ˈfed·ər·əl/ adj of or connected with the central government of some

countries:
The federal government,
Federal law regulates trade with other countries.

fee /fi/ n [C]toll; payment for services rendered, cбор; взнос

The dentist’s usual fee is $125.

file /fɑɪl/ n [C/U] n. dossier, collection of documents on a subject информационный

файл,
We keep your records on file for five years.

final /ˈfɑɪ·nəl/ adj at the end, last, ultimate; decisive; conclusive, definitive, n. finish,
end, conclusion; last edition of a newspaper
The other team scored twice in the final minute.
The recommendation will be sent to the City Council for final approval.

financial /fəˈnæn·ʃəl/, /fɑɪ-/ adj. of money matters, of finance, (a) финансовый

Financial problems or financial pressure is a situation where money worries are
causing you stresses.

finite /ˈfɑɪ·nɑɪt/ adj. having a limit or end, конечный; личный; ограниченный, (n)
имеющий предел
All projects have finite amounts of time, money, people, and other
resources.

flexibility /ˌflek·səˈbɪl·ɪ·t̬ i/ n [U] elasticity, pliability, ability to bend or be bent, гибкость;

переналаживаемость; подвижность; приспособляемость; универсальность;
эластичность
The objective of flexibility training is to improve the range of movement of the
antagonistic muscles.

fluctuation /ˌflʌk·tʃuˈeɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U] vacillation, instability, wavering, inconstancy, change,

изменение; колебание; колебания; нерегулярное изменение
A certain amount of fluctuation in quality is unavoidable.

46 
focus /ˈfoʊ·kəs/ n [C] (plural focuses or foci /ˈfoʊ·sɑɪ/, /-kɑɪ/) (also focal point), the
main object or interest, or the attention given something, средоточие; фокус, (v)
сфокусировать
The focus of attention has shifted from the economy to improving the public
schools.
State officials urge continued focus on mosquito control.

format /ˈfɔr·mæt/ n [C], structure, pattern, design; organization; pattern of data

organization (Computers), v. design the appearance of, arrange, форма; формат
When writing business letters, you must pay special attention to the format and
font used. The most common layout of a business letter is known as block format.

formula /ˈfɔr·mjə·lə/ n [C/U], plan or method for doing something well, формула
The formula for success in business, he said, is a willingness to take risks.

forthcoming /fɔrθˈkʌm·ɪŋ/, /foʊrθ-/ adj., coming, approaching; outgoing; candid, open,

предстоящий
Forthcoming Conferences on Interval Computations and Related Topics

foundation /fɑʊnˈdeɪ·ʃən/ n [C], base, substructure; establishing, founding; institution,

закладка фундамента; обоснование; обоснованность; организация
The Foundation for Learning takes on the challenge of matching educational
thinking and practice to the requirements of the world of today and tomorrow.

found /fɑʊnd/ v, establish, institute, create, build, основать; основывать

New Orleans was founded by the French in 1718.

founded adj. established, set up, instituted,

Synonyms for well-founded at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus,
antonyms, and definitions

framework /ˈfreɪmˌwɜrk/ n [C], frame; support, skeleton; structure; system, общая схема;
основа; рамки
The Parties shall ensure, within the framework of their legal systems, that persons
belonging to a national minority are not discriminated against in their access to
the media.

function /ˈfʌŋk·ʃən/ n [C/U], duty, role; use, purpose; festive event, social occasion, круг
обязанностей; функция, (v) действовать; функционировать
[U] The function of the veins is to carry blood to the heart.
[C] One of your functions as receptionist is to answer the phone.

fundamental /ˌfʌn·dəˈmen·təl/ adj, basic, elemental; essential, коренной; основной;

фундаментальный, (n) основные принципы
The political, legal, and moral equality of every citizen is a fundamental value of
democracy.

fund /fʌnd/ n [C], amount of money set aside for a specific purpose; supply, v.
finance, supply with money, (n) запас; резерв; средства; фонд; фонды,
State approves funds to improve safety at Whitman County railroad
crossing.

furthermore /ˈfɜr·ðərˌmɔr/, /-ˌmoʊr/ adv. in addition to, moreover, additionally, более того
I don’t know what happened to Nurlan, and furthermore, I don’t care.
47 
 Fill in the blanks with a proper word.
1. Careful planning _______________ any kind of work.
a) facilitates c) fluctuates
b) familiarizes d) fabricates

2. Yet even though Waltz argues that only international anarchy has the power to explain why wars
may occur, he stresses that individual and state-level _____________ still need to be considered
when we think about why specific wars do occur.
a) factors c) functions
b) formats d) fees

3.She has been less than __________ about her involvement in the scandal.
a) becoming c) facilitating
b) founding d) forthcoming

4. I'm not interested in what you are selling, and________, I asked your company not to contact
me ever again.
a)unlikely c) furthermore
b)however d) broadly
5.I would like some __________ advice before I buy this house.
a) friendly c) familiarizing
b) financial d) facilitating

6.He's successful, but he feels that his life lacks _______ .

a) formula c) focus
b) final d) factor

7.Whatever you want to do is fine with me. I'm ______.

a) established c) flexible
b) inelastic d) flexibility

8.Why does my body temperature ________so much? I go from feeling really cold to feeling
really hot several times throughout the day.
a) fluctuate c) stabilize
b) function d) shake

9.Although the amount of material that makes up the Earth is very large, it is ________.
a) endless c) boundless
b) finite d) limitless

10. We pay ______, state, and local taxes.

a) private c) specific
b) regional d) federal
11.The revolution brought about a ________change in the country.
a) fundamental c) feature
b) federal d) flexibility

48 
 12. Our last stop was Tokmok, but our ______ destination is Bishkek.
a) financial c) finite
b) final d) forthcoming

Find the ‘F’ words in the puzzle.

Y G E I P Z F B X G O D F Q L Z Y P R K S X O K
E L B H K H E N C E D A X Z M T Y U K X E C J A
H O Z M Q P N Q E U C Q C G I I S T S L R C P Q
F S F O U N D A T I O N F L O N I C I A U W J M
K B M Q D P T S L V Q U I V F I S E V N T P U Z
M T N V Z T R I L P R B X R E F E L R I A H O T
O H L C D Y T V A T I G F E E E H A P F E O B P
G I C I G A G O H X L I D N W U T C K S F C P W
U L J W T Y H E E O N A I M G Y O I F F P Z H I
A H G E J S R L B A R L R R U E P H I O F Y I G
R S E E F M F A N G E L I F V E Y C N U U G G E
A U L V O B L C L D E E Z Y K S H R I N N O H N
N D D R J M I Q I Z V P M H T X A A T D D A L E
T Y E S T A U U T H H S S T M L Z R E T A L I R
E G D G L T G P R E D N E G J R I E N U M S G A
E V E J O M G N I M O C H T R O F I O F E F H T
W Q T Z B W J R L A R E D E F I V H I U N A T I
V G A N O I T A U T C U L F O R M A T N T C J O
I R R D B M D F H R V Q F O C U S Z C D A T I N
U A E M W B K L Y Y A I G T I Z N I N F L O E Y
H N N Z P I A A L U M R O F H F U Y U N Y R H K
V T E J R C Y D M K S B E H P P D X F Y W S K K
E E G J T F K R O W E M A R F D U N X C S X E X
W D Q R R I D B A T Y Q S X M D L E T A C Q W K

facilitate format generation

factors, formula global
feature forthcoming goal
federal found grade
fee foundation granted
file framework guarantee
final function guideline
financial fund hence
finite fundamental hierarchical
flexibility furthermore highlight,
fluctuation,, gender hyphothesis.
focus generated

49 
Complete the crossword.

6 7

10

11

12

13

14 15

50 
Across: 2. elasticity
3. characteristic
4. of money matters
7. in addition to
8. amount of money set aside for a specific purpose
9. coming, approaching;
10. cause;
12. base, substructure;
13. formal make easy, assist forward
14. basic, elemental;
15. of or connected with the central government of some countries

Down:

1. at the end
2. frame; support, skeleton;
3. structure
4. plan or method for doing something well
5. duty, role;
6. vacillation
7. having a limit or end
9. payment for services rendered
10. the main object or interest
11. establish
14. collection of documents on a subject

51 
 -UNIT 5 –
-G-
gender /ˈdʒen·dər/ n [C/U] sex of a person or animal, род,
In developing societies many idiosyncrasies structure the social congregation
which has directly or indirectly led to gender inequalities.

generate /ˈdʒen·əˌreɪt/ v [T] create, produce; bring into being, выдавать; выдать;
генерировать
The Earth's magnetic field is generated in the fluid outer core by a self-exciting
dynamo process.

generation /ˌdʒen·əˈreɪ·ʃən/ n [C] group of people born around the same time; production,
выработка; генерирование; поколение; производство;этап There were three
generations at the wedding – grandparents, parents, and children.

global /ˈgloʊ·bəl/ adj worldwide, universal, of the whole world; like a globe; of a globe,
глобальный
This is the site for Global Issues at the United Nations. Here you will find links to
the main Global Issues websites of the UN.

goal /goʊl/ n [C] target, aim; destination; purpose, задача; цель

This survey is designed to study the goals and aspirations that people set

grade /greɪd/ n [C] mark; level, degree, rank; type; class (in a school); slope, incline, v.
assign a rank to, give a mark or grade to; organize, classify; make level, (n)
градус; класс; отметка; оценка; сорт; степень; этап обучения, (v)
отсортировать; сортировать
She always gets good grades.

grant /grænt/ v [T bestow; give; agree; answer to -; donate, n. award; gift, present;
contribution, donation, (n) грант; дотация; субсидия, (v) предоставить;
предоставить субсидию; предоставлять; предоставлять субсидию She
was granted Turkish citizenship.

granted conj. admittedly, acknowledged as true, при условии

guarantee /ˌgær·ənˈti/, /ˈgær·ənˌti/ n [C/U] security; warranty; pledge; assurance, v.

vouch for; give a guarantee; give a warranty; promise, assure, (n) гарант;
гарантийный контракт; гарантия; залог; лицо , которому дается гарантия;
обеспечение; поручитель; поручительство, (v) гарантировать;
обеспечивать; обеспечить; поручаться; поручиться,
[C] The hair dryer comes with a two-year guarantee.
[U] No matter how many stars you have in the movie, there’s no guarantee (= it
is not certain that) it will be a success.

guideline /ˈgɑɪdˌlɑɪn/ n [C] outline or indication of acceptable conduct or procedure,

директива; краткий заголовок; ориентир; основное положение; основные
направления; основные положения
The booklet gives guidelines on how to invest your money safely.

52 
-H-

hence /hens/ adv therefore, then; from now; from this place, отсюда, с этих пор,
следовательно,
A better working environment improves people’s performance, and hence
productivity.

hierarchical /ˌhɑɪ·əˌrɑr·kɪ·kəl/ adj belonging to a hierarchy, arranged according to rank,

иерархический,
A hierarchical organization is an organizational structure where every entity in
the organization, except one, is subordinates to a single other entity.

highlight /ˈhɑɪˌlɑɪt/ n [C] stress, emphasize, accent, spotlight, something prominent or

memorable, particularly enjoyable experience or event, interesting or important
part
The highlight of our trip to New York was going to the top of the Empire State
Building.

hypothesis /hɑɪˈpɑθ·ə·sɪs/ n [C] (plural hypotheses /hɑɪˈpɑθ·əˌsiz/) explanation which gives

a reason for observed phenomena, theory (especially in the sciences);
supposition, assumption, гипотеза, предположение
Several hypotheses for global warming have been suggested.

Fill in the blanks with a proper word.

1. Australia ranks among the top 10 countries for closing the ______ gap between men and women,
a new international study shows.
a) gender c) age
b) global d) grade

2. Household _____ almost one-fifth of the country's greenhouse gases.

a) prevent c) waste
b) generate d) earns

3. Partisan Review and the other literary magazines helped to educate, in the best sense, an entire
_________.
a) civilization c) generation
b)schools d) gap

4. The program allows users to do _____ searches through all the available data.
a)error c) dominant
b)format d) global

5. Our most immediate ______ is to increase public awareness of the movement", he indicated,
"and to tell them what this will mean for the town
a)goal c) deduction
b)domain d) exposure

6. I independently homeschooled my two boys for eight years, from third _______ through high
school graduation.
53 
 a)access c) assistance
b)grade d) conduct

7. Bellows made the disclosure when he asked Judge Parsons to _______ his client, Alan Clements,
30, a separate trial.
a)grant c) chart
b)contract d) display

8. You will be entitled to all the advantages of a new car owner, which includes the factory ______
and the services valid at authorized dealers throughout Europe.
a)deduction c) credit
b)exploitation d) guarantee

9. I tried to write a ________ which would mean (payments to criminals) would almost never
happen
a) distribution c) communication
b) guideline d) coherence

10. The company lost a great deal of money. ______, the CEO was asked to resign.
a) because c) hence
b) since d) however

11. In so far as this goal is achieved, the society becomes more fluid, artificial barriers to social
mobility are reduced, and people at the lower end of the social _________ share more fully in the
material and cultural goods of society.
a) hierarchy c) function
b) differentiation d) environment

12. I missed the game, but I saw the _________ on the evening news.
a) dimensions c) fluctuations
b) guidelines d) highlights

54 
 Find the ‘D’,’E’,’G’ and”H’ words in the puzzle.
R U N P Z D D M O F E H E C G M Y G J T
T G E U L Z T N L T G N B O H N N W K L
N O I T A U Q E H B S N Y M M O G E I Z
L S C H E N C E I U P B G D I O S G Q O
L A C I H C R A R E I H H T P K I E K F
R Z K D O Y H Q O X N M A D U N S L E T
K T E I F F I X G W A R F E G B E V R N
L N I T D L G D G R E K B F U Q H U Q E
M E Q E I G H V U N F U W I I G T I F L
G M E T P N L C E S U F S N D U O V G A
C P Y O D X I G U O I S E I E A P N L V
D I W N E S G F O D B L R T L R Y R O I
E U B E N E H T E G O A O I I A H J B U
T Q R D Y V T G T D Z O S O N N A C A Q
N E E H R T W R M E V G I N E T W F L E
A M D Q H Y T A V C C Y O E S E B T I H
R C N W M K R D P L U Z N L A E D R H L
G U E N R N D E T A R E N E G Q A I L U
C A G E T A R T S N O M E D T Z P L E Y
V U S U R O R R E C M N D A J Z R I M U

definite generation
definition global
demonstrate goal
denote grade
deny granted
equation guarantee
equipment guideline
equivalent hence
erosion hierarchical
error highlight
gender hyphothesis.
generated

55 
Complete the Crossword.

      1     2           3  

  4                                

                                 

                                 

    5 6   7 8
                               

                9                

                                 

    10                            

11     12    

                               

      13                    

                                     

                                       

                                       

14                              

                                       

Down: 2. plan or method for doing something

Across: 3. mark,level 4. explanation which gives a
3. create,produce reason for observed phenomena,theory.
5. make a certain 6. learning through observation
7. elactisity 8. n. advantage,profit
11. pertaining to citizens,of civilians 9. .at the end,last,ultimate
12. belonging to hierarchy. 10. of money matters,of finance
13. remove,take away
14. .n.representing support
1. sex of a person or animal

56 
 -Unit 6-
-I-
identical /ɑɪˈden·tɪ·kəl/ adj exactly alike, same; equal in every respect, interchangeable,
тот же самый, одинаковый, идентичный, тождественный
The test is identical to the one you took last year.

