Logarithmic Functions and

Their Graphs
Learner's Module in General Mathematics
Quarter 1 ● Module 9

MARIA RHODA M. ELEGADO

Developer
Department of Education • Cordillera Administrative Region

NAME:________________________ GRADE AND SECTION ____________

TEACHER: ____________________ SCORE _______________________
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Cordillera Administrative Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BAGUIO CITY
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Published by:
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2020

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material for commercial purposes and profit.

ii
 What I Know
If you answer all the test items correctly in this pretest, then you may skip
studying this learning material and proceed to the next learning module.

Instruction: Write the letter of the BEST answer for each item.
______1. What is the range of a logarithmic function?
a) All Real numbers c) All negative numbers
b) Positive numbers greater than zero d) All rational numbers

______2. What kind of function is a logarithmic function?

a) Quadratic Function c) Many- to- one Function
b) Linear Function d) One- to- one Function

______3. The population of the Philippines can be modeled by the function 𝑃(𝑥)
20,000,000 ∙ 𝑒 0.0251𝑥 where 𝑥 is the number of years since 1955 (𝑥 = 0 at
1955). What is the population of the Philippines in 1960?
a) 22,764,033 c) 22,647,303
b) 22, 764, 330 d) 22,674,304

______4. What is the inverse of the 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥?

a) 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 c) 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦
b) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 d) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑏

______5. What is the vertical asymptote of the logarithmic function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥?

a) 𝑥 = 0 b) 𝑥 = 1 c) 𝑥 = 2 d) 𝑥 = 3

______6. What is the horizontal asymptote of the logarithmic function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥?

a) 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 c) 𝑥 = 1
b) 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 d) no horizontal asymptote

______7. What is the domain of the logarithmic function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥?

a) 𝑥 > 0 b) 𝑥 > 1 c) 𝑥 > 2 d) 𝑥 > 3

______8. Which is TRUE about the graph of a logarithmic function when the base
is greater than 1?
a) The function is strictly increasing.
b) The function attains all real values including the negative values.
c) The function has only positive range values.
d) All of the statements are correct.

______9. If the domain of a logarithmic function includes all positive numbers, this
means that?
a) 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ≥ 0} c) 𝐷 = {𝑦 ∣ 𝑦 ≥ 0}
b) 𝐷 = {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, > 0} d) 𝐷 = {𝑦 ∣ 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, > 0}

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______10. What is the 𝑥- intercept of the logarithmic function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑥?
a) 𝑦 = 0 b) 𝑦 = 1 c) 𝑥 = 0 d) 𝑥 = 1

______11. What is the 𝑦- intercept of the logarithmic function 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 𝑥 = 𝑦?

2
a) 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 c) 𝑥 = 1
b) 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 d) no 𝑦- intercept

______12. Which of the following shows the table of values of the logarithmic
function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥?
a) c)
𝑥 0 1 2 4 𝑥 0.5 1 2 4
𝑓(𝑥) −1 0 1 2 𝑓(𝑥) −1 0 1 2
b) d)
𝑥 −1 1 2 4 𝑥 −1 0.5 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) −1 0 1 2 𝑓(𝑥) −1 −1 0 1

______13. What is the zero of the logarithmic function 𝑦 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥?

a) −1 b) 0 c) 1 d) 2

______14. Which of the following represents the graph of the logarithmic function
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 𝑥?

a) c)

b)

d)

4
______15. Which of the following represents the graph of the logarithmic function
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 𝑥?
2
a) c)

b)

d)

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 Check the answer key at the end of this module to see how did you
fair in the pre-assessment.

What’s In
In your previous module, you have learned how to solve logarithmic equations
and logarithmic inequalities. Now, solve the solution set of the logarithmic equations
and inequalities and decode the message to reveal where did the base of the natural
logarithm (𝑙𝑛) originate?

Activity: Be Natural!
The natural logarithm (𝑙𝑛) was first described by ____________ (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟑)
in his work ____________ (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒 𝒙 = −𝟐) published in ____________ (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙 >
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟑) although the mathematics teacher ____________ (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟕)
had already in ____________ {𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏 (𝟑𝒙) > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)} compiled a table of what
𝟑 𝟑
were effectively natural logarithms, based on ____________ (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟒)
work in ____________ (−𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟐 < 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝒙).

