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Agayan Tate Niversity - Carig Campus BS Civil Engineering Department
Agayan Tate Niversity - Carig Campus BS Civil Engineering Department
Learning Objectives:
1). To evaluate the hydrostatic pressure loading acting on a body that is
immersed in a liquid.
Introduction
On any surface or body that is submerged in water or any other liquid, there is a force
acting because of the hydrostatic pressure. Learn how to determine the magnitude of this
force. Study of hydrostatic forces on submerged or static surfaces is very important for the
design and engineering processes. Construction of dams, installation of underwater
hydraulic systems, and forces exerted on ships are some of the important and crucial
processes that require study of hydrostatic forces.
Please watch video on:
https://youtu.be/VlCrI5YvGfA
Key Points:
Pressure is a scalar quantity defined as force per unit area. Pressure only
concerns the force component perpendicular to the surface upon which
it acts, thus if the force acts at an angle, the force component along the
direction perpendicular to the surface must be used to calculate pressure.
The pressure exerted on a surface by an object increases as the weight of
the object increases or the surface area of contact decreases.
Alternatively, the pressure exerted decreases as the weight of the object
decreases or the surface area of contact increases.
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Pressure of a Fluid:
When a fluid is contained in a vessel, it exerts force at all points on the sides &
bottoms of the container. The force exerted per unit area is called pressure.
Atmospheric Pressure:
The atmospheric air exerts a normal pressure upon all surfaces with which It is in contact
& known as atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure:
It is defined as the pressure which is measured with reference to absolute vacuum pressure
or absolute zero pressure.
Gauge pressure:
It is defined as the pressure which is measured with the help of a pressure measuring
instrument in which the atmospheric pressure is taken as datum. The atmospheric pressure
on the scale is marked as zero.
Vacuum pressure:
It is defined as the pressure below the atmospheric pressure.
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Manometers:
Manometers are defined as the device used for measuring the pressure at a point in a
fluid by balancing the column of fluid by the same another column of the fluid. They are
classified as:
Mechanical Gauges:
Mechanical gauges are defined as the device used for measuring the
pressure by balancing the fluid column by the spring or dead weight.
Commonly used mechanical pressure gauges are:
Simple Manometers:
Piezometer
U- tube Manometer
Single Column Manometer
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Piezometer:
U – tube Manometer:
It consist of glass tube bent in U- shape, one end of which is connected to a point
at which pressure is to be measured and other end remains open to the
atmosphere as shown in figure. The tube generally contains mercury.
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Let X-X be the datum line in the reservoir and in the right limb of
the manometer when it is not connected to the pipe. When the
manometer is connected to the pipe, due to high pressure at A, the
heavy liquid in the reservoir will be pushed downward and will rise in the
right limb.
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Fall of heavy liquid in the reservoir will cause a rise of heavy liquid
level in the right limb.
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As the area A is very large as compared to a, hence ratio becomes very small and
can be neglected. Then
From the above equation for the pressure in the single column manometer the pressure
A is
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Source: www.learnthermo.com
Solution:
Read: Use the barometer equation to work your way through the different fluids from point 1 to point 2.
Remember that gage pressure is the difference between the absolute pressure and atmospheric
pressure.
Eqn 2
Eqn 10
Combining Eqns 10
& 2 yields :
Eqn 12
Answers
: P1,gage 64.3 kPa gage
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Practice Problems:
PP No. 1. A U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank containing air and
water as shown in Figure 2 below. At the closed end of the manometer the
absolute air pressure is 140 kPa. Determine the reading on the pressure gage for
a differential reading of 1.5-m on the manometer. Express your answer in gage
pressure value. Assume standard atmospheric pressure and neglect the weight
of the air columns in the manometer.
PP No. 2. A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical dome
and is connected to an inverted piping system as shown in Figure. The liquid in
the top part of the piping system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining
parts of the system are filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at A is 60
kPa, determine: a) the pressure in pipe B, and the b) pressure head, in millimeters
of mercury, at the top of the dome (point C).
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PP No. 3. For the inclined-tube manometer of Figure below, the pressure in pipe
A is 8 kPa. The fluid in both pipes A and B is water, and the gage fluid in the
manometer has a specific gravity of 2.6. What is the pressure in pipe B
corresponding to the differential reading shown?
PP NO. 4. The inverted U-tube manometer of Figure as shown, contains oil (SG =
0.9) and water as shown. The pressure differential between pipes A and B, pA –
pB, is -5 kPa. Determine the differential reading, h.
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The value of F is independent of the angle of inclination of the plane if the depth
of its centroid is unchanged. Since γhc is pressure at the centroid, the total
pressure force on any plane area submerged in a liquid is the product of the area
and the pressure at the centroid.
The force on the surface of hydraulic structure such as gates, vessels, dams,
or other submerged bodies is caused by the weight of the fluid. This force exerted
by the fluid on submerged bodies is called Hydrostatic force. It is important to
compute this force and its location for the design of these hydraulic structures.
We use three different method to compute the hydrostatic force: formula
method, geometrical method, integration method, and project method (used
for curved surfaces).
The force has a direction that is perpendicular to the plate, since the entire
pressure distribution acts in this direction. The location of the resultant force is
called center of pressure (P). The location of this is determined by the balance of
moments that requires the moment of the resultant force about the x-axis and
about the y-axis.