identify /ɑɪˈdent·əˌfɑɪ/ v [T] recognize, show to be the same; sympathize, relate, associate
oneself with a particular cause or idea, отождествлять, отождествляться;
опознавать, устанавливать личность
Small children can identify their mothers.
The police officer refused to identify himself.

ideology /ˌɑɪ·diˈɑl·ə·dʒi/, /ˌɪd·i-/ n [C/U] study of the origin and nature of ideas
(Philosophy); doctrine, philosophy, идеология, мировоззрение
This is a list of political ideologies. Many political parties base their political
action and election program on an ideology.

ignore /ɪgˈnɔr/, /-ˈnoʊr/ v [T] v. disregard, overlook, refuse to recognize; reject, refuse
(Law), игнорировать; проигнорировать
They ignored our warnings.
The prime minister ignored the hecklers and went on with her speech.

illustrate /ˈɪl·əˌstreɪt/ v [T] demonstrate, exemplify; clarify; embellish, depict with pictures
or words; elucidate, иллюстрировать; проиллюстрировать
She writes children’s books and also illustrates them.
To illustrate her point, she told a story about how her family felt when they moved
here.

image /ˈɪm·ɪdʒ/ n [C] figure; form; reflection; picture; likeness; embodiment, v.imagine;
draw a likeness; describe; reflect; picture in the mind,
(n) изображение; имидж; мнение; образ; представление
I had an image of Bursa in my head that was totally different from how it really is.
She’s trying to project a more presidential image.
The movie presented an image of life on a farm in the 19th century.

immigration /ˌɪm·ɪˈgreɪ·ʃən/ n [U] act of coming to a country in order to take up permanent

residence, act of settling in a new country, иммиграционный,
Immigration increased by 29% last year.

impact /ˈɪm·pækt/ n [U] influence, effect; colliding of two bodies; touch, v. press against;
collide, crash; affect strongly, influence; pack in, squeeze in, влияние;
воздействие
The impact of the crash destroyed the car.
The bullet explodes on impact (= at the moment when it hits something).

implementation /ˌɪm·plə·mənˈteɪ·ʃən/, /-menˈteɪ-/ n [U] execution, carrying out, performing;

putting into effect; act of equipping with tools, внедрение; осуществление;
претворение в жизнь; проведение в жизнь; реализация
We've involved our workers in the development and implementation of the new
program.
57 
implication /ˌɪm·plɪˈkeɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U] act of implying; something implied, indirect suggestion,
connotation, hint; state of being involved in an action or event, вывод; значение;
импликация; предпосылка; скрытый смысл; смысл; условие
[U] The implication was that the workers and management had already reached
an agreement.
[C] What are the implications (= possible effects) of the new regulations?

implicit /ɪmˈplɪs·ɪt/ adj implied, indirectly suggested; unconditional, absolute; contained

within, имплицитный; неявный; подразумеваемый; предполагаемый
We interpreted his silence as implicit agreement.
Some reporters thought there was an implicit threat in the president’s speech.

imply /ɪmˈplɑɪ/ v [T] indirectly suggest, hint, infer, подразумевать

[+ (that) clause] She implied (that) the error was mine.
Democracy implies free elections.

impose /ɪmˈpoʊz/ v [T] require, compel, force upon; enforce, institute; force oneself on
others, вводить; навязать; навязывать
Settlers often imposed their culture on the peoples of the countries they conquered.

incentive /ɪnˈsen·tɪv/ n [C/U] stimulus, inducement, enticement, encouragement, adj.

provocative, stimulating, inciting, encouraging, побудительный мотив;
побуждение; стимул, побудительный; стимулирующий
[C] Tax incentives are sometimes effective in encouraging people to save money.
[U] These children have no incentive to learn.

incidence /ˈɪn·sə·dəns/, /-ˌdens/ n [U] frequency, rate of occurrence; occurrence, instance,

охват; падение; сфера распространения; угол атаки
There’s been an increased incidence of tuberculoses in the area.

inclination /ˌɪn·kləˈneɪ·ʃən/ n [C] tendency; liking, preference; slope, incline, slant; bending,
leaning, склонность
Nurjan has a strong inclination toward the arts.
If I were in your situation, my inclination would be to look for another job.

income /ˈɪn·kʌm/, /-kəm/ n [C/U] amount of money received in payment for goods or
services or from other sources; revenue, profits, доход, заработок, поступление,
Akdilek has a nice home and an adequate income.
Even on two incomes, we're having a hard time keeping up with our bills.

incompatible /ˌɪn·kəmˈpæt̬ ·ə·bəl/ adj incongruous, unsuitable; discordant; opposed,

irreconcilable, несовместимый, несочетающийся, несообразный
Any new video system that is incompatible with existing ones has little chance of
success.

incorporate /ɪnˈkɔr·pəˌreɪt/ v [I/T] to make a business into a corporation (= business protected

by specific laws) v. form a corporation; combine, blend; unify; unite; include;
embody, зарегистрированный как корпорация, акционерный, соединенный,
объединенный, нераздельный v. включать в состав, соединять в одно целое,
объединять, включать в число членов
58 
 This design incorporates the best features of our earlier models.
The company was incorporated in 1981.
The company incorporated in 1981.

index /ˈɪn·deks/ n [C] (plural indexes /ˈɪnˌdek·səz/ or indices /ˈɪn·dəˌsiz/) list of

subjects or other information arranged in alphabetical order; indicator, sign;
arrangement of data (Computers), v. create an index (for a book); place in an
index; indicate, индекс, показатель [мат.], показатель степени, коэффициент;
указатель, снабжать указателем, составлять указатель
If you want to find the place in the text that Henry James is mentioned, look it up in
the index.
Look up the recipe for cabbage soup in the index.

indicate /ˈɪn·dɪˌkeɪt/ v show; point out; mark, signify; imply; exhibit, reveal; suggest,
указывать, показывать, указать, служить признаком, означать, предписывать
T] These statistics might indicate quality problems.
[+ that clause] He did not move or indicate that he had heard her.

individual /ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·u·əl/ n [C] human being; particular person; distinct entity, single
thing, adj. single, distinct, sole; of a particular person; unique, special,
characteristic, личность, человек, особа, индивидуум, особь, прил. личный,
индивидуальный, единоличный, единичный, отдельный, частный,
одиночный, оригинальный, особенный
We will remember him as an individual who always tried to make people happy.
Every company has its own individual style.

induce /ɪnˈdus/ v [T] cause, bring about, set in motion; influence, persuade, impel; infer,
deduce, derive a general proposition from certain facts, побуждать, склонять,
убеждать; заставлять, вызывать, стимулировать, индуктировать; выводить
умозаключение путем индукции
The advertisement is meant to induce people to eat more fruit.
No one knows what induced him to leave.

inevitable /ɪˈnev·ɪ·t̬ ə·bəl/ adj unavoidable, inescapable, certain; sure to happen,

неизбежный, неминуемый, неизменный
You must inevitably make some sacrifices if you are going to save money.

infer /ɪnˈfɜr/ v [T] (-rr-) derive, conclude; guess, surmise; hint, заключать, делать
вывод, означать, подразумевать
It's difficult to infer how these changes will affect our students.
Are you inferring that she’s wrong?

infrastructure /ˈɪn·frəˌstrʌk·tʃər/ n [C] foundation, basis, substructure, underlying features of an

operation, инфраструктура
More money is needed to save the crumbling infrastructure of the nation's rural
areas.

inherent /ɪnˈhɪər·ənt/, /-ˈher-/ adj intrinsic, existing as a natural and integral part, natural,
inborn, присущий, свойственный, неотъемлемый, врожденный
The drug has certain inherent side effects.

59 
inhibition /ˌɪn·həˈbɪʃ·ən/, /ˌɪn·ə-/ n [C/U] holding back, restraint; repression of a
psychological process; stopping or checking of the function of a bodily organ,
запрещение, сдерживание, подавление, задержка
He laughed loudly and without inhibition.

initial /ɪˈnɪʃ·əl/ adj placed at the beginning, first, начальный, первоначальный,

исходный, n. beginning letter of a person's first name; first letter (as of a word);
enlarged or ornamented letter at the beginning of a chapter, ставить инициалы,
поставить инициалы, парафировать
She's resolved my initial complaint, but now I have a new question.

initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ·ə·t̬ ɪv/, /ɪˈnɪʃ·i·ə-/ n [U] enterprise, drive, ambition; beginning move in a
process, first step, adj. beginning, introductory, initial, инициатива
Aynura showed initiative on the job and was soon promoted.

injury /ˈɪn·dʒə·ri/ n [C/U] hurt; wound; harm, damage; insult, offense, обида;
повреждение; травма; ущерб
[C] She was removed from the game with a knee injury.
[U] We were lucky to escape injury.

innovation /ˌɪn·əˈveɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U] introduction of something new; change, new method or

practice, внедрение новшеств; инновация; новаторство
[U] The movie industry is driven by constant innovation.
[C] Her latest innovation is a theater company that will perform for schools.

input /ˈɪnˌpʊt/ n [C/U] data fed into a computer or other device (Computers); something
which is inserted; power, strength, ввод; входные данные; затраты; поставка;
потребность в информации
[U] The city plans to get input from local community groups.
[C] This unit has three audio inputs (= places to connect other devices).

insert /ɪnˈsɜrt/ v [T] place in, put in; add to, вставить; вставлять
Insert your credit card here.

insight /ˈɪnˌsɑɪt/ n [C/U] perception, discernment, understanding, astuteness, intuition,

интуиция; озарение; понимание
[C] Aitmatov’s writings were recognized for their insights.
[U] Her work shows originality and insight.

inspection /ɪnˈspek·ʃən/ n [C/U] act of looking over carefully and critically; official
examination, review, досмотр; инспекция; критическое рассмотрение;
освидетельствование; осмотр; ревизия
[U] At first she suspected that the letter was a forgery, but on closer inspection (=
looked at more carefully), it appeared to be genuine.
[C] He made an inspection of the elevators in the building.

instance /ˈɪn·stəns/ n [C] occurrence, occasion; example, illustration; prosecution of a case

(Law); (Archaic) urgency, пример
There were several instances of computer failure before we got the system to work
properly.
Can you tell us a little about your background? For instance (= As an example),
where were you born?
60 
institute /ˈɪn·stɪˌtut/ v [T] establish, found, set up; begin, initiate, start n.institution,
foundation, устанавливать, вводить, учреждать, основывать, устраивать,
начинать, институт, общество, учреждение, научное учреждение
We have instituted new policies to increase public safety.

instruction /ɪnˈstrʌk·ʃən/ n teaching, education, training; direction, guidance, обучение,

инструктаж, предписание, команда, программа, оператор
You should read each instruction carefully.

integral /ˈɪn·tə·grəl/, /ɪnˈteg·rəl/ adj pertaining to or part of a whole; intrinsic, essential,

constituent, неотъемлемый; полный, существенный, целый; интегральный
She had become an integral part of their lives.

integration /ˌɪn·təˈgreɪ·ʃən/ n [U] merging, joining; unification into a whole; abolition of

segregation, интеграция, объединение, укрупнение
Until President Truman integrated the armed forces in 1948, African-American
soldiers served in segregated army units.

integrity /ɪnˈteg·rɪ·t̬ i/ n [U] honesty, uprightness, morality; wholeness, unity; unimpaired

condition, честность, полнота, целостность, нетронутость
He was a man of the highest personal integrity.

intelligence /ɪnˈtel·ɪ·dʒəns/ n [U] ability to reason and understand; cleverness, brilliance;

knowledge, information; collecting of information, умственные способности,
разведка; рассудок, ум, интеллект; понятливость, смышленость; быстрое
понимание, сведения
She’s a child of normal intelligence but she’s emotionally immature.

intensity /ɪnˈten·sɪ·ɪ̬ i/ n [U] quality of being intense; strength, energy; strength of feeling;
extreme degree; depth; clarity, интенсивность, сила, глубина, напряженность,
энергия, яркость
Nurgul sings with emotional intensity.

interaction /ˌɪn·tərˈæk·ʃən/ n [C/U] mutual action, reciprocal action; communication

(Computers), взаимодействие
He guessed from the friendly interaction that they were close to the other parents
in the organization.

intermediate /ˌɪn·tərˈmid·i·ət/ adj mediatory, acting between persons or parties; existing

between two stages, промежуточный, вспомогательный, средний
He often used his father as an intermediate in arguments with her mother.

internal /ɪnˈtɜr·nəl/ adj interior, inner, inside, located within; of a country's domestic
affairs; of an individual's inner life, private, mental, внутренний, душевный,
сокровенный
The company will conduct an internal investigation.

interpretation /ɪnˌtɜr·prɪˈteɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U] explanation, elucidation; oral translation from one

language to another, толкование, объяснение, интерпретация, перевод (о
языке), дешифрирование
[C] We had different interpretations of the survey results.
61 
interval /ˈɪn·tər·vəl/ n [C] space of time between two events or actions; break, pause,
intermission; space between two periods of time, промежуток, расстояние,
интервал; пауза, перерыв, перемена, антракт
If there is a fire, the alarm will sound at 16-second intervals.
We’ve positioned guards around the embassy at intervals of 12 feet.

intervention /ˌɪn·tərˈven·ʃən/ n [C/U] interference, mediation; interference by one country in

the affairs of another, вмешательство, интервенция, посредничество
C] The intervention by UN troops prevented fighting from breaking out.

intrinsic /ɪnˈtrɪn·zɪk/, /-sɪk/ adj inherent, innate, essential, fundamental, natural,

внутренний; присущий
Each human being has intrinsic dignity and worth.

investigation /ɪnˌves·tɪˈgeɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U] probe, examination, inspection, следственный

[U] The cause of the fire is under investigation (= is being examined).

investment /ɪnˈvest .mənt/ [C or U] expenditure of money or effort for future benefits;

blockade, siege; cover as if with a garment; empowerment, authorization; install in
an office, instate, вклад; вложение капитала; инвестиция; капиталовложение;
капиталовложения
Stocks are regarded as good long-term investments.
The account requires a minimum investment of £1000.

invoke /ɪnˈvoʊk/ v [T] requests help or protection (from a deity); summon a spirit through
witchcraft; request, make an appeal; pray, призвать; призывать
He invoked the memory of his predecessor.

involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, /-ˈvɔlv/ v [T] include; cause to be concerned with, entangle; engage,
engross; complicate; incriminate, включать; включить; вовлекать; вовлечь
The operation involves inserting a small tube into the heart.

isolate /ˈɑɪ·səˌleɪt/ v [T] seclude, set apart, separate; separate one who is sick from others
who are healthy, quarantine (Medicine), изолировать
They tried to isolate the cause of the problem.

issue /ˈɪʃ·u/ n [C] act of sending out, distribution; something sent out, publication,
edition; subject, topic, matter under discussion; end result; children, offspring,
вопрос обсуждения; выписка; выпуск; выставление; издание; пункт; раздел;
эмиссия v. make available (stamp, stock, etc.); publish, distribute, circulate; come
forth, flow; put out; distribute; discharge, emit; result from, выдавать; выдать;
выйти; выпускать; выпустить; издавать; издать; пускать в обращение;
пустить в обращение
There continues to be a great deal of debate over the property tax issue.
Isn’t the need to hire more staff what’s really at issue here (= the subject of the
disagreement)?
item /ˈɑɪ·t̬ əm/ n [C] thing, object, article; news story, piece of information, scoop, piece
of gossip, кредитный инструмент; пункт
There were several more items on the agenda.