1 1
Answer ( , +∞) 16 (3, +∞) 8 5 (0,3)
4 16
Nichola
John John
Decode Logarithmotechni s
1614 Napie 1668 Speidel 1619
r a Mercato
r l
r

Very good! You are now ready with our next lesson!

What’s New
Activity: You Complete Me!

Fill-in-the blanks with the correct vowel to complete the statement.

The logarithmic equation and the logarithmic inequalities have a solution set.
In other words, we can solve it. One way to solve the logarithmic equation is by
changing it to _xp_n_nt_ _l form or by applying _n_-t_- _n_ property. While for the
logarithmic inequalities, we follow the same procedure but we have to consider the
b_s_ of the logarithm. If it is greater than one (𝑏 > 1), we r_t_ _n the symbol of
inequality but if it is greater than zero but less than one (0 < 𝑏 < 1), we r_v_rs_ the
symbol of inequality. We have to make sure that the bases of the logarithms are the

6
same, before we can apply the different l_ws and pr_p_rt_ _s of logarithms. If not
we, apply the change-of base formula.

On the other hand, a logarithmic function cannot be solved instead it can be

represented through its table of values, graph, and equation.

What’s In It
What is the change-of base formula?
Change-of- base Formula: Let 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑥 be positive real numbers, with 𝑎 ≠
1, 𝑏 ≠ 1.

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏

You observed that when we apply the change-of- base formula, 𝑏 is not
anymore, the base of the logarithm and is placed in the denominator.
Example: a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 32 (change to base 2)
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 32
𝑙𝑜𝑔8 32 = we substitute it from the formula
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 8
we want to change it to base 2
then we simplify
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 32 = 𝑥 we consider the numerator first
2𝑥 = 32 we rewrite it in exponential form
2𝑥 = 25 solve for 𝑥 by rewriting it with the
same base. We can rewrite 32 with
2 as a base as 25 .
𝒙=𝟓 simplify

𝑙𝑜𝑔2 8 = 𝑥 next, we consider the denominator

2𝑥 = 8 rewrite it in exponential form
2𝑥 = 23 solve for 𝑥 by rewriting it with the
0.
2 as a base as 23 .
𝒙=𝟑 simplify

𝑙𝑜𝑔2 32 𝟓
Thus, 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 32 = , is 𝟑.
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 8

1
b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔243 (change to base 3)
27

1
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔3
27
𝑙𝑜𝑔243 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 we substitute it on the formula
27 3 243

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 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27 = 𝑥 we consider the numerator first

1
3𝑥 = 27 we rewrite it in exponential form

1
3𝑥 = (3)3 we rewrite it with common base 3
(3)−3
3𝑥 = apply the definition of negative
1
exponent (get the reciprocal and
change the sign).
𝒙 = −𝟑 solve for 𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔3 243 we consider the denominator

3𝑥 = 243 we rewrite it in exponential form
3𝑥 = 35 we rewrite it with common base 3
𝒙=𝟓 solve for 𝑥
1
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 −𝟑
27
Thus, 𝑙𝑜𝑔243 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 , is .
27 3 243 𝟓

As was discussed in the preceding lesson, logarithms can be rewritten in

exponential form. Recalling the exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 as
taught in the previous lessons, we shall attempt to show that its inverse is a
logarithmic function.
First, recall that graphically, using the horizontal line test, it can be determined
that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 is a one-to-one function. Hence, its inverse is also a one-to-one
function. Now, let us represent logarithmic functions since we cannot solve it.

I. Representing the logarithmic function (base greater than 1 or 𝒃 > 𝟏) through

its equation, table of values and graph.

Example 1: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥

Solution: Step 1: Construct a table of values of ordered pairs.

𝑥 1 1 1 1 Remember that these 𝑥-

16 8 4 2 1 2 4 8 values are given. We
𝑦 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 substitute these in the
Examples: function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥
to get these 𝑦 – values.
𝟏
at 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 we copy the given

1
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 substitute the value of 𝑥
16

1
2𝑦 = write it in exponential form
16

1
2𝑦 = 24 rewrite with the same base
8
2𝑦 = 2−4 apply the definition of negative exponent
𝒚 = −𝟒 simplify
 at 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 we copy the given
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 2 substitute the value of 𝑥
2𝑦 = 2 write it in exponential form
𝒚=𝟏 simplify

Tip: You may use your calculator to check the other values.