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Consider an inclined plane submerged in a static fluid as shown in the figure. The resultant
force FR is acting perpendicular to the plane since no shear force is present when the
fluid is at rest. FR has a line of action that passes through the point (xcp, ycp), which is called
the center of pressure. Note that the pressure acting perpendicular to the plane surface
is also referred to as the normal stress.
dF= ρghdA
The magnitude of the resultant force can be obtained by integrating the differential force over
the whole area
The integral represents the first moment of the area about the x axis, which is equal to
where yc is the y coordinate of the centroid of the plane surface. From trigonometry,
hc = yc sinθ where hc is the vertical distance from the fluid surface to the centroid of the plane
surface. The resultant force is simplified to FR = ρghcA.
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The center of pressure, xcp and ycp can be obtained by summing moments about the y and x
axis, respectively. First, by equating the sum of moments of all pressure forces about the x axis to
the moment of the resultant force:
where is the second moment of the area or the area moment of inertia
(Ix) about the x axis. According to the parallel axis theorem, the moment of
inertia can also be written as
Ix = Ix' + Ayc2
where Ix' is the second moment of the area with respect to the centroidal axis,
which is parallel to the x axis.
Similarly, xcp can be obtained by equating the sum of moments of all pressure
forces about the y axis to the moment of the resultant force
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where is the product of inertia (Ixy) of the area about the x and y axes.
Once again according to the parallel axis theorem, it can also be written as
where Ixy' is the product of inertia of the area with respect to the centroidal
axes.
The values for the second moment of inertia and product of inertia with respect
to the centroidal axes for various common geometries are already given during
your Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, kindly review them. From the formulations
of xcp and ycp, it is noted that the center of pressure is always lower in the liquid
than the centroid of the plane area.
Pressure Prism
The resultant force passes through the centroid of the pressure prism. For this
particular example, the centroid of a triangular element is located at a distance
of h/3 from its base and lies in the vertical symmetry axis.
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Pressure Prism
Source: ecourses.ou.edu
FH=pcgA
Horizontal Component
The horizontal component of the total hydrostatic force on any surface is equal
to the pressure on the vertical projection of that surface.
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FV=γV
𝑭= 𝑭𝟐𝑯 + 𝑭𝒗𝟐
Direction of F
𝐹𝑣
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝐹
Case 1: Liquid is above the curve surface
The vertical component of the hydrostatic force is downward and equal to the
volume of the real liquid above the submerged surface.
Source: mathalino.com
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Source: mathalino.com
Sample Problems:
SP No.1. (Source: /ecourses.ou.edu/)
A gravity dam can resist a maximum lateral force of Fm = 78, 000 lb. (a) What is
the maximum height of the dam if there is no downstream (right side of dam)?
(b) What if the water depth downstream is 10 ft? (c) Would it be a good idea to
design the dam for the condition of part (b)?
Solution:
(a) The resultant force (FR) due to water pressure is perpendicular to the dam
surface. Here, only concerned with lateral (horizontal) component, so you can
use the projected vertical dimension of the dam.
The lateral force (FH) due to fluid pressure (hydrostatic conditions) acting on the
projected area Ap can be determined for a unit width as
Fh = γ hc Ap = γ (h/2) Ap
Fh = Fm
(62.4 lb/ft3) (h/2) [h (1 ft)] = 78,000 lb
h = [78,000 / 31.2]0.5 = 50 ft
(b) If the water depth downstream is 10 ft, then a resultant force will act on that
side of the dam, and will counteract the upstream force.
Fh1 - Fh2 = Fm
γ hc1 Ap1- γ hc2 Ap2 = 78,000 lb
62.4 (h/2) [(h)(1)] - 62.4 (5) [(10)(1)] = 78,000
31.2 h2 = 81,120
h = 51.0 ft
(c) Since the 10 ft of water downstream may not exist in times of draught, the
dam should be limited to 50 ft of water.
Given dam shown, compute for the hydrostatic force acting on the dam
surface.
Source: ecourse.ou.edu
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which is at the centerline of the dam surface. The y coordinate for the center of pressure is
The pressure prism approach can be used to verify the results obtained. Based on the pressure prism
shown in the figure, the magnitude of the resultant force is represented by the total volume of the
pressure prism.
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This resultant force passes through the centroid of the pressure prism, which is located at a distance of
922/3 = 307.3 ft from its base and lies in the vertical symmetry axis.
A rectangular plane surface is 2m wide and 3m deep. It lies in vertical plane in water. Determine the
total pressure and position of the center of pressure on the plane surface when its upper edges is
horizontal and a) coincides with the water surface, b) 2.5m below the free water surface.
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Determine the total pressure on a circular plate of diameter 1.5 m which is placed vertically in water in
such a way that the center of the plate is 3m below the free surface of water. Find the position of the
center of pressure.
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A rectangular plane surface 2m wide and 3m deep lies in water in such a way that its plane makes an
angle of 30 degrees with the free surface of water. Determine the total pressure and position of center of
pressure when the upper edge is 1.5 m below the free surface.
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The force tending to lift up the body under such conditions is known as buoyant
force or force of buoyancy or up-thrust. The magnitude of the buoyant force can
be determined by Archimedes’ principle which states:
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CENTER OF BUOYANCY:
The point of application of the force of buoyancy on
the body is known as the center of buoyancy. It is always
the center of gravity of the volume of fluid displaced.
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