62 
 Fill in the blanks with a proper word.

1. Key points: the content of the new literacy framework will remain largely to the __________ old
framework.
a) ignored c) illustrated
b) identical d) initial

2. But the protest in Warsaw was totally ______ by the local media.
a) imposed c) ignored
b) induced d) inferred
3. _______ of climate change is also leading to a change in trend for some species.
a) impact c) implementation
b) index d) integration

4. Last week's court ruling has far-reaching _________for farming communities around the world.
a) implications c) insights
b) immigration d) infrastructure

5. In current discourse, teacher learning is often _____ rather than explicit.

a) incorporated c) imposed
b) identified d) implicit

6. Big classes don't necessarily _____ big objects: all objects of a class share member functions, for
instance.
a) imply c) income
b) insert d) isolate

7. The positive work of two terms of government initiating grading for carbon emissions and
providing cash back _________ for environmentally friendly motors will be futile.
a) inclination c) incentives
b) individual d) interpretation

8. Their position in the text should be clearly _______ in the margin at the appropriate point; sources
should be listed.
a) imaged c) issued
b) indicated d) inspected

9. I think the most important ideas in that song were already _______in it before we recorded it.
a) interval c) integral
b) inherent d) intrinsic

10. With a decrease in the duration of synaptic _______ both systems are found to break into clusters.
a) incompatible c) inhibition
b) initiative d) inspection

11. Your biography contains ______ of what may be called acts of “highway robbery.
a) instructions c) instances
b) investigation d) innovation
12. In other words, the high- _______training allowed nerve cells to ' reach out and touch ' an
increased number of muscle fibers.
a) incidence c) intelligence
b) intensity d) internal
63 
 Find the ‘I’ words in the puzzle.
D C I N C I D E N C E Y D V R P E E O Q J M K R T U
X O S V I P S S J V D E L N S W M K R V U N O O D G
D T Z U S M F T W W T P U B V K M C C O W H N D D T
I V W F G P P Z R A E O I N D I C A T E N V T G N H
K N V D Y S N L R E N Z U R E S B M O L J G U X O G
F I J V O M N O I M S R T N E R E H N I B E I Z U I
X N W U C M P Z S C E N Z N N O I T A N I L C N I S
B P Z F R R K N H T I F I Q O N T C N N E T L K P N
Y U G I O Y V O B O U T N F R Z A Y K A V C O D N I
T T C C X X H I N O I T A R G I M M I G I A C E K T
N A N O P P B T L R I R L O D L T Z I N T P X C D X
I I Y Z K J P A N I N C Q J B U W N O J N M O U T X
I W J N B F Y T O D C C U K C P S I J E E I L D U A
L I C O P Z W N I E O L P H V T T U H X C E G N N W
L B T I V Y A E T N M L V L A A D N O V N Q K I K C
U A W T D E N M I T E D Z N V U L A U D I V I D N I
S E M A I R X E B I L Z C O Y E V Y X I I N F E R P
T R K C R E E L I F C E N M R X I N E V I T A B L Y
R S V I P F D P H Y U N O I T C U R T S N I K B H G
A I E L U H N M N H I Y C T Q G U L A C I T N E D I
T E O P P I I I I N C O M P A T I B L E G U P P H V
E S A M V E N P N E I N S T I T U T E K X V L G B S
R O U I I Y Y G O L O E D I Z T D F V X D N S Y Y M
Z P H E R U T C U R T S A R F N I N I T I A L D X I
S M I N I T I A T I V E Z W V S P H Q J W F P N H I
C I I M P L Y Q I E G A M I N S P E C T I O N K H G
identical infer
identify infrastructure
ideology inherent
ignore inhibition
illustrate initial
image initiative
immigration injury
impact innovation
implementation input
implication insert
implicit insight
imply inspection
impose instance
incentive institute
incidence instruction.
inclination
income
incompatible
incorporated
index
indicate
individual
induced
inevitably
64 
 Complete the crossword.

1 2

5 6

7 8

10

11 12 13

14

65 
Across:
1. act of looking over carefully and critically
3. exactly alike, same; equal in every respect
4. act of coming to a country in order to take up permanent residence
5. act of implying
7. teaching, training; direction, guidance
9. list of subjects or other information arranged in alphabetical order
10. thing, object
11. placed at the beginning, first
14. amount of money received in payment for goods or services or from other sources
Down:
2. to make a business into a corporation (= business protected by specific laws)
3. human being
4. show; point out; mark
6.space of time between two events or actions
7. data fed into a computer or other device (Computers)
8. introduction of something new
9. indirectly suggeste
10. seclude, separate
11. figure; form
12. study of the origin and nature of ideas (Philosophy)
13. hurt

66 
 -Unit 7-

-J-
job /dʒɑb/ n.work, employment, occupation. занятие, работа; труд
a full-time/part-time/permanent/temporary job
to get/quit a job

journal /ˈdʒɜr·nəl/ n [C] record of daily occurrences; daybook. журнал, дневник,

ведомости
a scientific journal
The Wall Street Journal
justification /ˌdʒʌs·tə·fɪˈkeɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U]support, defense, explanation, reason обоснование;
оправдание; подтверждение
[U] She said that there was no justification for such rude behavior.

-L-
label /ˈleɪ.bəl/ n. [C] a piece of paper or other material which gives you information about
the object it is fixed to; г. прикреплять ярлык, помечать, этикетка, бирка,
маркировка;
Remember to put some address labels on the suitcases.
Washing instructions should be on the label.

labor /leɪ.bər/-bɚ/ n .[U] practical work, especially that which involves physical effort;
труд, работа, задание,
The car parts themselves are not expensive, it's the labour that costs the money.
manual labor (= hard work using the hands)
[U] workers, especially people who do practical work with their hands
skilled/unskilled labor
West was paid very little for his labors.
Retirement is the time to enjoy the fruits of your labors.

layer /ˈleɪ.ər/-ɚ/ n. [C] a level of material, such as a type of rock or gas, which is different
from the material above or below it, or a thin sheet of a substance; слой
the ozone layer
There was a thin layer of oil on the surface of the water.

lecture /ˈlek.tʃər/-tʃɚ/ n. [C] a formal talk on a serious or specialist subject given to a group
of people, especially students; доклад, лекция
We went to a lecture on Italian art.
Who's giving the lecture this afternoon?

legal /ˈliː.gəl/ adj .connected with the law; юридический, правовой, законный,
легальный,
legal advice
a legal obligation/requirement, legal status, your legal rights, legal
action/proceedings
Opposite: illegal

legislation /ˌledʒ.ɪˈsleɪ.ʃən/ n. [U] a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made
official by a parliament; законодательство, законодательная деятельность, законы
[+ to infinitive]
The government has promised to introduce legislation to limit fuel emissions from
cars.
67 
levy /ˈlev.i/ n.[C] an amount of money, such as a tax, that you have to pay to a government or
organization; сбор, взимание, обложение, взнос
They imposed a 5% levy on alcohol.
levy v. [T] A new tax was levied on consumers of luxury goods.

liberal /ˈlɪb.ər.əl/ adj respecting and allowing many different types of beliefs or
behavior; свободомыслящий, либеральный, обильный, гуманитарный, вольный,
небуквальный
a liberal society/attitude
Her parents were far more liberal than mine.
Opposite: illiberal or intolerant

license /ˈlaɪ.sənt s/ v. [T] to give someone official permission to do or have something; лицензия,
патент, разрешение;
Several companies have been licensed to sell these products.
licensed adj /ˈlaɪ.sənt st/ a licensed pilot, a licensed (= allowed to sell alcohol) restaurant

likewise /ˈlaɪk.waɪz/adv. in the same way; нареч. также, подобно, более того
Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.
INFORMAL "I haven't got time to spend hours preparing one dish!" "Likewise (= It's the same
for me)."

link /lɪŋk/n. [C] a connection between two people, things or ideas; соединять, связывать,
сцеплять, смыкать
There's a direct link between diet and heart disease.
Their links with Britain are still strong.

location /ləʊ ˈkeɪ.ʃən/n. a place or position; местонахождение, обнаружение

The hotel is in a lovely location overlooking the lake.
A map showing the location of the property will be sent to you.

logic /ˈlɑː.dʒɪk/ [U]n. a particular way of thinking, especially one which is reasonable and based on
good judgment; логика, логические схемы
I fail to see the logic behind his argument.
If prices go up, wages will go up too - that's just logic.

Fill in the blank with a proper word.

1. The types of fabrics used in the clothes can be found on the ______of it.
a)label c)logic
b)likewise d)location
2. She was patiently laboring over her sketchbooks.
What does the underlined word mean?
a)sleeping c)thinking
b)sitting d)working hard
3. Bears depend on ______ of blubbers to keep them warm in the water
a)lecture c)link
b)layer d)labor
4. She then invited him to Atlanta to _______ on the history of art.
a)lecture c)factor
b)logic d)finite

68 
5. Experience is a better guide to this than deductive _______.
a)generation c)logic
b)levy d)opinion
6. She wrote a letter calling for ________ to protect women's rights.
a)legislation c)legality
b)guarantee d) hence
7. Taxes should not be ________ without the authority of Parliament.
a)levied c)identified
b)highlighted d)inclined
8. Retirement is the time to enjoy the fruits of your __________.
a)labor c)liberal
b)legal d)legislation
9. A good driver always has driving ______ with him.
a)card c)license
b)initial d)index
10. The dream of young people is to grow old, and it is _________ the dream of their parents to
relive youth
a)likewise c)however
b)on the other hand d)first of all
11. ______ is a relationship between two things or situations.
a)ankle c)link
b)point d)inherent
12. We've found the perfect ______ for our family reunion.
a)inhibition c)period
b)location d)label

-M-

maintenance n /ˈmeɪn.tɪ.nənt s/ [U] the work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in good
condition; Техническое обслуживание
Old houses need a lot of maintenance.
The magazine offers tips on cutting your house maintenance costs.

major /ˈmeɪ.dʒər/ adj. [before noun] more important, bigger or more serious than others of
the same type; больший, более важный, главный, крупный, старший
All of her major plays have been translated into English.
There are two problems with this situation, one major, one minor.
The United States is a major influence in the United Nations.

manipulation /məˌnɪp.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/ [C or U]n. controlling someone or something to your own

advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly; манипуляция, манипулирование;
обращение
They have been accused of fraud and stock market manipulations.
There's been so much media manipulation of the facts that nobody knows the truth of
the matter.
The opposition party claims the president returned to power
through political manipulation.

manual /ˈmæn.ju.əl/ adj. done with the hands; ручной, мануальный, с ручным
управлением
the manual sorting of letters
She tried to cure the pain in my knee by putting manual pressure on the joint.

69 
 describes a machine that is operated with the hands rather than by electricity or a
motor
He still works on an old manual typewriter.

marginal /ˈmɑː.dʒɪ.nəl/adj. very small in amount or effect; написанный на полях книги;

маргинальный, краевой; предельный; незначительный, несущественный
The report suggests that there has only been a marginal improvement in women's pay
over the past few years.

mature /məˈtjʊər/adj. Mature people behave like adults in a way that shows they are well
developed emotionally; зрелый, спелый; развитой; выдержанный
He's very mature for his age.
A mature decision is one which is made after a lot of careful thought
Upon mature reflection, we find the accused guilty.

maximum /ˈmæk.sɪ.məm/adj. being the largest amount or number allowed or possible;

максимальный, высший , максимум, высшая степень
maximum speed/effort/temperature
The bomb was designed to cause the maximum amount of damage.

mechanism /ˈmek.ə.nɪ.zəm/ n.[C] a part of a machine, or a set of parts that work together;
механизм, аппарат, устройство, техника, механицизм
These automatic cameras have a special focusing mechanism.

media /ˈmiː.di.ə/n. the media [S + singular or plural verb] newspapers, magazines, radio and
television considered as a group, средства массовой информации
the local/national media, media attention/coverage/hype/reports. The issue has been
much discussed in the media.

mediate /ˈmiː.di.eɪt/ v. to talk to two separate people or groups involved in a disagreement to

try to help them to agree or find a solution to their problems; посредничество
Negotiators were called in to mediate between the two sides.
The two envoys have succeeded in mediating an end to the war.

medical /ˈmed.ɪ.kəl/ adj. related to the treatment of illness and injuries; врачебный,
медицинский,
medical advice, medical books, a medical team, medical workers

medium /ˈmiː.di.əm/adj. being in the middle between an upper and lower amount, size,
degree or value; средний, промежуточный, умеренный, среднекалиберный
a girl of medium height, a medium-sized book

mental /ˈmen.təl/adj. [before noun] relating to the mind, or involving the process of thinking;
мственный, производимый в уме, мысленный; психический; ненормальный
His physical and mental health had got worse.
Many people suffer from some form of mental illness during their lives.
She had a mental picture (= a picture in her mind) of how the house would look when
they finished decorating it.

method /ˈmeθ.əd/ n.[C] a particular way of doing something; метод, способ, прием,
система, методика, порядок, классификация
Travelling by train is still one of the safest methods of transport.
70 
 The new teaching methods encourage children to think for themselves.

migrate /maɪˈgreɪt/v.When an animal migrates, it travels to a different place, usually when

the season changes
These animals migrate annually in search of food.

If people migrate, they travel in large numbers to a new place to live temporarily;
миграция, переселение, перемещение, перелет
Mexican farm workers migrate into the US each year to find work at harvest time.

military /ˈmɪl.ɪ.tri/adj.relating to or belonging to the armed forces; военный, воинский

foreign military intervention, military targets/forces,military uniform

minimal /ˈmɪn.ɪ.məl/ adj.very small in amount; минимальный, очень маленький

There were no injuries and damage to the building was minimal.
minimally adverb

minimize /ˈmɪn.ɪ.maɪz/v. [T] to reduce something to the least possible level or amount;
доводить до минимума, преуменьшать
We must minimize the risk of infection.
Opposite: maximize

ministry /ˈmɪn.ɪ.stri/ n. [C] a department of the government led by a minister; Министерство

the Ministry of Defence/Agriculture

minority /maɪˈnɒr.ɪ.ti/n. [C] any small group in society that is different from the rest because
of their race, religion or political beliefs, or a person who belongs to such a group;
меньшинство, меньшая часть, меньшее число
ethnic/religious minorities
The plan was designed to help women and minorities overcome discrimination in
the workplace.

mode /məʊd/n. [C] a way of operating, living or behaving; метод, образ действия,
способ; режим, режим работы, образ действий; уклад, форма, вид
Each department in the company has its own mode of operation and none of them are
compatible.
Railways are the most important mode of transport for the economy.

modify /ˈmɒd.ɪ.faɪ/n. to change something such as a plan, opinion, law or way of behaviour
slightly, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable; измененный
Instead of simply punishing them, the system encourages offenders to modify their
behaviour.
The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in a modified form.

monitor /ˈmɑː.nɪ.t ̬ɚ/n. [T] to watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in
order to discover something about it; наставлять, советовать; контролировать,
проверять
The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
The CIA were monitoring (= secretly listening to) his phone calls.

motivation /ˌməʊ.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən/n. [U] enthusiasm for doing something; побуждение, мотивировка,

мотивация, движущая сила

71 
 He's a bright enough student - he just lacks motivation.
There seems to be a lack of motivation among the staff.

mutual /ˈmjuː.tʃu.əl/ adj. (of two or more people or groups) feeling the same emotion, or
doing the same thing to or for each other; взаимный, обоюдный, общий,
совместный
Theirs was a partnership based on mutual respect, trust and understanding.
The agreement was terminated by mutual consent.

Fill in the gap with a proper word.