Step 2: Plot the points in the table and connect them using a smooth curve.

𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 or 𝑥 = 0

Vertical 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥
asymptote

It can be observed that the function is defined only for 𝑥 > 0. The function is
strictly increasing, and attains all real values. As 𝑥 approaches 0 from the right,
the function decrease without bound. Remember that logarithmic functions get
close to the 𝑦 − axis (but won’t touch or cross it) . The line 𝒙 = 𝟎 or the 𝒚 −axis is
the vertical asymptote. There is no horizontal asymptote.

Example 2: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥

Another way to represent the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥

This is the same as 3𝑦 = 𝑥 to make the calculations easier,

covert the logarithm into an
exponential equation

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 𝑥 start with a table of values
𝑦 −2 −1 0 1 2

with logarithmic functions, it’s usually

easier to choose the 𝑦 values instead
of the 𝑥 values. Be sure to include
some negative values for 𝑦.

be careful with the negative

1 1 exponents!
𝑥 1 3 9
9 3 use the table as ordered pairs, so
𝑦 −2 −1 0 1 2 any pair that could be in the table
must be on the graph.
plot the points

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥

Note: For a precise presentation of graph, you may download the Geogebra
application. In the application, you cannot find logarithm, thus you have to rewrite it
in exponential form.

You encode = 2 ,
then used this
symbol for the
exponent

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Now, let us try to compare the graph of the two given. Notice that a larger base makes
the graph less steep. (This is different from exponential functions, where a larger base
meant a steeper graph.) A larger base also makes the graph closer to the 𝑦 −axis. All
the graph goes through (1,0), while exponential functions always go through (0,1).

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥

II. Representing the logarithmic function (base is between 𝟎 and 𝟏 or

𝟎 < 𝒃 > 𝟏) through its equation, table of values and graph.

Example 1: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 𝑥

2

Solution: Step 1: Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function.
Let us try to give values for 𝑦 then solve for 𝑥.

𝑥 1 1
𝑥 4 2 1
𝑦 −2 −1 0 1 2 2 4
𝑦 −2 −1 0 1 2

Step 2: Plot the points found in the table, and connect them using a
smooth curve.

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 Let us observe the direction of the graph as compared to the graph when the
𝑏 > 1. The function is defined only for 𝑥 > 0. The function is strictly decreasing, and
attains all real values. As 𝑥 approaches 0 from the right, the function increases
without bound. Still the line 𝑥 = 0 is the vertical asymptote.

a) Graphs of a logarithmic functions:

𝑏>1 0<𝑏<1

You are doing great! Did you learn new concepts? Very good!
Now, let us summarize the concept of logarithmic function with these properties:

i) The domain is the set of all positive numbers, or {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∣ 𝑥 > 0}. Recall
that these are precisely the permitted values of 𝑥 in the expression 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑏.

12
 ii) The range is the set of all positive real numbers.
iii) It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies the Horizontal Line Test.

iv) The 𝑥 − intercept is 1. There is no 𝑦 − intercept.

v) The zero of logarithmic function is actually the 𝑥- intercept.

vi) The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = 0 (or the 𝑦 −axis). There is no
horizontal asymptote.

III. Problem Solving on Logarithmic Functions

We recall that logarithm is the exponent or power to which a base must be

raised to yield a given number. As was discussed earlier, we use logarithms to solve
unknowns that appear in the exponent.

a) Population growth
Example: The population of the Philippines can be modeled by the function
𝑃(𝑥) = 20,000,000 ∙ 𝑒 0.0251𝑥 , where 𝑥 is the number of years since 1955
(𝑒. 𝑔. 𝑥 = 0 at 1955).

i) What is the population of the Philippines in 2000?

