SURVIVAL OF

ANTIBODIES TO

RESPIRATORY

DISEASE

CORONAVIRUS

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the controversial issue of the

survival of antibodies to respiratory disease coronavirus.
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly
transmissible and dangerous viral illness, it is spreading
cross the world. Human-to-human transmission has been
confirmed. (Nishiura et al., 2020). It can produce mild to
severe respiratory symptoms such as coughing and
shortness of breath as well as a fever. Respiratory
droplets that become airborne when an infected person
coughs or talks transfer it most commonly from person to
person. Human to human transmission has been widely
documented, however the intermediate source of genesis
and transfer is unknown.

 An emerging respiratory illness caused by a new

coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) (SARS-CoV-2) that has now
become a worldwide epidemic. The SARS-CoV-2
outbreak began and was detected in late December
2019 in Wuhan, the capital of Central China's Hubei
Province. Since then, it has rapidly spread across
China and in other countries, raising major global
concerns. As of February 28, 2020, 78,959 cases have
been confirmed in China, with 2,791 deaths and has

INTRODUCTION since spread over much of the other countries, travel

restrictions and national lockdowns have been
implemented in nearly every area and country in the
world. It was designated a worldwide pandemic by the
World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020.
These traits have been widely documented in a variety
of countries, including China, the United States, and
Singapore.

 INTRODUCTION
Only a few publications on the epidemiology and clinical
features of COVID-19 have been published from countries with
tropical climates that have a low and medium income (LMIC).
One male from Lanao Del Sur man, 54, was verified as
the first case in Mindanao on March 11, 2020. On March 8,
2020, the patient was hospitalized to a private hospital in
Iligan before being transferred to the Northern Mindanao
Medical Center in Cagayan de Oro. It was the first time he'd
been outside of the country, but he'd been to Metro Manila
recently for business. March 24, 2020 marked the first COVID-
19 case in Iligan and the second in Northern Mindanao.

President Rodrigo Duterte proclaimed a public health emergency

in the country on 8 March
(Proclamation No. 922) after the first cases of local transmission. Schools in Metro Manila were
also closed as a result of the emergency. In accordance with the 1987 Constitution, particularly
Article II Section 15 of the Constitution, as well as the Law on Reporting of Communicable
Diseases (Republic Act [RA] No. 11332), which provides that the Philippine President shall
declare a state of public health emergency in the event of an epidemic of national and/or
international concern that threatens national security and allows the President to take
appropriate measures.
 RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Anti-disease immunity is provided by immune system organs found in the human body. As a result, it serves a
vital role in maintaining health and preventing disease. Aside from that, it defends the body against toxic
chemicals, pathogens, and cell mutations (neoplasm). White blood cells, which may move throughout the
body via the blood arteries, are the most important players in the immune system. Blood and lymphatic tubes
exchange cells and fluids as a means of monitoring for invaders, and the lymphatic system is enabled. The
lymphatic veins are responsible for carrying lymph. There are specific compartments in each lymph node
where antigens can be encountered. Immune cells and foreign particles reach the lymph nodes through the
lymphatic veins. The blood carries them to all parts of the body. In the process of searching for foreign
antigens, they return to the lymphatic system. Antigens are confronted by immune cells in lymph nodes and
spleen compartments, where they congregate, work, and serve.
The COVID-19 infection is undetected as long as the immune system is working correctly. innate
immunity (quick response), adaptive immunity (delayed reaction) and passive immunity are three forms of
immunity. Both natural and artificial immune systems are considered to be passive immunity. Inflammatory
and skin reactions arise when the body is harmed. A person can become unwell if their immune system is
unable to function effectively when they are exposed to bacteria or viruses for the first time. This is exactly
what happened with COVID-19.

Following SARS-CoV-2 infection, nearly all immunocompetent people

acquire an adaptive immune response, including B and T cell
mediated immunity because of antiviral humoral and cellular immune
responses, respectively. The immunological response to SARS-CoV-
2 is fast becoming more understood. Antibodies directed against S
and N proteins are part of the humoral response in humans. S1 and
S2 are two subunits of the S protein. The RBD, which facilitates viral
binding to susceptible cells, is found in the S1 subunit. Neutralizing
antibodies mostly target RBD. Antibodies against S and its
components, including IgM, IgG, and IgA, can be found in serum
within 1-3 weeks of infection.