1.The window had been replaced last week during routine _________of the government.
a)mutual c)motivation
b)maintenance d)modify

2.The use of drugs is a ______ problem.

a)grade c)major
b)little d)minor

3.They have kids, who _________ them into buying toys.

a)modify c)lead
b)mediate d)manipulate

4.________work is always more expensive than factory one, because it requires more efforts.
a)granted c) artificial
b)hierarchical d) manual

5.Unfortunately, there was a __________ improvement in lives of our citizens.

a)huge c)considerable
b)marginal d)maximal

6.How do we call a government department which deals with a particular thing or area of
activity, for example trade, defense, or transport?
a)ministry c)court
b)department d)minister

7.Usually the choice of ______ doesn’t affect the result of voting.

a)majority c)minority
b)people d)students

8.There are three _______ of language: speech, writing and signing.

a)modes c)members
b)factors d)parts

9.The club members did agree to _________ their recruitment policy, to improve it.
a)focus c)modify
b)identify d)adapt

72 
10.After a _________ done by government, it is found out that in some places the laws imposed
by the government are not obeyed
a)monitoring c) motivation
b)incentive d) investigation

11.___________ is the main thing that helps people in the way to their aims.
a)motivation c)generation
b)inhibition d) action

12.The East and the West can work together for their _______ benefit and progress...
a)multiple c)global
b)mutual d) federal

Find the ‘J’ , ‘L’ and ‘M’ words in the puzzle.

Q O M Z D G V L G L I K E W I S E I M L
L M Y E A E E M I N I M A L P M Y E N A
O I U S N C Z L E V Y K R P M R T O F R
C P Q M T T C I M Y E V M M T H I T M E
A O N U I L A A M C L S M S O T Z L D B
T N R O L N X L N I I I I D A S I O Z I
I E W A I I I A Q N N N K L Y M M E M L
O F Y S M T N M A O I I S Y H O V O W Q
N E M U V E A H R M O I M E R D T O L N
R R M E T E C I L A G E L O N I M A Y O
J U T N D E T D D E Q S J P V F N R L I
O T I L M I Y P L E K A Y A M I L O A T
B A P I E X A L Z F M Q T I G E O B U A
M M D S M E D I U M O I G R L D G A N L
M O N I T O R I N G O R A P U C I L A U
L W B M U T U A L N A M K N I L C C M P
K E S N E C I L N T N T M E D I C A L I
W J B K V Z N O I T A C I F I T S U J N
T T E A U R N O N G H L A N R U O J Z A
L R X Z L F N W M I L I T A R Y Z Z A M
job location mental
journal logic method
justification maintenance migration
label major military
labor manipulation minimal
layer manual minimized
lecture marginal minimum
legal mature ministry
legislation maximum minorities
levy mechanism mode
liberal media modified
license mediation monitoring
likewise medical motivation
link medium mutual

73 
 Complete the crossword.

1 2 3

4 5 6

10 11

12

13 14

15

17

18

Across: Down:
4. not big and 12. a formal talk 1. connection 9. official
not small on a serious 2. particular way of permission to do
6. occupation subject thinking something

7. city in 15. preposition 3. record of daily 10. done with the

Kyrgyzstan often used in occurrences hands
Passive Voice 11. connected to
8. department of 4. newspapers,radio
the 16. place illnesses
5. control
government 17. in the same 13. a piece of paper
way 8. change which gives you
10. particular way
of doing 18. important information about
something the object
14. done by
agreement of both
sides
16. practical work

74 
 -Unit 8-
-N-

negative /ˈneg.ə.tɪv/ adj.expressing

We received a negative answer to our request.
Opposite: affirmative A negative sentence or phrase is one which contains a word
such as 'not', 'no', 'never' or 'nothing'
'I've never seen him in my life' is a negative sentence.
'Don't' and 'do not' are negative forms of 'do'.

network /ˈnet.wɜːk/n.[C] a large system consisting of many similar parts that are connected
together to allow movement or communication between or along the parts or between
the parts and a control centre; сеть, сетка, плетенка, плетение; цепь, схема;
радиотрансляционная сеть, телевизионная сеть
a television network, a road/rail network, a computer network
Massive investment is needed to modernise the country's telephone network.
We could reduce our costs by developing a more efficient distribution network.
a network of spies/a spy network

neutral /ˈnjuː.trəl/ˈnuː-/adj. not saying or doing anything that would encourage or help any
of the groups involved in an argument or war; нейтральный; средний,
неопределенный, промежуточный
If there's an argument between my daughter and her mother, it's important that
I remain neutral.
The peace conference would have to be held in a neutral country.
I'd rather meet on neutral ground/territory (= somewhere not controlled by or
connected to either of us) rather than in his apartment.

nevertheless /ˌnev.ə.ðəˈles/-ɚ-/ adv. despite what has just been said or referred to; несмотря на,
однако, тем не менее
I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting nevertheless.

nonetheless /ˌnʌn.ðəˈles/adv. (ALSO nevertheless) despite what has just been said or done;
несмотря на, однако, тем не менее
There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time
to return.

normal /ˈnɔː.məl/ˈnɔːr-/adj. ordinary or usual; the same as would be expected; нормальное

состояние
a normal working day
Lively behaviour is normal for a four-year-old child.
They were selling the goods at half the normal cost.
The temperature was above/below normal for the time of year.

norm /nɔːm/nɔːrm/ n. an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that

most people agree with; норма, критерий, образец, стандарт, норматив
Europe's varied cultural, political and ethical norms
accepted social norms
the norm
75 
 a situation or type of behaviour that is expected and considered to be typical
One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries.

notion /ˈnəʊ.ʃən/n. [C or U] (a) belief or idea; понятие, представление, взгляд; мнение,

точка зрения; идея, изобретение; намерение
[+ that] The programme makers reject the notion that seeing violence on television
has a harmful effect on children.

I have only a vague notion of what she does for a living.

notwithstanding /ˌnɒt.wɪðˈstæn.dɪŋ/ˌdespite the fact or thing mentioned; несмотря на,

вопреки
Notwithstanding some members' objections, I think we must go ahead with the
plan.
Injuries notwithstanding, he won the semi-final match.

nuclear /ˈnjuː.klɪər/ˈnuː.kliː.ɚ/ adj.being or using the power produced when the nucleus of
an atom is divided or joined to another nucleus; ядерный, атомный, нуклеарный,
содержащий ядро
nuclear energy/power, a nuclear power plant, the nuclear industry

Fill in the gap with a proper word.

1.______ thinking stops people from starting something new.
a)nuclear c)mutual
b)common d)negative
2.Web, net and _______area system of things which are connected and which operate together.
a)network c)cross
b)labyrinth d)notion
3.Those who had decided to remain _______ in the struggle now found themselves required to
take
sides.
a)controversial c) contentious
b)neutral d) finite

4.The economy has increased. ________we still have poor people.

a)Moreover c) Although
b)By the way d) Nevertheless

5.Some of the shops were closed but that's quite ______ for a Thursday afternoon.
a)fundamental c)normal
b)impact d)standart
6.The administration established the ______ of the work that should be done in a year
a)norms c)fees
b)implies d)sort
7.Children have different notions about the roles of their parents. Which of thewords can NOT
replace the underlined word?
a)understanding c)conception
b)hint d)belief
8.He despised William Pitt, _______ the similar views they both held.
a)notwithstanding c)supporting
b)opposite d)defending

76 
 9.DNA is an acid in the chromosomes in the center of the cells of living things. We can say that it
is a _________ part of the cell
a)norma c)outer
b)neutral d)nuclear

-O-

objective /əbˈdʒek.tɪv/ n.[C] something which you plan to do or achieve; целевой,

действительный; объективный,
Her main/prime objective now is simply to stay in power.
Can the sales force achieve/meet its financial objectives?

obtain /əbˈteɪn/ V. [T] to get something, especially by asking for it, buying it, working for
it or producing it from something else
to obtain permission; получать, доставать, добывать, приобретать, добиваться,
достигать
First editions of these books are now almost impossible to obtain.

obvious /ˈɒb.vi.əs/ˈadj. clear; easy to see, recognize or understand; явный, очевидный,

ясный, понятный, банальный, тривиальный
[+ (that)] It's obvious (that) she doesn't like him.
They have a small child so for obvious reasons they need money.

occupational /ˌɒk.jʊˈpeɪ.ʃən.əl/ˌadj. relating to or caused by your job; профессиональный

Back problems are an occupational hazard (= a risk that you take in a job) for any
desk-bound office worker,an occupational disease

occur /əˈkɜːr/-ˈkɝː/ v. (especially of accidents and other unexpected events) to happen;

случаться, происходить, иметь место;
An accident involving over ten vehicles has occurred in the east-bound lane.
If any of these symptoms occur while you are taking the medicine, consult your doctor
immediately.

odd /ɒd/ɑːd/ adj. strange or unexpected; нечетный, непарный; добавочный, лишний,

остающийся; разрозненный; случайный, странный
Her father was an odd man.
That's odd (= surprising) - I'm sure I put my keys in this drawer and yet they're not
here.
It must be odd to live on the 43rd floor.

offset /ˌɒfˈset/ˌɑːf-/ v. to balance one influence against an opposing influence, so that

there is no great difference as a result; возмещать, компенсировать; вознаграждать;
The extra cost of travelling to work is offset by the lower price of houses here.
He keeps his petrol receipts because petrol is one of the expenses that he can
offset against

ongoing /ˈɒŋˌgəʊ.ɪŋ/ adj.continuing to exist or develop, or happening at the present moment;

продолжающийся
an ongoing investigation/process/project
No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations are still ongoing.

option /ˈɒp.ʃən/ˈɑːp-/n. [C or U] one thing which can be chosen from a set of possibilities,
or the freedom to make a choice; выбор, свобода выбора, вариант, опция
a share option
77 
 The publishers decided not to take up their option on the paperback version.

orientation /ˌɔː.ri.enˈteɪ.ʃən/n. [U] the particular preferences, tendencies, beliefs or opinions that
a person has; ориентация, ориентировка, ориентирование
We employ people without regard to their political or sexual orientation.

outcome /ˈaʊt.kʌm/n. [C usually singular] a result or effect of an action, situation, etc;

результат, последствие, исход, развязка, выход
It's too early to predict the outcome of the meeting.

output /ˈaʊt.pʊt/ [U]n. an amount of something produced by a person, machine, factory,

country, etc; продукция, продукт, выпуск; мощность, производительность
Last year British manufacturing output fell by 14%.

overall /ˌəʊ.vəˈrɔːl/adj.adv. [before noun] in general rather than in particular, or including all
the people or things in a particular group or situation; в общем и целом, повсюду,
повсеместно, полностью
The overall situation is good, despite a few minor problems.
Overall, it has been a good year.

overlap /ˌəʊ.vəˈlæp/ˌv. [I or T] to cover something partly by going over its edge; to cover
part of the same space; заходить один за другой, частично покрывать,
перекрывать, частично совпадать
The fence is made of panels which overlap (each other).

overseas /ˌəʊ.vəˈsiːz/ˌoʊ.vɚ-/adj.adv in, from or to other countries; за границей, через море

We need to open up overseas markets.
There are a lot of overseas students in Cambridge.

78 
 Fill in the gap with the proper word.
1.A person should set realistic goals and _________.
a)opinions c)objectives
b)actions d)clues
2.The main advantage of acquiring knowledge is to be an educated individual.
a)obtaining c)giving
b)pushing d)overlap
3.It was _________ that he was inane.
a)ambiguous c)bombastic
b)offset d)obvious
4.He made a big sacrifice in his career path, and that was his _______ hazard.
a)personal c)objective
b)occupational d)legal
5.The Second World War occurred between 1941-1945.
a)happened c)modified
b)possessed d)imposed
6. “He always behaves like a child; he is very________”
a)sane c)finite
b)hence d)odd
7.The population of China is augmenting every day, and it’s becoming an/a _______ process.
a)deteriorating c)ongoing
b)monitoring d)arcading
8.Though he did not know the answer, he randomly chose the correct _______.
a)button c)anthology
b)option d)output
9.For new college students, a/an ________ is really challenging.
a)outcome c)consolidation
b)orientation d)predilection
10.To get the results of a chemical reaction, you should combine amino acid with alcohol.
a)output c)formula
b)outcomes d)focus
11.The governors and head have ________________responsibility for managing the school.
a)neutral c)overall
b)normal d)minimal

12.I have to take both Sociology and Spanish classes.Yet they _______ in time I do not know what
to do.
a)overlap c)interval
b)integrate d)offse

13.He has gained a lot of experience having worked _______________

a)minimal c)urban
b)likewise d)overseas

79 
 Find the ‘N’ and‘O’ words in the puzzle.

X U I I M P J V K O K X P D D O R R E I
Z L G U Q L H R Y U B Q V S U O I V B O
D Z I N X Z O C D F T T E F Y U M M Q F
B Z G F I W H O C C U P A T I O N A L O
B N L K T D P M N N P E S I C K O E O U
C F S E Z A N L D E E S U N N R B U N T
D L N S U X R A V Y E L O Z I E F Q K C
O M J I E A T C T L K T L E V T D Y N O
G L J B E L R L E S I Y N Y D G T R H M
C C Q L W I E H A O H T P A L R E V O E
G W C Y P S T H N R A T I O C R A Y O S
R U A H S E S M T T T C I A V D G N Y V
N P P M N Z R O I R H U U W N E G G O Z
A L R O F Z Y O V O E O E O T O R N M R
X O N D D M N N D E V V Z N I O R A T Z
N T U P T U O G O D R M E N U X N M L V
E V I T C E J B O I K S G N V M T I A L
C H U L S O C C U R T F E E G J R Z R L
N B I T E S F F O K F P M A F R K T S K
E V I T A G E N Q Y A J O L S Z G B M Z
notwithstanding ongoing
negative nuclear option
network objective orientation
neutral obtained outcomes
nevertheless obvious output
nonetheless occupational overall
normal occur overlap
norms odd overseas
notion offset

80 
Complete the crossword.

1 2 3

4 5

6 7 8

9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16 17

18

19

20

21  

81

Across:  
1. Result
3. To be found to exist or appear
4. To succeed in gaining possession
5. In general
7. A belief or opinion.
9. Caused by your job
11. Using or possessing atomic or
hydrogen bombs.
13. Not taking part in a fight or war or
having very little color.
14. To cover something partly
15. To balance one influence against an
opposing influence
16. Regular, natural or staying with the
general standard.
20. A structure with cords, threads or
wires crossing each other.
21. However or in spite of
Down:
2. Something which you plan to do or achieve
3. The particular preferences
4. Strange
6. However.
7. A standard, model, or pattern regarded as
typical
8. In spite of the fact that; although.
10. Other countries
12. Something that refuses or denies, a person or
thing that is not positive.
17. Easily seen
18. Continuing to exist or develop
19. One thing which can be chosen from a set of
possibilities
82 
 -Unit 9-
-P-
panel /ˈpæn.əl/ n. [C + singular or plural verb] a small group of people chosen to give
advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions as entertainment;
персонал, комиссия, участники дискуссии
The competition will be judged by a panel of experts.

paradigm /ˈpær.ə.daɪm/n. a model of something, or a very clear and typical example of

something; пример, образец, парадигма
Some of these educators are hoping to produce a change in the current cultural
paradigm.

paragraph /ˈpær.ə.grɑːf/ˈn. a short part of a text, consisting of at least one sentence and
beginning on a new line. It usually deals with a single event, description, idea, etc.;
абзац, параграф, пункт, газетная заметка, корректурный знак

parallel /ˈpær.ə.lel/ˈn. If two or more lines, streets, etc. are parallel, the distance between
them is the same all along their length; параллельный, аналогичный, подобный
Draw a pair of parallel lines.
Hills Road is parallel to Mill Road.