We are looking for the

Since in 1955 𝑥 = 0,
population in year 2000,
what will be the value of 𝑥? then 𝑥 = 2000 −
1955 = 45

Solution. Given: 𝑥 = 45

𝑃(𝑥) = 20,000,000 ∙ 𝑒 0.0251𝑥 we copy first the formula

𝑃(𝑥) = 20,000,000 ∙ 𝑒 0.0251(45) substitute the value of x from the

formula

𝑃(𝑥) ≈ 𝟔𝟏, 𝟖𝟖𝟐, 𝟏𝟖𝟏

remember to use this symbol for

approximation

Therefore: the population if the Philippines in 2000 is approximately

𝟔𝟏, 𝟖𝟖𝟐, 𝟏𝟖𝟏

ii) Assuming that this model is accurate, in what year will the population reach
200 million (200,000,000)?

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 What do you Sir John, I think
think is the it’s the
given Ana? population that
is 200,000,000

Very good! You’re

correct! Now let is
substitute that from
the formula.

First step:
𝑃(𝑥) = 20,000,000 ∙ 𝑒 0.0251𝑥 Copy the formula

200,000,000 = 20,000,000 ∙ 𝑒 0.0251𝑥 Substitute the given

200,000,000 20,000,000∙𝑒0.0251𝑥
= Divide both sides by
20,000,000 20,000,000
20,000,000

10 = 𝑒 0.0251𝑥 Solve for 𝑥 that appears

in the exponent

𝑙𝑛 10 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 0.0251𝑥 We use 𝑙𝑛 since the

base is 𝑒
𝑙𝑛 10 = 0.0251 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑙𝑛 10
= 0.0251 𝑥
𝑙𝑛 𝑒
2.3
= 0.0251 𝑥
1
2.3 0.0251 𝑥
=
0.0251 0.0251
𝒙 ≈ 𝟗𝟐

b) Interest

Example: How long will it take ₱1,000.00 to earn ₱300.00 if the interest is 12%
compounded semi-annually?

What do you think is the unknown on the given? You guessed it right, we are
looking for the time (𝑡), and we can derive it from the formula of maturity
value, thus we the use the formula:

14
 𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑗)𝑛
You might ask yourselves:
“We cannot find 𝑡 from
the formula”?

Let us then first define the formula:

Where: F= is the future value or amount
𝒊
j= conversion period and 𝒋=
𝒎
where 𝑚 is the frequency of conversion
per year, 𝑖 is the annual rate of interest

Table for frequency of conversion

Conversion Frequency of
period conversion (𝒎)
annually 1
monthly 12
Semi-annually 2
Quarterly 4
Bi-monthly 6
daily 365
Semi-monthly 24
𝑛= total number of conversion period and 𝑛 = 𝑡𝑚

Therefore, you noticed that there is no direct formula for 𝑡, but analyzing the
given we have 𝐹 = 1,300 𝑃 = 1,000 𝑚 = 2 𝑖 = 12% 𝑜𝑟 0.12

First step: Let’s first solve for 𝑗 :

𝑖 0.12
𝑗= = = 0.06 we substituted 𝑚 = 2 since the
𝑚 2
given says it is compounded
semi-annually
Second step: solve for 𝑛
𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑗)𝑛

1,300 = 1,000 (1 + 0.06)𝑛 we substitute the computed value of 𝑗

1,300 1,000 (1+0.06)𝑛
= dividing both sides of the equation by 1,000 and
1,000 1,000
simplifying 1 + 0.006)
1.3 = (1.06)𝑛 how do we solve for 𝑛 in this case?
𝑙𝑜𝑔(1.3) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1.06)𝑛 rewrite it in logarithmic form with common base and
that is ten.
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1.3) = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1.06) we apply the 3rd law of logarithm

15
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1.3) 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1.06)
= divide both sides by 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1.06)
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1.06) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1.06)
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1.3)
𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1.06) solve for 𝑛

𝒏 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝟑 periods

Because interest is earned only at the end of the period, then 5 six-month
periods are needed so that the interest can reach ₱300.00

Thus, 𝑛 = 5 . The value of 𝑛, which refers to the number of periods, should be

a whole number. Thus, in this example, we used 𝑛 = 5 rather than 𝑛 = 4.503 to
compute for 𝑡.