 Genetic diversity and evolution of

SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19 is a recombinant viral disease known as SARS-
CoV-2 that causes a viral respiratory disease. Several
variants including alterations affecting language as well as
non-coding elements have been discovered in genetic
analysis of eighty-six entire or near-complete genomes. The
genomic diversity and fast evolution of this new coronavirus
were demonstrated by these findings
 Implications for SARS-CoV-2
Human coronaviruses cause seasonal and usually mild respiratory tract infections associated with
symptoms of the 'common cold'. In strong contrast, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
(SARS-CoV) can develop into life-threatening respiratory pathologies for which no specific treatment has
been approved to date. Coronavirus accessory proteins are determinants of viral pathogenicity and are
hypothesized to have a role in modifying host responses to infection. Because there are no homologies to
other coronaviruses or recognized proteins, the molecular activities of numerous accessory proteins are
unknown. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 are consequence of virus-encoded functions and delayed interferon
responses. In severe cases, they are associated with dysregulated immune responses and
immunopathologist. Therefore, the increase in pro-inflammatory responses and immune cell infiltration in
the lungs provoke tissue damage.
Various assays may be used to evaluate various
elements of the adaptive immune response and
antibody functioning. The tests can be divided into two categories: binding and neutralizing antibodies.
Binding antibody detection, these assays employ pure SARS-CoV-2 proteins, not live virus, and may be
conducted in facilities with lower biosafety levels (e.g., BSL-2). Individual antibody types, such as IgG,
IgM, and IgA, can be distinguished using specialized reagents. IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2
may be found at the same time following infection. While IgM is most effective for detecting recent
infection, it generally becomes undetectable weeks to months after infection; on the other hand, IgG is
frequently detectable for extended periods of time. IgA is crucial for mucosal immunity and may be
found in mucous secretions such as saliva as well as blood, however its role in this illness is still
unknown. Some binding antibody tests can be completed quickly (in less than 30 minutes) in the field or
in a laboratory in a few hours, depending on their complexity. Antibodies' functional capacity to inhibit
infection by SARS-CoV-2 in vitro is determined by neutralizing antibody detection assays. When
incubated with serum or plasma, these assays evaluate the suppression of viral growth in cell culture.
 The origin and continuing evolution of
SARS-CoV-2

Evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of a
SARS-CoV-2 evolution simulations using pleiotropy.
mutation with pleiotropic effects on both transmission (all transmission rates increased by 1.2) and
virulence, either doubling or eliminating virulence (m = 0.01, panels (A) and (C)). Thus, adaptation in
response to strong selection for survival and transmission in human hosts may happen quickly, and it
may have happened when it first moved into humans. This study aims to give a framework for thinking
about the possible evolutionary paths that SARS-CoV-2 might follow, as well as to refute some of the
present disinformation that is circulating in the media.

and in which human behavioral reactions vary greatly across location and time. A more
powerful technique for determining the functional significance of mutations would be to
take use of the massive global effort to sequencing SARS-CoV-2 genomes. The most
straightforward approach to determine whether or not mutations are functionally
relevant is to link genetic variations to patient health and epidemiological data (as
recently investigated by [37] using hospitalization data). Messages should be sent home
•The SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus is genetically diverse, although there is no clear evidence
that existing variations impact viral fitness or illness development.
Positive selection claims must be evaluated against null models that account for the
stochasticity of disease transmission and founder events, which might mimic selection's
impact. SARS-CoV-2 mutations that affect viral transmission, illness development, disease
severity, or combinations of these characteristics would be subjected to selection. Before
evolutionary principles may be used to drive public health initiatives, direct data connecting
mutations to disease features is required. If functional differences are confirmed, fast
typing would allow limited mitigation efforts to be customized and targeted most effectively
.August 3, 2020 R857llwhich, if any, variants are functionally important to COVID-19, with
direct evidence linked to health outcomes
Conclusion
COVID-19 is all over the world now and it is dominating a highly virulent coronavirus
into the human population, with its enormous global societal and economic disruption.
The number of people experiencing COVID-19 symptoms grows by the day around the
world, with the virus affecting hundreds of thousands. Many people died due to COVID-
19 and the main reason is they have a weak immune system. Senior Citizens and adults
are prone to this virus. The novel coronavirus infections were initially linked to travel
from Wuhan, but the virus has now spread to 177 countries and territories worldwide in
a rapidly spreading pandemic. Scientists need to understand why it is replicating so
efficiently in the upper respiratory tract and which viral and host determinants are
decisive on whether patients will develop mild or severe disease. Public health measures
such as social distancing, contact tracing, testing, quarantines, and travel restrictions
are being used by health officials all over the world to try to stop the virus's spread.
Scientists are working to find treatments for the disease as well as a vaccine.
Conclusion
The baseline effectiveness of a COVID-19 vaccination has a significant impact on its
acceptance. It may be challenging to get the general public to accept a vaccine with a
poor efficacy. The majority of the vaccinations that continuously rank low would protect
against diseases that are often fatal, but are primarily limited to small areas of the
developing world. They may be more beneficial in such regions than the more common
ailments that rank higher when the developing world is viewed as a whole. If the COVID-
19 vaccine's efficacy is reduced, governments will need to implement more efforts to
urge their populations to be vaccinated. Furthermore, because acceptance is linked to
community perceptions of COVID-19 risk, it is critical to raise community perceptions of
COVID-19 risk.
Reason 1
Why is “now” the best time for
your company to rise and go to
the next level?