parameter /pəˈræm.ɪ.tər/ n. a set of facts or a fixed limit which establishes or limits how
something can or must happen or be done; параметр
The researchers must keep within the parameters of the experiment.
The central office sets/establishes the parameters which guide policy at the local
level.

participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/pɑːrˌtɪs.ə-/n. [U] when you take part or become involved in

something; Участие

partnership /ˈpɑːt.nə.ʃɪp/ˈn. [C or U] the state of being a partner; [C] a company which is owned
by two or more people; участие, товарищество, компания, сотрудничество,
компаньоны the John Lewis Partnership

passive /ˈpæs.ɪv/ ADJ. not acting to influence or change a situation; allowing other people to
be in control; пассивный, инертный, бездеятельный, покорный
He's very passive in the relationship.
Men have always played an active part in leading worship while women have been
confined to more passive roles.

perceive /pəˈsiːv/pɚ-/ v. [T] to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about
something; понимать, осознавать, постигать, различать, ощущать, чувствовать,
воспринимать, усматривать, усмотреть
How do the French perceive the British?
Women's magazines are often perceived to be superficial.

percent /pəˈsent/pɚ-/ adv. for or out of every 100, shown by the symbol %; Процент
You got 20 percent of the answers right - that means one in every five.
Only 40% of people bothered to vote in the election.

period /ˈpɪə.ri.əd/ n.a length of time; период, срок, эпоха; точка

Her work means that she spends long periods away from home.
83 
 Unemployment in the first half of 1993 was 2% lower than in the same period the
year before.

persistent /pəˈsɪs.tənt/pɚ-/adj. lasting for a long time or difficult to get rid of; упорный,
настойчивый, стойкий; устойчивый, постоянный, неопадающий
a persistent smell/skin rash
Symptoms of the illness include a high temperature and a persistent dry cough.

perspective /pəˈspek.tɪv/ n. [C] a particular way of considering something; перспектива, вид,

виды на будущее
Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject.
He writes from a Marxist perspective.

phase /feɪz/ n. [C] any stage in a series of events or in a process of development; фаза,
стадия, период, этап; аспект, сторона; фация [геол.]; разновидность
The project is only in the initial phase as yet, but it's looking quite promising.
We're entering a new phase in international relations.
a period of strange or difficult behaviour, especially that a young child or person goes
through, that will stop after a while
When I was in my early teens I went through a phase of only ever wearing black.

phenomenon /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/n. [C] (plural phenomena)

something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something which is
unusual or interesting; явление, феномен, необыкновенное явление
Gravity is a natural phenomenon.
Do you believe in the paranormal and other psychic phenomena?
There's evidence to suggest that child abuse is not just a recent phenomenon.

philosophy /fɪˈlɒs.ə.fi/n. [U] the use of reason in understanding such things as the nature of
reality and existence, the use and limits of knowledge and the principles that govern
and influence moral judgment; философия, философский подход к жизни
René Descartes is regarded as the founder of modern philosophy.

physical /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kəl/n. connected with the body; физический, материальный, телесный

physical exercise/fitness/strength/disabilities
I'm not a very physical sort of person (= I don't enjoy physical activities).

plus /plʌs/ preposition.added to; плюс ,прил. добавочный, дополнительный,

положительный
What is six plus four?
The rent will be £75 a week, plus (= added to the cost of) gas and electricity.

policy /ˈpɒl.ə.si/ˈpɑː.lə-/ n.[C] a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations

that has been agreed officially by a group of people, a business organization, a
government or a political party; политика, линия поведения; курс, установка;
политичность, хитрость, ловкость; страховой полис, полис
They believe that the European Community needs a common foreign and security
policy.
What is your party's policy on immigration?

portion /ˈpɔː.ʃən/ˈpɔːr-/ n.[C] a part or share of something larger; часть, доля, надел,
приданое, порция, удел,
A large/major portion of the company's profit goes straight back into new
projects.
84 
 I accept my portion of the blame.
the amount of a particular food that is served to one person, especially in a restaurant
or a shop which sells food ready to be eaten
The portions are very generous in this restaurant.

pose /pəʊz/v. [T] to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty; ставить в

определенную позу, позировать; красоваться; излагать, формулировать,
предлагать
Nuclear weapons pose a threat to everyone.
The mountain terrain poses particular problems for civil engineers.

positive /ˈpɒz.ə.tɪv/ˈadj.  hopeful and confident, or giving cause for hope and confidence;
позитив, положительная степень a positive attitude. The past ten years have seen
some very positive developments in East-West relations.There was a very positive
response to our new design - people seemed very pleased with it.

potential /pəʊ ˈten.t ʃəl/adj. [before noun] possible when the necessary conditions exist;
потенциальный, возможный
A number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the company.
The accident is a grim reminder of the potential dangers involved in North Sea oil
production.

practitioner  /prækˈtɪʃ.ən.ər/‐n. someone involved in a skilled job or activity; практикующий

врач, практикующий юрист
Elizabeth Quan is a London-based practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine.
She was a medical practitioner (= a doctor) before she entered politics.

preceding /prɪˈsiː.dɪŋ/ adj.[before noun] existing or happening before someone or something;

предшествующий
The paintings are a development of ideas she explored in the preceding decade.
In conclusion, I hope the preceding arguments have convinced you of the need for
action.

precise /prɪˈsaɪs/prə-/ adj. exact and accurate; очный, определенный, аккуратный,

тщательный, пунктуальный, педантичный, щепетильный, четкий, ясный
The bunker's precise location is a closely guarded secret.
He caught me at the precise moment that I fainted.
There was a good turnout for the meeting - twelve of us to be precise.

predict /prɪˈdɪkt/ v.[T] to say that an event or action will happen in the future, especially as
a result of knowledge or experience; Предсказать
It's still not possible to accurately predict the occurrence of earthquakes.
Who could have predicted that within ten years he'd be in charge of the whole
company?

predominantly/prɪˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt.li/ adv. mostly or mainly; преимущественно

a predominantly Muslim community
She is predominantly a dancer, but she also sings.

preliminary /prɪˈlɪm.ɪ.nər.i/adj.[before noun] coming before a more important action or event,

especially introducing or preparing for it; предварительный
Preliminary results show that the vaccine is effective, but this has to be confirmed by
further medical trials.
85 
 We've decided to change the design based on our preliminary findings.

presumption /prɪˈzʌmp.ʃən/ n.[C or U] when you believe that something is true without having
any proof; предположение, основание для предположения, вероятность,
презумпция, самонадеянность
The presumption of innocence is central to British law.
There is no scientific evidence to support such presumptions.

previous /ˈpriː.vi.əs/ adj. [before noun] happening or existing before something or someone
else; предыдущий, предшествующий, преждевременный, поспешный,
опрометчивый
built an extension on the back.
Training is provided, so no previous experience is required for the job.
He has two daughters from a previous marriage.

primary /ˈpraɪ.mə.ri/ adj. more important than anything else; main; первоначальный,
первичный, начальный, простейший, основной, важнейший, главный,
преимущественный
The Red Cross's primary concern is to preserve and protect human life.
The primary responsibility lies with those who break the law.

prime /praɪm/ adj.[before noun] main or most important; первоначальный, первичный,

главный, важнейший, основной, превосходный, лучший, наилучший
This is a prime example of 1930s architecture.
the prime suspect in a murder investigation

principal /ˈprɪnt .sɪ.pəl/ adj.[before noun] first in order of importance; главный,

основной, ведущий
Iraq's principal export is oil.
He was principal dancer at the Dance Theatre of Harlem.
That was my principal reason for moving.

principle  /ˈprɪnt .sɪ.pl ̩/ n[C] a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something
happens or works; принцип, правило, закон, принцип устройства, источник,
первопричина, причина, составная часть, элемент the principles of the
criminal justice system
The country is run on socialist principles.
The organization works on the principle that all members have the same rights.

prior /praɪər/adj. [before noun] existing or happening before something else, or before a
particular time; прежний, предшествующий, предшествовавший, более важный
The course required no prior knowledge of Spanish.
They had to refuse the dinner invitation because of a prior engagement (= something
already planned for that time).
prior to sth- before a particular time or event: the weeks prior to her death

priority /praɪˈɒr.ɪ.ti/-n. [C or U] something that is very important and must be dealt with
before other things; приоритет, старшинство, порядок очередности, очередность,
порядок срочности
The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority.
My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live.

86 
procedure /prəˈsiː.dʒər/ n. [C or U] a set of actions which is the official or accepted way of
doing something; процедура, операция, технологический процесс, методика
проведения, образ действия
The company has new procedures for dealing with complaints.
You must follow correct procedure at all times.

process /ˈprəʊ.ses/ n. [C] a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result;
процесс, ход; течение, движение; судопроизводство; способ, метод;
the peace process
Increasing the number of women in top management jobs will be a slow process.
This decision may delay the process of European unification.

professional:  /prəˈfeʃ.ən.əl/adj.    related to work that needs special training or education;

профессиональный, имеющий профессию, имеющий специальность

Chris, you're a nurse, so can I ask your professional opinion on bandaging

ankles?
Both doctors have been charged with professional misconduct (= bad or unacceptable
behaviour in their work).
describes someone who does a job that people usually do as a hobby
She's a professional dancer/photographer.
He's a runner who's just turned professional. (= His running used to be a hobby, but
now it is his job.)

prohibit: /prəˈhɪb.ɪt/v. [T often passive] to officially forbid (= refuse to allow) something;

запрещать, возбранять, мешать, препятствовать
Motor vehicles are prohibited from driving in the town centre.
The government introduced a law prohibiting tobacco advertisements on TV.
Parking is strictly prohibited between these gates.

project /ˈprɒdʒ.ekt/ˈn. [C]a piece of planned work or an activity which is finished over a
period of time and intended to achieve a particular aim; проектировать, составлять
план; выдаваться, бросать; отражать, проецировать .с. план, программа,
стройка,
the Kings Cross housing project
a scientific research project
My next project is decorating the kitchen.
a study of a particular subject done over a period of time, especially by students
He's doing a class project on pollution.
In our third year at college everyone had to do a special project.

promote: /prəˈməʊt/-ˈmoʊt/ v. [T] to encourage the popularity, sale, development or existence

of something; поддерживать; повышать по службе, повышать в чине или звании;
Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products.
The Institute is intended to promote an understanding of the politics and culture of the
Arab world.

proportion: /prəˈpɔː.ʃən/ n. [C + singular or plural verb] the number or amount of a group or part
of something when compared to the whole; ропорция, количественное
соотношение, количественное отношение
Children make up a large proportion of the world's population.
A higher proportion of women now smoke than used to be the case.
87 
 The report shows that poor families spend a larger proportion of their income on
food.

prospect: /ˈprɒs.pekt/ˈn. [C or U] the possibility that something good might happen in the
future; вид, панорама, перспектива, разведка, виды на будущее, планы на
будущее,
Is there any prospect of the weather improving?
There seems little prospect of an end to the dispute.
prospects
the possibility of being successful, especially at work
She's hoping the course will improve her career prospects.

protocol: /ˈproʊ.t ̬ə.kɑːl/ n. [U] the system of rules and acceptable behaviour used at official
ceremonies and occasions; протокол, прелиминарные условия договора,
дополнительное международное соглашение, правила этикета, правила
дипломатического этикета, протокольный отдел
a breach of Royal protocol, diplomatic protocol

psychology: /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/ n. [U] the scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it
influences behaviour, or the influence of a particular person's character on their
behavior; психология
She studied psychology at Harvard.
a lecturer in psychology, child psychology, the psychology of the soldier

publication: /ˌpʌb.lɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ n. [U] the act of making information or stories available to people in
a printed form; Публикации
The brochure will be ready for publication in September.
Will you arrange the publication of the names of the winners?
When is the publication date (= When will the book be available to buy)?• 

[C] a book, magazine, newspaper or document in which information or stories are

published
Our latest publication is a magazine for health enthusiasts.

publish: /ˈpʌb.lɪʃ/ v. [T] to make information available to people, especially in a book,

magazine or newspaper, or to produce and sell a book, magazine or newspaper;
опубликованный, изданный, вышедший
She's just had an article published in their weekend supplement.
The Government publishes figures every six months showing how many people are
unemployed.
The names of the winners of the competition will be published in June.
She was only 19 when her first novel was published.

publishing: /ˈpʌb.lɪ.ʃɪŋ/ [U]n. a career in publishing

purchase: /ˈpɜː.tʃəs/ v. to buy; покупать, закупать, приобретать, приобрести,

Tickets must be purchased two weeks in advance.
Except under clearly defined circumstances, it is illegal in Britain for a company to
purchase its own shares.
She purchased her first house with the money.

pursue: /pəˈsjuː/v. [T] to follow someone or something, usually to try to catch or kill them;
преследовать, гнаться за; следовать по намеченному пути, действовать по
плану, продолжать
88 
 The car was pursued by helicopters.
The hunters spent hours pursuing their prey.
He was killed by the driver of a stolen car who was being hotly pursued by the police.

Fill in the gaps with a proper word.

1.She refuses to allow her family to help her as a matter of __________.
a)paragraph c)principle
b)mediation d)favor

2.Although not essential, some ___________ knowledge of statistics is desirable.

a)prior c)principal
b)invigorative d)principle

3.Our first ______ is to improve the standards of education.

a)savory c)priority
b)premonition d)harbinger
4.Making a complaint is quite a simple___________.
a)phase c)procedure
b)omen d)foresight

5.Find which food you are allergic to buy ___________ of elimination.

a)primary c)decade
b)bode d)process
6.Mr. Adams is considered to be a _____________ businessman among leaders in the business
world.
a)prescient c)professional
b)marginal d)clairvoyant

7.Smoking is prohibited in public places.

a)allowed c)let
b)permitted d) banned

8.The party attempted to assemble its aims into a focused political __________.
a)unity c)project
b)coherence d)portend

9.One of the most critical policies of__________ business is by advertising on the internet and
attracting importers.
a)appealing c)purchasing
b)promoting d)involving

10.The _________ of regular smoker increases with age.

a)interaction c)parameter
b)inclination d)proportion

11.There is no immediate __________ of peace.

89 
a)affront c)effect
b)prospect d)malady

12.He gave a speech on the __________ of diplomatic visits.

a)index c)protocol
b)link d)source

13.He is taking a course on cognitive _______ .

a)psychology c)shift
b)decision d)prospect

Find the ‘P’ words in the puzzle.

T P P P N Y H P O S O L I H P L E N A P
V R O R W P R O F E S S I O N A L P H P
P I R O P U P P F P Q P L P M P A J L A
E N T J R B R M A H R W H P E R R U A R
R C I E E L E P Y R X E R Y A R S I P A
S I O C D I L R N F T I C G S K I R M M
P P N T I C I O L O O I R E F I E O W E
E A O P C A M C P R I A C S D D C N D T
C L I E T T I E Q A P T R I O I V A L E
T D T R E I N D S H R E R M P P N A L R
I E P S D O A U X U N T I O R A I G S S
V V M I Q N R R D O O N N I P T T S G X
E I U S Y P Y E I Y A I N E N O E I Q Q
P E S T Z R S T C N Z C V E R C R E O G
A C E E C O I I T E I F T E O S G P L N
S R R N P T L L N P W O E R R P H A S E
S E P T C O Y O L C P P P F J P Y I C B
I P X A P C O E P D E T I B I H O R P I
V E R Y G O L O H C Y S P O S I T I V E
E P G Q Y L W F W N O N E M O N E H P F
physical prime
panel plus principal
paragraph policy principle
parameters portion prior
participation posed procedure
partnership positive process
passive potential professional
perceived practitioners prohibited
period preceding project
persistent predicted proportion
perspective predominantly protocol
phase preliminary psychology
phenomenon presumption publication
philosophy previous
 

90 
Complete the Crossword.

5 6

7 8

10

11

12

91 
   

   

   

   

Across: Down:
1. To advance in 7. An acceptance of 1. A section or 8. To see, hear or feel
rank something as true piece of a something or to
3. Something without proof, or whole. have an
bought an attitude of 2. Something that understanding of
superiority. happens or something.
4. A widely
accepted 10. Bishkek ____ is a comes before 9. The thing that
example, new shopping the main occurred before
belief or center action. something
concept. 11. Forbidden 3. Short and clear else,preceding.