Third step: solve for 𝑡

𝑛
𝑡 = 𝑚 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔

Final Answer: it will take 2.5 years for ₱1,000.00 to earn ₱300.00

IV. Additional Information

One reason to use logarithmic scales in charts and graphs is to respond to
skewness towards large values.
We can relate this in our present situation, the spread of COVID- 19.
Exponential lines showing increases in COVID-19 cases might not always show the
full story but logarithmic scale charts can help show the bigger picture.
Please observe the figures below. 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 shows the linear scale
representation, while 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2 shows the logarithmic scale representation of the
cases.

16
 𝑭𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝟏

𝑭𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝟐

Great job! Can I call you now Math geeks? Before so, let us try answering the
following activities.

17
 What’s More
Activity 1: Crossword Puzzle!
Complete this puzzle using the important concepts that we have learned.
2 3
Across
1 The graph of the logarithmic
function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥
5
is ______
4 The ______ of a logarithmic
function is the set of all
positive real numbers.
5 The zero of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (−𝑥)
is ____one
18
Down
1 The ______ is the set of all
positive real numbers
greater than zero.
2 The logarithmic function and
its inverse is a one-to- one
_____
3 The line 𝑥 = 0 is the _____
asymptote of the logarithmic
function.
Activity 2: Be My Partner
Match the correct logarithmic function with its characteristic using the same
color to each pair.

1
𝑥=2
A Function whose graph is
increasing

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑥

19
 What I Have Learned
Activity: Give Me Three!

1 Concept that you learned

1 Question you want to ask

1 Way to show gratitude to God for His creation.

What I Can Do

Activity: Yes, I Can!

We are all aware that the Philippines is now experiencing the pandemic Covid-
19 and it has a very big impact in our daily lives. You can see at daily news about
increasing graphs of new cases of Covid-19, deaths, and recoveries. But it is not
always a negative news because many says that the environment is also having a
break from the air pollution that the humans created.
As a student, a) how can you help our government to control the number of
cases of Covid-19? At the same time, b) how can you maintain the decreasing rate of
air pollution for our environment? State two or three actions here.
a) 1) ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2) _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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 3) _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

b) 1) ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2) _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3) _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

21
 Assessment
This part evaluates your achievement on the objectives of this material.
Write the letter of the BEST answer for each item.

Instruction: Write the letter of the BEST answer for each item.
________1. What is the range of a logarithmic function?
a) All negative numbers c) Zero
b) Positive numbers greater than zero d) All Real numbers
________2. What kind of function is a logarithmic function?
a) One- to- one Function c) Quadratic Function
b) Many- to- one Function d) Linear Function
________3. The population of the Philippines can be modeled by the function 𝑃(𝑥) =
20,000,000 ∙ 𝑒 0.0251𝑥 where 𝑥 is the number of years since 1955 (𝑥 = 0
at 1955). What is the population of the Philippines in 2005?
a) 70,156,768 c) 71,156,767
b) 70,651,767 d) 70,651,767
________4. What is the inverse of the 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥?
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑦 c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦
b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑏
________5. What is the vertical asymptote of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑥?
9

a) 𝑥 = 3 b) 𝑥 = 2 c) 𝑥 = 1 d) 𝑥 = 0
________6. What is the horizontal asymptote of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 𝑥?
7

a) 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 c) no horizontal asymptote

b) 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 d) 𝑥 = 1
________7. What is the domain of the logarithmic function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥?
a) (−1, +∞) b) (1, +∞) c) (2, +∞) d) (0, +∞)
________8. Which is TRUE about the graph of a logarithmic function?

a) The graph of the function intersects at (0,0).

b) The function has only positive range values.
c) The function attains all real values including the negative values.
d) The function is strictly increasing.
________9. If the range of a logarithmic function includes all real numbers,
this means that?
a) R= {𝑦 ∣ 𝑦 = ℝ} c) R= {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 = ℝ}
b) R= {𝑥 ∣ 𝑦 = ℝ} d) R= {𝑦 ∣ 𝑥 = ℝ}

22
________10. What is the 𝑥- intercept of the logarithmic function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔27 3𝑥?
a) 𝑥 = 1 b) 𝑥 = 0 c) 𝑦 = 1 d) 𝑦 = 0

________11. What is the 𝑦- intercept of the logarithmic function 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 𝑥 = 𝑦?