Reason 2
What are the trends these days
that make your product or service
possible?
 RECOMMENDATION
The relationship between the population-level situation and the relevance of individuals' involvement in ending the
pandemic must be made apparent through public health communications. The reality that some people will
participate in conduct that endangers their own or others' health must be addressed in public health policy.
Harassments also undermines confinement attempts by having people who are unwilling to give information needed
for link monitoring.
Certain people may now be eligible for a COVID-19 booster dose, according to the CDC. It's crucial to have equitable
access to safe and effective vaccines if the COVID-19 pandemic is to be stopped, so seeing so many vaccines being
tested and developed is quite encouraging. WHO and its partners are working relentlessly to discover, manufacture,
and distribute safe and effective vaccinations. Safe and efficient vaccines are a life-changing tool, but we must
continue to wear masks, wash our hands, ensure proper ventilation indoors, and physically distance ourselves from
crowds for the foreseeable future. Receiving vaccine does not exempt us from exercising caution and putting
ourselves and others at risk, especially because research into the extent to which vaccines protect not only against
disease but also against infection and transmission is still underway.
Call the emergency hot-line number right away if you develop critical warning signs after getting your COVID-19
vaccination, even though it's improbable. Trouble breathing, prolonged discomfort or pressure in the chest, new
disorientation or difficulty to arouse, blue lips or face, or any other sudden and severe symptom are all emergency
warning signals. Pain at the injection site, fever, body pains, and headaches are all common adverse effects. These
responses are common and show that your body is responding to the vaccination, and should go away in 1-2 days,
with the exception of enlarged lymph nodes, which may last up to 10 days.

 RECOMMENDATION
The relationship between the population-level situation and the relevance of individuals' involvement in ending the
pandemic must be made apparent through public health communications. The reality that some people will
participate in conduct that endangers their own or others' health must be addressed in public health policy.
Harassments also undermines confinement attempts by having people who are unwilling to give information needed
for link monitoring.
Certain people may now be eligible for a COVID-19 booster dose, according to the CDC. It's crucial to have equitable
access to safe and effective vaccines if the COVID-19 pandemic is to be stopped, so seeing so many vaccines being
tested and developed is quite encouraging. WHO and its partners are working relentlessly to discover, manufacture,
and distribute safe and effective vaccinations. Safe and efficient vaccines are a life-changing tool, but we must
continue to wear masks, wash our hands, ensure proper ventilation indoors, and physically distance ourselves from
crowds for the foreseeable future. Receiving vaccine does not exempt us from exercising caution and putting
ourselves and others at risk, especially because research into the extent to which vaccines protect not only against
disease but also against infection and transmission is still underway.
Call the emergency hot-line number right away if you develop critical warning signs after getting your COVID-19
vaccination, even though it's improbable. Trouble breathing, prolonged discomfort or pressure in the chest, new
disorientation or difficulty to arouse, blue lips or face, or any other sudden and severe symptom are all emergency
warning signals. Pain at the injection site, fever, body pains, and headaches are all common adverse effects. These
responses are common and show that your body is responding to the vaccination, and should go away in 1-2 days,
with the exception of enlarged lymph nodes, which may last up to 10 days.