5. Someone or 12. Main 4. to follow 10. a part or share of

something someone something
that holds the 5. eight ___ 11. science of mind,
highest rank seven is fifteen study of personality

6. Someone or 12. Contract

something that
is stubborn or
keeps on
going.

92 
 -Unit 10-
-Q-
qualitative    /ˈkwɑl·ɪˌteɪ·t̬ ɪv/ adj.pertaining to quality, pertaining to characteristics.
Качественный
There’s a qualitative difference between seeing a live performance in a
theater and watching a movie.

quotation /kwoʊˈteɪ·ʃən/ n [C] act of repeating the words of another person;citation,

passage taken from another source. цитата; цена, расценка
A quotation from Shakespeare prefaces the novel.
 

-R-

radical /ˈræd·ɪ·kəl/ adj. having extreme political views; fundamental, pertaining to a

root; advocating complete reform. коренной, основной,
фундаментальный, полный, радикальный
White’s political orientation was decidedly liberal, but hardly radical.

random /ˈræn·dəm/ adj.accidentally, by chance,unplanned. сделанный наугад,

выбранный наугад, случайный.
He was stopped at the border in a random check.

range /reɪndʒ/ n [C/U]determine the range of a target;ряд, линия, цепь,

вереница, серия; сфера, зона, область, круг;
a wide range of subjects
The coat was beautiful, but way out of my price range.

ratio /ˈreɪ·ʃIˌoʊ/ n [C] (plural ratios)proportional relation, relationship of

quantity or size between two things. отношение, коэффициент, пропорция
a low student-teacher ratio
The ratio of men to women at the conference was ten to one.

rational /ˈræʃ·ə·nəl/ adj.logical, reasonable; intelligent. разумный,,рациональный.

a rational decision
Obviously, he wasn’t rational.

reaction /riˈæk·ʃən/ n [C]behavior, a feeling, or an action that is a direct result of

something else. реакция, реагирование; воздействие, влияние, действие
My initial reaction was to call off the party.
Senator, what is your reaction to the proposal to cut Medicare benefits?

recovery /rɪˈkʌv·ə·ri/ n [C/U]recuperation; getting well; return.

возврат; выздоровление, исцеление; возмещение
[U] The economy is showing signs of recovery.
[C] The story deals with the recovery of (= getting back) stolen jewelry.

refine /rɪˈfɑɪn/ v [T]purify, fitler. очищать, рафинировать, улучшать.

Sugar and oil are refined before use.
We haven’t finished refining the plan yet.

93 
regime /reɪˈʒim/, /rə-/ n [C]mode of rule, system of government, form of
government. режим; строй; диета
a Communist/totalitarian regime

region /ˈri·dʒən/ n [C]area, territory; field, area of activity or interest, sphere.

область, район, зона, край, регион, страна, сфера
Wheat is the major crop of this region.
a regional trade and rail center

registered /ˈredʒ·ɪ·stərd/ adj. enrolled, recorded; certified, licensed

зарегистрированный, отмеченный
Only registered voters can be picked for jury selection.

regulation /ˌregjəˈleɪʃən/ n. rule, statute, law; act of controlling, management,

direction. Регулирование
There are far too many rules and regulations.

reinforced /ˌri·ɪnˈfɔrs/, /-ˈfoʊrs/ v [T]strengthened, fortified. усиливать, укреплять,

подкреплять, армировать
Building codes in California required that steel rods be used to reinforce
cinder-block construction.

rejected /rɪˈdʒektid/ v [T]refuse, decline, deny, отвергать, отклонять, отказывать,

As a child, she had felt rejected by her mother.

relaxed /rɪˈlækst/ adj. not strict, calm; loose,informal.расслабленный

It’s a very relaxed atmosphere on campus.

release /rɪˈlis/ v set free, emancipate; loosen a hold, unfasten.  освобождать,

отпускать, облегчать.
Agents questioned the men, then released them because they had done nothing
wrong.
She released the brake and the car rolled forward.

relevant /ˈrel·ə·vənt/ adj.related, connected to the current subject. уместный,

относящийся к делу
We turned over relevant documents to the investigating team.

reliance /rɪˈlɑɪ·əns/ n [U]dependence; trust, confidence доверие, уверенность.

She said that there is too much reliance on meat in our diet.

reluctant /rɪˈlʌk·tənt/ adj. hesitant, unwilling, disinclined.делающий с неохотой,

вынужденный
She had trouble sleeping but was reluctant to take sleeping pills.

removed /rɪˈmuvd/ adj.taken away; eliminated.удаленный, отдаленный

Space flight is pretty far removed from (= not part of) most people’s
experience.

required /rɪˈkwɑɪərd/adj.demanded; needed, called for. необходимый,

обязательный
If you require assistance with your bags, I’ll be glad to get someone to help
you game requires total concentration.
94 
research /ˈri·sɜrtʃ/, /rɪˈsɜrtʃ/ n [U] extensive investigation of a subject.исследование,
изучение,
The US government has funded some research on high-speed trains.

resident /ˈrez·ɪ·dənt/ n [C] inhabitant, one who lives in a particular location

постоянный житель.
The local residents were angry at the lack of parking spaces.

resolution /ˌrez·əˈlu·ʃən/ n [C/U] (SOLUTION) ruling, decision; solution, answer.

разрешение, развязка
Negotiators are working tirelessly for a swift resolution of this crisis.

resource /ˈriˌsɔrs/, /-ˌzɔrs/ n [C]something which can be used for benefit or

profit.ресурсы, средства
The government doesn’t have the resources to hire the number of
teachers needed.
The earth has limited resources, and if we don’t recycle them we use them up.

response /rɪˈspɑns/ n [C/U]reply, answer, reaction.ответ, реакция, отклик.

She’s applied for admission and is still waiting for a response from the
school.

restore /rɪˈstɔr/, /-ˈstoʊr/ v [T]return, bringback,rebuild.

осстанавливать,реставрировать, реконструироват
Power company crews were working yesterday to restore electrical service to
homes in the area.

restraint /rɪˈstreɪnt/ n [C/U]control of one's own emotions, constraint, .

сдержанность, самообладание; ограничение,
You really have to show a lot of restraint to stay out of debt.

restricted /rɪˈstrɪk·tɪd/adj.limited, constrained, confined. узкий, ограниченный.

Many events are free, so families on restricted budgets can participate.

retained /rɪˈteɪn/ v [T]keep in possession; keep in practice, continue to use.Сохранить

No position can be retained long; you lose your balance and whirl over, first
on your back and then on your face, and so on.

revealed /rɪˈvild/ adj.show, exhibit, display; expose, disclose, make

public.показывать, обнаруживать, вскрывать, раскрывать
She revealed her history to him because she thought it was important.

revenue /ˈrev·əˌnu/ n [C/U]return, gains,government income earned through

taxation. доход, годовой доход
[C usually pl] state/federal revenues
[U] Company revenue rose 4% last year.

reverse /rɪˈvɜrs/ v [I/T]cause to move backward; cancel, annul. менять

направление, изменять,аннулировать
The group is trying to reverse the trend toward developing the wetlands.

revision /rɪˈvɪʒ·ən/ n [C/U]act of editing, act of making corrections.

95 
 Исправленне издание, пересмотр, доработка
The Senate is expected to act on tax revision.

revolution /ˌrev·əˈlu·ʃən/ n [C/U]overthrow of the government;a sudden and great

change.революция, переворот; 
[U] The country seems to be heading toward revolution.
[C] The discovery of penicillin produced a revolution in medicine.

rigid /ˈrɪdʒ·ɪd/ adj. not permitting any change. негибкий

rigid rules of behavior
I keep to a rigid schedule.

role /roʊl/ n [C] function,position assigned to a particular person or thing;

character or part portrayed by an actor. роль
Bouchard hopes to play a pivotal/major/key role in Quebec’s future.

route /rut/, /rɑʊt/ n [C] a particular way or direction between places. маршрут,

путь
The most direct route is to take the expressway.
bus routes

96 
 Fill in the blanks with a proper word.

1.He devided money in a ______________. way.

a)differen c)qualitative
b) difficult d)quantity

2. An example of a_______ is when you take a passage from Shakespeare and repeat it as written
without changing any of the words.
a) quotability c) quotation
b) psychology d) qualitative

3._____reforms outlined in the 1947 education act came into being on 1 april 1948.
a) refine c)recovery
b)radical d) slow

4. The police were stopping cars at ______ and checking their brakes.
a) random c)the center
b)night d) revision
5. She ______ herself with the angels.
a) like c)think
b)reverse d) range

6. The ______ of 7 to 4 is written 7:4 or 7/4.

a) ratio c) rational
b)plus d)components

7.Man is a _____ being.

a)rational c)rationally
b) ratio d)reaction

8.An example of a ______ is someone stopping their car at a stop sign.

a)recovery c)reaction
b)end d)regulations

9.________ plan will only ever be used in the event of a disaster.

a)simple c)recovery
b)internationald)recovered

10. The process took centuries to _____ and would take pages to explain.
a) refine c) year
b) rule d) unify

11.Looking back to the end of those communist _________, he says memories are short.
a) paradigm c) people
b)region d)regime

12.The far west of Nepal is one of the least explored ______ of the Himalayas.
a)regional c)regions
b)region d)regulations

97 
 Find the ‘Q’ and ‘R’ words in the puzzle.

N Q R A N D O M R E V E A L E D I G I R
Y Z Z O N O I G E R E S O L U T I O N Z
O R R E S O U R C E S E N I F E R A G U
E H B X N U N D E T C I R T S E R D E O
L L A C I D A R R A N G E T J U E L C H
O R E A C T I O N B V A N E N V V D N C
R S R E L E V A N T Q I C O O Z I R A R
V K E E C R A T I O A T I M R E T E I A
E E S T G J N H R R E T E E I R A Q L E
U M P U Q U U W T D A R C F E X T U E S
N I O O R B L S B T D O V L K N I I R E
E G N R C E E A O L V E A Q O I L R M R
V E S A A R S U T E A X C I K S A E I E
E R E F H T Q T R I E N S R P K U D T L
R K U T Y B Q Y O D O I O I O E Q X Y E
D E R E T S I G E R V N T I K F D I Y A
R E L U C T A N T E E X S H T K N Y D S
I T N E D I S E R E V E R S E A V I V E
N C F I K I D E N I A T E R W R R D E W
J R B T R E V O L U T I O N J A D Y J R
registered resources
regulations response
qualitative reinforced restore
quotation rejected restraints
radical relaxed restricted
random release retained
range relevant revealed
ratio reliance revenue
rational reluctant reverse
reaction removed revision
recovery required revolution
refine research rigid
regime resident role

98 
 Complete the Crossword.

4 5

7 8

9 10

11 12 13 14

15

16

17

18

   

99 
Across:
1. return to an original state
2. I am ____ of Bishkek city.
4. Which adjective pertains to a
quality?
6. a military_______
7. Every medal has its _____.
9. Antonym of willing
13. Strengthened
15. Control of one's own
emotions
16. person with extreme political
views
17. Keep someone or something
18. Not easily changed
Down:
1. Synonym of pertinent.
3. Income
5. act of repeating the words of another person
8. Reconstruct
9. rule,law
10. study a subject closely
11. Get rid of
12. In mathematics, a ______ is a relationship between two
numbers of the same kind.
14. Overthrow of the government
15. Azamat came back from his holiday looking ____ and
tanned.
100 
 -Unit 11-
-S-

scenario /sɪˈnɑː.ri.əʊ/n.script, storyline, synopsis of a plot. сценарий, киносценарий

There are several possible scenarios.
A horrific/nightmare scenario such as a Third World War.

schedule /ˈskedjuːl/n.timetable, agenda, itinerary; plan, scheme.план, расписание.

Everything went according to schedule (= as planned).

scheme /skiːm/n. [C] plan, design; system; plot.программа, план, проект; система

There's a new scheme in our town for recycling plastic bottles.
Class sizes will increase under the new scheme.

scope /skoʊp/n. [U]sphere, area, space предел, рамки, границы; контекст

Oil painting does not come within the scope of a course of this kind.

section /ˈsek.ʃən/n.part, paragraph, passage; department, unit. параграф, раздел; группа,

подотдел;
the sports section of the newspaper
Does the restaurant have a non-smoking section?

sector /ˈsek.tər/n.subdivision, group within a larger group. сектор, участок, часть

The new government's policy is to transfer state industries from the publicsector to
the private sector.

security /sɪˈkjʊr.ə.t ̬i/n.safety;protection.безопасность,поручитель;органы безопасности; 

The station was closed for two hours because of a security alert.

select /sɪˈlekt/v.choose, pick out. отбирать, выбирать, сортировать, подбирать

There was a choice of four prizes, and the winner could select one of them.

sequence /ˈsiː.kwənt s/n.chain of events,order, arrangement. последовательность

The first chapter describes the strange sequence of events that lead to his death.

serie /ˈsɪr.iːz/ [C]sequence, succession. ряд, цепь, цикл

She gave a series of lectures at Warwick University last year on contemporary
British writers.

sex /seks/ n [C/U]gender, quality of being male or female. пол, половое сношение
Employment discrimination on the basis of sex is illegal.

shift /ʃɪft/ v.move; cause to move; transfer from one place to another. перемещение,
перестановка; смена.
Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues.

significant /sɪgˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/important, meaningful, having meaning.знаменательный,

многозначительный; важный
The talks between the USA and the USSR were very significant for the relationship
between the two countries.

similar /ˈsɪm.ɪ.lər/alike, having common qualities, comparable. похожий, подобный.

101 
 My father and I have similar views on politics.

simulation /ˌsɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/n. [C or U]act of pretending; imitation притворство, симуляция,

имитирующее устройство
The manager prepared a computer simulation of likely sales performance for the
rest of the year.

site /saɪt/n. [C]place, location, area. место, местоположение,участок,  

The council haven't yet chosen the site for the new hospital.

so-called /ˌsoʊˈkɑːld/adj. inaccurately or questionably designated as such; who is called,

known as.так называемый
It was one of his so-called friends who supplied him with the drugs that killed him.

solely /ˈsoʊl.li/adv.only, exclusively; merely.единственно, только, исключительно

I bought it solely for that purpose.

somewhat /ˈsʌm.wa:t/n.slightly; to a certain extent; quite.до некоторой степени, отчасти

She's somewhat more confident than she used to be.

sought /sɑːt/v.go in search of, look for; search for, try to discover. искать, разыскивать
“I sought a job,but unfortunatelythere was no result” she answered.

source /sɔːrs/n. [C]origin; starting point.источник, ключ; начало, исходный текст

We walked up the river to its source in the hills.
Money is often a source of tension and disagreements in young marriedcouples.

specific /spəˈsɪf.ɪk/adj.suited to a particular use or purpose; limited, special.особый,

конкретный, характерный
The virus attacks specific cells in the brain.

specified /ˈspes.ɪ.faɪd/ adj.clearly described, indicated.точно определенный,

обусловленный
The loan must be repaid within a specified period.

sphere /sfɪr/ [C] n.ball,planet; domain,area. сфера, шар, планета, круг деятельности

Doctors have replaced the top of his hip bone with a metal sphere.

stability /stəˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/ [U] n.solidity, firmness, permanence.устойчивость, остойчивость,

стабильность
a period of political stability

statistics /stəˈtɪs.tɪkz/n.numerical fact.статистика

Statistics show/suggest that women live longer than men.

status /ˈsteɪ.təs/[U] n.individual's social or professional standing, position, rank.