5

a) 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 c) no 𝑦- intercept
b) 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 d) 𝑥 = 1
________12. Which of the following shows the table of values of the logarithmic
function 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 𝑥 = 𝑦?
2
a) c)
𝑥 0.5 1 2 4 𝑥 −0.5 1 2 4
𝑓(𝑥) 1 0 −1 −2 𝑓(𝑥) −1 0 1 2
b) d)
𝑥 −1 1 2 4 𝑥 −1 0.5 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) −1 0 1 2 𝑓(𝑥) −1 −1 0 1

________13. What is the zero of the logarithmic function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 1)?

a) −1 b) 0 c) 1 d) 2

________14. Which of the following represents the graph of the logarithmic function
whose base is greater than one (𝑏 > 1)?

a) c)
b)

d)

23
______15. Which of the following represents the graph of the logarithmic function
whose base is less than one but greater than zero (0 < 𝑏 < 1)?
a) c)
b)

d)

Check the answer key at the end of this module to see how did you
fair in the post-assessment.

24
 Additional Activity
Activity: Reflections!
Since logarithmic and exponential functions are inverses of each other, their
graphs are reflections of each other about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥. Find the reflections of the
graph of the exponential functions by folding it on the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 or by the broken line.
Be creative!

1)

𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑦=𝑥

25
 26
What I Know What’s In
1. A 11. D Activity: Be Natural
2. D 12. C The natural logarithm (𝑙𝑛) was first
3. D 13. C described by Nicholas Mercator in his work
4. C 14. A Logarithmotechnia published in 1668 although
5. A 15. C the mathematics teacher John Speindell had
6. D already in 1619 compiled a table of what were
7. A effectively natural logarithms, based on John
8. A Napier work in 1614
9. B
10. D
What’ s New What’s More
Activity: You Complete Me!
The logarithmic equation and the logarithmic Activity 1: Crossword Puzzle
inequalities have a solution set. In other words,
we can solve it. One way to solve the logarithmic
equation is by changing it to exponential form or
by applying one-to-one property. While for the
logarithmic inequalities, we follow the same
procedure but we have to consider the base of
the logarithm. If it is greater than one (𝑏 > 1), we
retain the symbol of inequality but if it is greater
than zero but less than one (0 < 𝑏 < 1), we
reverse the symbol inequality. We have to make
sure that the base of the logarithms is the same,
before we can apply the different laws and
properties of logarithms. If not we, apply the
change-of base formula.
Activity 2: Be My Partner.
Any Order
What I Have Learned 1) 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2ൗ 𝑥 A function whose graph is
Activity: Give Me Three! 3
decreasing
ANSWER KEY
Answers may vary
2) 𝑥=1 The zero of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
3) 𝑦=𝑥 The inverse of a
What I Can Do logarithms is reflected
Activity: Yes, I Can! over this line.
1
Answers may vary 4) 𝑥= The x-intercept of
2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 (2𝑥)
Post- Assessment
1. D 11. C
2. A 12. A
3. A 13. B
4. B 14. D
5. D 15. B
6. C
7. D
8. D
9. A
10. A 2
𝑦=( )
𝑦=𝑥 1 𝑥
2)
 2)

27
 REFERENCES
Belecina, Rene R., et.al. General Mathematics. Quezon City: Brilliant Creations
Publishing, Inc., 2016.

Composition of functions. Accessed August 2020.https://www.onlinemathlearning.

com/image-files/composite-functions.png

Introduction to logarithmic Functions. Accessed August 2020. www.monterey

institute.org

Department of Education, 2016. General Mathematics Learner’s Material. Pasig City.

Department of Education, 2016. General Mathematics Teacher’s Guide. Pasig City.

Logarithmic Representation of CoVid19. Accessed August 2020.

https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

Picture of boy and girl thinking. Accessed August 2020.

https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/facial- expressions-of-thinking-upper-
body-of-male-and-female-students-vector-gm1155362855-314507400

Verzosa, Debbie Marie B., et.al. Teaching Guide for Senior High School – General
Mathematics. Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, 2016

28
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