общественное положение, статус, гражданское состояние
The success of her book has given her unexpected celebrity status.

straightforward/ˌstreɪtˈˈfɔːr.wɚd/adj.honest; simple, uncomplicated;travelling in astraight

course.прямой, честный, откровенный
Just follow the signs to Bradford - it's very straightforward.

102 
strategy /ˈstræt.ə.dʒiz/ [C] [U] n.plans or methods created for the purpose of achieving a
goal; science of preparing long-term battle plans. стратегия, оперативное
искусство
The president held an emergency meeting to discuss military strategy with his
defence commanders yesterday.

stress /stres/n.tension, pressure; condition caused by physical or emotional

strain;давление, нажим, напряжение, напряженное состояние, усилие, стресс.
Yoga is a very effective technique for combating stress.

structure /ˈstrʌk·tʃər/ n.building, construction; структура, устройство, конструкция,

здание, сооружение, строение
When the United States broke away from England, the social structure did not change
very much.

style /stɑɪl/ n. manner, way; particular way of life (especially one that is luxurious);
стиль, слог, манера.
The book is written in the style of an 18th-century novel.

submit /səbˈmɪt/ v. present, propose, suggest, offer;представлять на рассмотрение,

подавать, предлагать, утверждать, доказывать.
Companies are required to submit monthly financial statements to the board.

subordinate /səˈbɔr·dən·ət/, n.make subservient, dominate, subjugate; place in a position of

lesser importance; подчиненный, второстепенный, вторичный, придаточный,
низший.
You need to assign this job to a subordinate.

subsequent /ˈsʌb·sɪ·kwənt/, n.succeeding, following, ensuing, happening after; последующий

He was made a partner, but he subsequently retired.

subsidiary /səbˈsɪd·iˌer·i/adj.supplementary, auxiliary; secondary, lesser in importance; of or

pertaining to a subsidy; вспомогательный, второстепенный, субсидируемый,
дополнительный
All the major record companies had subsidiary labels under their control.
substitution /ˌsʌb·stɪˈtu·ʃən/,n.replacement; act or instance of substituting; замена, подмена,
замещение, подстановка .
Substitution of less costly materials for bricks will hurt brick-makers.

successive /səkˈses·ɪv/,adj.continuous, sequential, following one after another; следующий

один за другим, последующий, последовательный, преемственный
It was the team’s third successive defeat.

sufficient /səˈfɪʃ·ənt/,adj.enough, adequate ; достаточный

Kulkowski hopes to have recovered sufficiently from his knee injury to play in the
semifinals next week.

sum /sʌm/,n.amount that is determined by adding two or more numbers; whole amount;
сущность, сумма, количество, итог.
The sum involved in the sale was not reported.

103 
summary /ˈsʌm·ə·ri/,n. brief and comprehensive overview of the main points of a body of
material, abstract; краткое изложение, конспект, сводка, резюме.
The assignment was to write a summary of the news.

supplementary/,sʌp·ləˈment·tə·ri/, /-ˈmen·tri/,adj.serving as a supplement; additional, extra;

дополнительный, добавочный.
Teachers often create supplementary materials for their classes.

survey /ˈsɜr·veɪ/,n.act of measuring and recording the characteristics of a plot of land; land
survey report (often in the form of a map); review, overview; statistical study;
обозрение, осмотр, обследование; отчет об обследовании;
A recent survey found that working women want better child care and flexible hours.

survive /sərˈvɑɪv/,v.continue to live after another has died, outlive;пережить, остаться в

живых, выживать, выжить, уцелеть.
The baby was born with a defective heart and survived for only a few hours.

suspend /səˈspend/,v.hang; cause to stop for a period of time; postpone, defer;

приостановить.
Relief agencies suspended aid yesterday.

sustainable /səˈsteɪ·nə·bəl/,adj. capable of being sustained, maintainable.устойчивого

развития.
The growth momentum is likely to be sustainable into next year.

symbolic /sɪmˈbɑl·ɪk/,adj.of or pertaining to a symbol; characterized by the use of symbols.

символический, символичный
The Oval Office in the White House has come to be regarded as symbolic of the
presidency.

104 
 Fill in the blanks with the proper word.

1._____ local-global paradox has been at the center of much theorizing and practical
innovation.
a) source c) paradigm
b) specific d) so-called
2. The plane put down on _______ at 1:35 a.m. in Phoenix.
a) plan c) area
b) schedule d) scenario
3. The Oval Office in the White House has come to be regarded as ___of the presidency.
a) symbolic c) fundamental
b) sphere d) structure
4. ____is useful to businesses that wish to evaluate the characteristics of various populations.
a)survive c) statistics
b) sector d) section
5. Teachers often create ________ materials for their classes.
a) supplementary c) primary
b) specified d) somewhat
6. Tourism has in recent years become a vital ingredient in the____tourism management curriculum.
a)sustainable c) significant
b) similar d) media
7.The baby was born with a defective heart and _____ for only a few hours.
a) specified c)survive
b) survived d) survival
8.The virus attacks ____cells in the body.
a) specified c) specially
c) species d)specific
9. Washington, D.C., is _______ smaller than Baltimore.
a) somewhat c)sector
b) solely d) periodically
10.Transnational terrorism continues to undermine the ____of various nations.
a) stability c)revolution
b) gender d) source
11. Two students were ____ for damaging school property.
a) evaluated c) suspended
b) suspend d) suspends
12. His wife was a constant ______ of inspiration to him.
a) classical c) specified
b) specific d) source

105 
 Find the ‘S’ words in the puzzle.

C S T A T U S T A B I L I T Y Y T E Z T
L I D N O I T C E S S N F S T L N L S N
S Y F Y E I S E L Y T S S U N E A B D E
S E R I R O T C E S R T K M E L C A R U
E U L A C A A L G R A W E S I O I N A Q
I E S E T E M C M T T S L U C S F I W E
R C S P C N P M I T E O U C I A I A R S
E R R E E T E S U T G U D C F O N T O B
S U L A V N T M I S I G E E F I G S F U
W O E S L I D S E K E H H S U R I U T S
S S R J C I V E I L S T C S S A S S H S
P D U S Y O M R D M P P S I P N S E G U
E E T S E F P I U C U P H V Q E H S I B
C L C E R X H E S S S L U E T C I O A S
I L U Q S E C U R I T Y A S R S F M R I
F A R U P W S C H E M E T T G E T E T D
I C T E F S U B S T I T U T I O N W S I
E W S N P I S U B M I T T E D O B H G A
D O W C W C I S C I L O B M Y S N A B R
J S W E T A N I D R O B U S F X I T B Y
site submitted
scenario so-called subordinate
schedule solely subsequent
scheme somewhat subsidiary
scope sought substitution
section source successive
sector specific sufficient
security specified sum
select sphere summary
sequence stability supplementary
series statistics survive
sex status suspended
shift straightforward sustainable
significant strategies symbolic
similar structure
simulation styles
 

            

106 
 Complete the Crossword.

                                    1

                                             

                                             

                                             

                        2        

        3                                    

                        4      

  5                                      

                                       

                  6                    

                                       

        7           8        

9                            

            10 11          

                                       

                  12          

  13                            

                                     

      14     15            

                                     

                                     

                                         

                    16            

  17                        

                                         

                                         

                                               

107 
 

Across: 13. A number of key ________s of the economy

1.choose are in trouble.
2. The wedding rings are ___ of their love. 14. Globe
4. If you won't leave, I'll have to call _____. 15. a set of similar things that follow one after
8. Continue in existence another
9. Could you describe the exact _______ of 16. The text provides _____ of the plots of
events that evening? Shakespeare's plays.
10. Maintainable 17. There is a _____of General Motors in
12. Opposite for whole. Bishkek.
 
Down: 7. Plot
1.Opposite for deficient. 10.Additional
3. Stopped for a period of time 11. Timetable, agenda
4. Coming or happening one after another in a 12. replacement
series 13. Examine carefully, study
5. Plan, design 14. Quality of being male or female
6. scheduled work period 17. He was fined a ___ of £1,000
 

108 
 -Unit 12-

-T-
tape /teɪp/n. [C or U]long narrow and flexible strip of some material; strip of paper or plastic
with adhesive on one or both sides.лента, тесьма
I've got that film on tape (= recorded) if you want to borrow it.
magnetic tape.

target /ˈtɑːr gɪt/n.mark, objective, aim, object, goal. мишень, цель; задание

had four shots but I didn't even hit the target.

task /tæsk/ [n].mission, assignment; obligationзадание, урок

We usually ask interviewees to perform a few simple tasks on the computer just to test
their aptitude.

team /tim/ n [C]group, crew, команда

My favorite team is the New York Giants.

technical /ˈtek.nɪ.kəl/adj.relating to technology; specialized.технический, промышленный

Personally, I found some parts of the book a little too technical to follow.

technique /tekˈnik/ n [C/U]method of performance, technical skill.метод

New surgical techniques are constantly being developed.

technology /tekˈnɑl·ə·dʒi/ n [C/U]sciences of the industrial arts, техника, технические и

прикладные науки
Dairy producers are experimenting with new technologies to reduce the cholesterol in
milk.

temporary /ˈtem·pəˌrer·i/ adj. not lasting or permanent.временный

a temporary conditiona temporary contract
 

tension /ˈten·ʃən/ n [U]strain, nervousness, agitation. напряжение, давление, неловкость

We need more tension in the wires, so pull them tighter.

termination /ˌtɜr·məˈneɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U]end, conclusion, completion. конец, окончание, результат 

The contract provides for termination after two years.

text /tekst/ n [C/U].written or printed material.текст

The text is based on Irish legends.

theme /θim/ n [C]subject, topic. тема, предмет

The theme of the conference was the changing role of women in modern society
.
theory /ˈθi·ə·ri/ n [C/U]coherent group of general assumptions.теория , теоретические
основы или принципы
I have a theory (= an opinion) about why everybody in the city is in such a hurry.

thereby /ˌðeərˈbaɪ/ adv.because of this; as a result of this action: таким образом, в связи с
этим
They had failed to agree to a settlement, thereby throwing 250 people out of work.
109 
thesis /ˈθi·sɪs/ n [C] dissertation, research paper written by a candidate for an academic
degree.диссертация
Thesis is presented by a candidate for a Master Degree.

topic /ˈtɑp·ɪk/ n [C]theme; subject of conversation тема, предмет обсуждения

We must pick topics for our research papers by next week.

trace /treɪs/ v [T] follow; find; investigate.трассировка

Police are trying to trace the mother of the abandoned baby.

traditional /trəˈdɪʃ·ən·əl/ adj.in accordance with tradition.Традиционный

the traditional politeness of Japanese culture

transfer /ˈtræns·fər/ v. move from one place to another, convey.переводиться, перемещать

She studied for two years at Smith College, then transferred to the University of
Chicago.

transformation/ˌtræns·fərˈmeɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U] changing shape, complete change.преобразование,

превращение
plan means a complete transformation of our organization.

transition /trænˈzɪʃ·ən/ n [C/U] change, transformation переход, превращение, перемещение

Retirement is a big transition.

transmission /trænsˈmɪʃ·ən/n [C/U] sending; broadcast; transmittal передача, пересылка

You can stop the transmission of some diseases by washing your hands often.

transport /trænsˈpɔrt/,v [T]convey, carry перевозить

The movers will transport thousands of pictures, charts, and recordings to the library.
 

trend /trend/ n [C] tendency, fashion. направление, тенденция,

fashion trends

trigger /ˈtrɪg·ər/ n [C] a part of a gun that causes the gun to fire when pressed спусковой
крючок
to pull the trigger

-U-

ultimately /ˈʌl·tə·mət·li/ adv.in the end, eventually.в конце концов

Our plans ultimately depend on the weather

undergo /ˌʌn·dərˈgoʊ/ v [T] endure, experience.пройти

He recently underwent heart bypass surgery

underlying /ˌʌn·dərˈlɑɪ·ɪŋ/ adj.fundamental, basic.в основе

The investigation focused on the underlying causes of the fire.

undertaken /ˌʌn·dərˈteɪk/ v.receive responsibility for a task брать на себя

определенные обязательства
I undertook to help him learn English.
110 
unify /ˈju·nəˌfɑɪ/ v [T] unite, join.объединять
With his speech, the president sought to unify the country.

uniform /ˈju·nəˌfɔrm/ n [C/U] official outfit of a certain group.униформа

soldiers in uniform

unique /jʊˈnik/ adj.one of a kind единственный в своем роде, уникальный

Each person’s DNA is unique.

utility /juˈtɪl·ɪ·t̬ i/ n [U] usefulness .полезность, выгодность

Its basic utility lies in being able to drive where other vehicles can’t go.

-V-

validity /vəˈlɪd·ɪ·t̬ i/ n [U] legitimacy. действительность

Some experts questioned the validity of the president’s ideas.

variable /ˈveər·i·ə·bəl/adj.changeable.изменчивый, непостоянный

Our weather is very variable in the spring.

vehicle /ˈvi·ɪ·kəl/n [c] means of transport (car, bus, etc.)транспортное средство;

an underwater vehicle

version /ˈvɜr·ʒən/ n [C] particular form of something, variant.версии

They’re producing several versions of the TV commercial to see which one works best.

via /ˌvi·ə/ prep.by way of, by means of.через

I sent the application papers via fax.
violation /ˌvɑɪ·əˈleɪ·ʃən/ n [C/U]transgression; desecration.нарушение, насилие, изнасилование
They had not acted in violation of the rules.

virtually /ˈvɜr·tʃu·əl/ adj.almost, practically, as good as фактически, поистине, в сущности

She was a virtual unknown before this movie.

visible /ˈvɪz·ə·bəl/ adj.can be clearly seen; in view, observable. видимый, явный,

There are few visible signs of her recent illness.

vision /ˈvɪʒ·ən/ n [U] envision; imagine.зрение, видение;

good/impaired/blurred vision

visual /ˈvɪʒ·u·əl/ adj.relating to or used in vision; seen; optic зрительный, наглядный,

оптический
These animals have excellent visual ability/acuity.

volume /ˈvɑl·jəm/, /-jum/ n [C/U] degree of loudness.Громкость

voluntary /ˈvɑl·ənˌter·i/ adj. done by free choice; unpaid добровольный, сознательный,

Karyn leads after-school workshops that students attend on a voluntary basis.

-W-
welfare /ˈwel·feər/ n [U] well-being; happiness, prosperityблагосостояние
We were concerned for our parents’ welfare when we heard about the storm in Florida.
111 
whereas /hweərˈæz/, /weər-/ conjunction.compared with the fact that; but: тогда как, в то
время как.
In Los Angeles, a chief cause of this pollution is paved-road dust, whereas in San Diego,
it's smoke from fireplaces.

whereby /hweərˈbɑɪ/, /weər-/ conjunction.in accordance with, by, through.

They’ve set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over several months.

widespread /ˈwɑɪdˈspred/ adj. common, popular, extensive. широко распространенной

Minnesota has experienced widespread flooding

Fill in the blanks with a proper word.

1.Her ____ of the accident was completely different from that given by the driver of the
other car.
a)theory c)thesis
b)version d) transmission
2.The computer company ran into some last-minute _____ problems with its new disk
drive.
a) techniques c) technical
b)technology d) tempopary
3._______ is also a permanent change in a cell that results when DNA comes from a
different type of cell.
a)transport c)widespread
b) transformation d)transition
4 The library does not permit the copying of any unpublished _____ without the prior
permission of the author.
a)thesis c)theme
b)topic d)uniform
5.The styles range from the very _____ to modern music.
a) temporary c)virtually
b)unified d)traditional
6. Our plans _________ depend on the weather.
a) ultimately c)flexibility
b)assembly d)contemporary
7.I saw a family at the circus with ______ and fascinating clothes and shoes.
a)uniform c) unique
b)perspective d)positive
8. By the third day, the aerosolized virus was _____ across the nation.
a)widespread c)whereby
b) via d) virtually
9. _____in the affected eye or eyes slowly gets worse.
a) visual c) vehicle
b)visible d)vision
10. The contract provides for_______ after two years.
a) transformation c)termination
b)transition d)location

11. It offers a high standard of living, an excellent public ______ system and is a prominent educational
center.
a)trend c)job
b)transport d)migration
112 
12. He pulled the ______of the shotgun.
a) item c)trigger
b)index d)attach

Find the ‘T’, ‘V’ and ‘W’ words in the puzzle.

T E A M S E U Q I N H C E T D N E R T U
V T O P I C T E R M I N A T I O N O N N
A X Q Y T I D I L A V I S U A L Q D W O
T R A N S F E R Y U L T I M A T E L Y I
V N V C V I S I B L E L A S T R R T S T
T O L A N O I T I D A R T R T T I R E A
H I A U N D E R G O S Z U A G L E V P L
E T I L V E R S I O N C K F I E J X A O
R I V W U N I F I E D E Z T P Y T X T I
E S V A R I A B L E N D U Y R O E H T V
B N Y A K H R E G G I R T N O I S N E T
Y A R S B G N O I T A M R O F S N A R T
G R A T E C H N I C A L M R O F I N U R
W T T J N R T R A N S M I S S I O N C A
H V N Y L L A U T R I V S I S E H T Q N
E E U V I S I O N U N D E R L Y I N G S
R M L W I D E S P R E A D E U Q I N U P
E E O J X A B L T E M P O R A R Y V P O
A H V W E L F A R E V E H I C L E I E R
S T E C H N O L O G Y T V T R A C E U T
topic unique
tapes trace utility
target traditional validity
task transfer variable
team transformation vehicle
technical transition version
techniques transmission via
technology transport violation
temporary trend virtually
tension trigger visible
termination ultimately vision
text undergo visual
theme underlying voluntary
theory undertaken welfare
thereby unified whereas
thesis uniform widespread

113 
Complete the Crossword.

2 3

4 5 6

9 10

11

12

13

14

114 
Across: 3. dissertation
1.a piece of work to be done 5. move from one place to another
4.crime, law-breaking 6. an object aimed and fired at during shooting
6. the act of passing something on in another practice
place. 7. fashion
7. convey 8. spread out over a large area
9. “I sent you a_____ message via cell phone” 10. sciences of the industrial arts
13. complete change 11. pertaining to tradition
14. done by free choice 12. subject of conversation.
Down:
1.relating to technology  
2. end , completion
 

              
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

115 
  Academic Word List 

—A— assistance commodity

abandon assume communication
abstract assurance community
academic attach compensation
access attain compile
accommodation attitude complement
accompany attribute complex
accumulation author component
accurate authority compound
achieve automatically comprehensive
acknowledge available comprise
acquisition aware computer
adaptation —B— conceive
adequate behalf concentration
adjacent benefit concept
adjustment bia conclusion
administration bond concurrent
adult brief conduct
advocate bulk conference
affect —C— confine
aggregate capable confirm
aid capacity conflict
albeit category conformity
allocation cease consent
alter challenge consequence
alternative channel considerable
ambiguous chapter consistent
amendment chart constant
analogous chemical constitutional
analysis circumstance constraint
annual cite construction
anticipate civil consultation
apparent clarity consumer
appendix classical contact
appreciation clause contemporary
approach code context
appropriate coherence contract
approximate coincide contradiction
arbitrary collapse contrary
area colleague contrast
aspect commence contribution
assembly comment controversy
assessment commission convention
assigne commitment conversely
116 
convert document export
convince domain exposure
cooperative domestic external
coordination dominant extract
core draft —F—
corporate dramatic facilitate
corresponding duration factor
couple dynamic feature
create —E— federal
credit economic fee
criteria edition file
crucial element final
cultural eliminate financial
currency emerge finite
cycle emphasis flexibility
—D— empirical fluctuation
data enable focus
debate encounter format
decade energy formula
decline enforcement forthcoming
deduction enhance foundation
definite enormous found
definition ensure framework
demonstrate entity function
denote environment fundamental
deny equation fund
depression equipment furthermore
derive equivalent —G—
design erosion gender
despite error generate
detect establish generation
deviation estate global
device estimate goal
devote ethical grade
differentiation ethnic grant
dimension evaluation guarantee
diminish eventually guideline
discretion evidence
discrimination evolution
displacement exceed —H—
display excluded hence
disposal exhibit hierarchical
distinction expansion highlight
distortion expert hypothesy
distribution explicit —I—
diversity exploitation identical
117 
identify interpretation minimal
ideology interval minimize
ignore intervention minimum
illustrate intrinsic ministry
image investigation minority
immigration investment mode
impact invoke modify
implementation involve monitor
implication isolate motivation
implicit issue mutual
implies items —N—
impose —J— negative
incentive job network
incidence journal neutral
inclination justification nevertheless
income —L— nonetheless
incompatible label normal
incorporate labor norms
index layer notion
indicate lecture notwithstanding
individual legal nuclear
induce legislation —O—
inevitably levy objective
infer liberal obtain
infrastructure license obvious
inherent likewise occupational
inhibition link occur
initial location odd
initiative logic offset
injury —M— ongoing
innovation maintenance option
input major orientation
insert manipulation outcome
insight manual output
inspection marginal overall
instance mature overlap
institute maximum oversea
instruction mechanism —P—
integral media panel
integration mediation paradigm
integrity medical paragraph
intelligence medium parallel
intensity mental parameter
interaction method participation
intermediate migration partnership
internal military passive
118 
perceive —R— security
percent radical select
period random sequence
persistent range serie
perspective ratio sex
phase rational shift
phenomenon reaction significant
philosophy recovery similar
physical refine simulation
plus regime site
policy region so-called
portion register solely
posed regulation somewhat
positive reinforce sought
potential reject source
practitioner relax specific
preceding release specify
precise relevant sphere
predict reliance stability
predominant reluctant statistics
preliminary remove status
presumption require straightforward
previous research strategy
primary resident stress
prime resolution structure
principal resource style
principle response submit
prior restore subordinate
priority restraint subsequent
procedure restrict subsidiary
process retain substitution
professional reveal successive
prohibit revenue sufficient
project reverse sum
promote revision summary
proportion revolution supplementary
prospect rigid survey
protocol role survive
psychology route suspend
publication —S— sustainable
publish scenario symbolic
purchase schedule —T—
pursue scheme tape
—Q— scope target
qualitative section task
quotation sector team
119 
technical transport violation
technique trend virtually
technology trigger visible
temporary —U— vision
tension ultimately visual
termination undergo volume
text underlying voluntary
theme undertake
theory unify
thereby uniform —W—
thesis unique welfare
topic utility whereas
trace —V— whereby
traditional validity widespread
transfer variable
transformation vehicle
transition version
transmission via

120 
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
Consonants Vowels and diphthongs
p pen /pen/ iː see /siː/
b bad /bæd/ i happy /ˈhæpi/
t tea /tiː/ ɪ sit /sɪt/
d did /dɪd/ e ten /ten/
k cat /kæt/ æ cat /kæt/
ɡ get /ɡet/ ɑː father /ˈfɑːðə(r)/
tʃ chain /tʃeɪn/ ɒ got /ɡɒt/ (British English)
dʒ jam /dʒæm/ ɔː saw /sɔː/
f fall /fɔːl/ ʊ put /pʊt/
v van /væn/ u actual /ˈæktʃuəl/
θ thin /θɪn/ uː too /tuː/
ð this /ðɪs/ ʌ cup /kʌp/
s see /siː/ ɜː fur /fɜː(r)/
z zoo /zuː/ ə about /əˈbaʊt/
ʃ shoe /ʃuː/ eɪ say /seɪ/
ʒ vision /ˈvɪʒn/ əʊ go /ɡəʊ/ (British English)
h hat /hæt/ oʊ go /ɡoʊ/ (American English)
m man /mæn/ aɪ my /maɪ/
n now /naʊ/ ɔɪ boy /bɔɪ/
ŋ sing /sɪŋ/ aʊ now /naʊ/
l leg /leɡ/ ɪə near /nɪə(r)/ (British English)
r red /red/ eə hair /heə(r)/ (British English)
j yes /jes/ ʊə pure /pjʊə(r)/ (British English)
w wet /wet/

121 
Answer Key

Unit 1. (-A-)
Fill in the gaps: 1a,2c,3b,4d,5a,6c,7a,8c,9b,10d,11a,12b
Crossword:Across:1assistance,4assembly,5aid,6apparent,8attain,9achieve,11aband,12area,13albeit,14
acquisition,15appendix,17attached,18accompany,19aware,20amendment.
Down:1appreciation,2analysis,3alternative,5anticipated,7approximate,9appropriate,16adult,17annual,1
9alter.

Unit2. (-B-;-C-)
Fill in the gaps: (-B-)1c,2d,3b,4a,5d,6d (-C-)1c,2d,3c4b,5a,6d,7c,8c,9d,10b,11c,12c
Crossword:Across:1computer,2comprise,4conduct,6commitment,7convince,8conflict,9confined,10con
troversy,13consentration,14community,16cease,17concept,18contemporary,20conceive,22challenge,23
collapse,24communication,25cite,26chapter.
Down:1composite,3contribution,4chart,5conference,10classical,11commence,12considerable,15conseq
uence,16comprehensive,component,20comment,21capacity.

Unit3. (-D-;-E-)
Fill in the gaps: (D)1a,2b,3d,4a,5d,6c,7a,8c,9c,10b,11a,12c(E)1c,2a,3a,4b,5b,6d,7a,8c,9b,10c,11d,12b
Crossword:Across:1export,2element,4ensure,7explicit,8entitie,9equivalent,11exploitation,12equation,
14expansion,16exceed,18eliminate,19environment,21emphasis,24evaluation,25erosion,26empirical,27e
nable,28establish,29encounter.
Down:1exhibit,3extract,5estate,6enhance,7excluded,9economic,10emerge,13estimate,15energy,
17ethnic,20ethical,22external,23enforcement,25error,26expert.

Unit4.(-F-)
Fill in the gaps:(-F-)1a,2a,3d,4c,5b,6c,7c,8a,9b,10d,11a,12b
Crossword:Across:2flexibility,3features,4financial,8fund,9forthcoming,10factor,12foundation,13facili
tate,14fundamental,15 federal.
Down:1final,2framework,3format,4formula,5function,9fee,10focus,11found,14file.

Unit5.(-G-;-H-)
Fill in the gaps:1a,2b,3c,4d,5a,6b,7a,8d,9b,10c,11a,12d.
Crossword: Across:3.generate,5.ensure,7flexibility,11civil,12hierarchical,13abstract,14behalf.
Down:1gender,2formula,3grade,4hypothesis,6empirical,8benefit,9final,10financial.

Unit6.(-I-)
Fill in the gaps:1b,2c,3b,4a,5d,6a,7c,8b,9b,10c,11c,12b
Crossword:Across:1inspection,3identical,4immigration,5implication,7instruction,9index,10item,
11initial,14income.
Down:2incorporate,3individual,4indicate,6interval,7input,8innovation,10isolate,11image,12ideology,13
injury

Unit 7(-L-;-M-)
Fill in the gaps: (-L-)1a,2d,3b,4a,5c,6a,7a,8a,9c,10a,11c,12b.
(-M-)1b,2c,3d,4d,5b,6a,7c,8a,9c,10a,11a,12b.
Crossword: Across:4medium,6.job,8 ministry,10 method,12 lecture,15 by,16 location,
17 likewise,18major.Down:1link,2logic,3journal,4media,5monitor,8modify,9licence,10manual,
11 medical,13 label,14mutual,16 labor.

122 
Unit8(-N-;-O-)
Fill in the gaps: (-N-) 1d,2c,3d,5b,6a,7b,8a,9d. (-O-)1c,2a,3d,4b,5a,6d,7c,8b,9a,10b,11c,12a,13d.
Crossword: Across:1outcomes,3occur,4obtained,5overall,7notion,9occuaptional,11nuclear,13neutral,
14overlap,15offset,16normal,20network,21nevertheless.
Down:2objective,3orientation,4odd,6nonetheless,7norms,8nothwistanding,10overseas,12negative,
17obvious,18ongoing,19option.

Unit9(-P-)
Fill in the gaps:1c,2a,3c,4c,5d,6c,7d,8c,9b,10d,11b,12c,13a.
Crossword:Across:1promote,3purchase,4paradigm,5principal,7presumption,11prohibited,12primary.
Down:1.panel,2preliminary,3precise,4pursued,5plus,6persistent,8perceive,9previous,10portion,
11psychology,12protocol.

Unit 10.(-Q-;-R-)
Fill in the gaps:1c,2c,3b,4a,5d,6a,7a,8c,9c,10a,11d,12c
Crossword: Across:1recovery,2resident,4qualitative,6regime,7reverse,9reluctant,13reinforced,
15restraint,16 radical,17retain,18rigid.
Down:1relevant,3revenue,5quotation,8restore,9regulation,10research,11removed,12ratio,14revolution,
15relaxed.

Unit 11.(-S-)
Fill in the gaps:1d,2b,3a,4c,5a,6a,7b,8d,9a,10a,11c,12d
Crossword:Across:1select,2symbolic,4security,8survive,9sequence,10sustainable,11schedule,
12section,13sector,14scope,15series,16summary,17subsidiary.
Down:1sufficient,3suspend,4success,5scheme,6shift,7scenario,10supplementary,13survey,14sex,
17sum,12substitution.

Unit12.(-T-;-U-;-V-;-W-)
Fill in the gaps:1b,2c,3b,4a,5d,6a,7c,8a,9d,10c,11b,12c.
Crossword: Across:1task,4violation,7transport,9text,13transformation,14voluntary.
Down:1technical,2termination,3thesis,5transfer,6target,7trend,8widespread,10technology,11traditional,
12topic.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

123 
Resource:
1.Academic list of words (Victoria University of Wellington,New
Zealand),2003

2.”Check your vocabulary for TOEFL”,Rawdon Wyatt,2012

3.The Oxford English-Russian dictionary,Oxford-Moscow,1999

4.Inside Reading 1-4,Cheryl Boyd Zimmerman,Oxford University Press,2009

5.Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL test,Jolene Gear and Robert Gear,
Cambridge University Press,2006

6.www.dictionary.cambridge.org

7.www.dictionary.babylon.com

8.www.merriam-webster.com

9.www.puzzle-maker.com

10.www.puzzlefast.com

11.sentence.yourdictionary.com

12.thesaurus.com

13.www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/eap/wordlists.htm

124