Abstract:

It is a discourse that exhibits the presence of rhythm in visual art, especially the architecture that
holds strong aesthetic appeal. In this paper, the introduction part focuses on how rhythm generally
reinforces aesthetic experiences in human sensory. Rhythm in architecture means recurrence of
elements such as lines, shapes, forms or colors resulting on organized movement in space and time. I
have taken the best analogy and examples of rhythm present in nature which has been formulated by
scientist as Fibonacci number. I have tried to show architectures incorporating rhythm in different
epoch of human civilization around the globe that have been popular and remarkable till the date.
These architectural monuments have become aesthetic timeless entity, such as pyramids in Egypt,
Parthenon in Greece, gothic architecture of medieval Europe, Tajmahal in India, Hindu temples and
Buddha stupas in Nepal etc. Similarly modern architecture has been in equal focus in this article
despite its unique and functional structures. The paper has been concluded with the strong statement
that however the sense of beauty is shaped by cultural experience, rhythm is frequently desired with
architectural compositions. These qualities are often universally admired and celebrated irrespective
of time and place.

Introduction
Structure in the work of art carries a wide variety of messages. Artist may use different elements in the structure
of visual art, such as shape, forms, space, color, texture etc to induce rhythm. This is equally applicable in verbal
art by using literary devices. Human beings enjoy rhythm in various realms like in music, art, architecture and
even in nature. Rhythm is one of the architectural means that creates specific architectural atmosphere. When
certain elements are repeated in the work of art, whether it is in music, poetry, painting or architecture it creates
a sense of movement, a sense of rhythm in the audience. Rhythm is so important in human nature that there is a
link between rhythm and nature, rhythm and evolution, and rhythm and emotion. Architects tend to include a
unifying motif on the inside and outside building to enhance aesthetic appeal. Aesthetics as the philosophy of art
treats the nature of works of art that engenders a specific aesthetic experience in audience. It refers to the
principles that govern the nature and the principle of beauty, artistic taste especially of visual art. The
essentialist theory of aesthetics give priority to beauty, that is understood through intuition believing human
feelings such as pleasure, rage, grief, suffering and joy to be the base of aesthetic experience. Richard Eldridge
states that aesthetics deals with the natures and conditions of occurrences of various human experiences; the
experiences of “the beautiful, the garish, the cute”

The most prominent sensory system in perception research, and may be the most dominant modality in our
experience of the world, is the visual system. The main function of our visual system is to allow us to navigate
through the world without bumping into objects or falling from cliffs all the time. Vision therefore allows us to
detect obstacles, see passages, estimate distances; to see what actions the world affords. Likewise vision also
plays a prominent role in the identification of things, to signal us whether something is indeed one thing (partly
hidden by something else), a possible resource or refuge, or potentially dangerous. The repeated design provides
a consistent visual experience and that experience conforms the aesthetic one. However the repetition may occur
with specific regular interval like the heart beat or with random spacing or even with frequent pattern all over
like falling of snow. Repetition in any forms of rhythm whether in music or in architecture is an extremely
simple principle of composition which tends to give a sense of coherence. Friedrich Nietzsche enforces rhythm
as “ a compulsion” that engenders “an unconquerable urge to yield and join in; not only our feet follow the beat
the soul does, too- probably, one surmised, the soul of gods as well! Thus one tried to compel the gods by using
rhythm and exercise control over them”

1. Rhythm in Architecture
Repetition in architecture could perhaps be divided into a purely spatial, static form and a quasi-temporal,
dynamic form. The latter one approximates modern notions of architectural rhythm, which can be better
understood by contrasting it with the former that corresponds to the older ideal of architectural harmony.
Harmony as a principle of construction is typically thought to consist in the balance achieved between a
building’s length, width, and height. Repetition therefore assumes a more purely spatial form in architecture
whenever it is used to express a relation of symmetry or equilibrium. One side matches the other, in an
immediately graspable manner. Symmetry, or the use of repeated and balanced forms, is essential. Where glass
appears on the one side, there must be a glass on the other, of the same dimensions and in a frame of the same
shape.

2. Rhythm in Nature
The natural world in which we live, and of which we humans constitute a part, works on the basis of cycle.
Physics formulates that every natural process tends to run down and stop because the energy back of it becomes
exhausted in overcoming resistance, and changes to some other form. Whatever may seem to be a continuing
process is really a moving equilibrium which continues by rhythm or cycle; one force dominates for a time, only
to yield the dominance sooner or later to some other force. Every process goes by ebb and flow like the tides of
the sea. A stream has a winding course because the current impinges against the banks, first on one side, and
then on the other. Day alternates with night, winter alternates with summer. There are also longer cycles: for a
series of years there is abundant rainfall, then for some years succeeding these the rainfall is scanty; sun-spots
have their cycles, and electrical storms; and probably also earthquakes and glacial epochs. On top of that
“nature” herself owes mastery on carving rhythm in creation. What else can have the utmost aesthetic appeal to
human sensory than the animate (flora and fauna) and inanimate structure (mountain range, rivers, caves,
gorges…) in nature.

3. Rhythm in Poetry
The majority of oral poetry in earlier times maintains a beat. For earlier oral literature the presence of rhythm
was very significant. Rhythm is the aural organization and movement of a poem’s language in varieties of ways
to determine and deepen its effect. The different metrical forms organized in manifold ways along with syntax
and word order contribute to impression of movement and order. Every poem has a form and rhythm; it is a
sequence of events or objects perceptible as a distinct pattern that is characterized by regularity, variation,
grouping, and hierarchy. “Rhythm is thereby assimilated to a notion of poetry as an expression of certain truths
about the world beyond it with a subtlety or forcefulness denied to nonpoetic language”. The distinctiveness of
poetic language possesses a special power that induces emotional response. In poetry the reoccurrences of
patterns such as sound, grammatical structure, syntactic order and lexicon choice coinciding the meaning,
generate the cohesion. Similarly rhythm in music implies a regular cadence or meter indexing its temporality
that is tempo. After a certain amount of time has passed in a piece of music, either a change occurs or an
element repeats. The constancy of this interval might seem to indicate stasis, while the unfolding of rhythm over
time lends it a dynamic character.

4. Modern Architecture
Modern architecture introduces whole range of unimaginable possibilities as it manifests differently in its
dynamic form than in its static variant. Asymmetrical, imbalances, and disequilibrium may be temporarily
displaced as resolution can be explored elsewhere. The Soviet constructivist and architectural theorist Moisei
Ginzburg has compared the dynamism of modern design to the pulsating rhythm of industrial machinery that
epitomized the new way of life being formulated in the earlier half of the twentieth century. What distinguished
modern architecture from everything past was the dynamic quality in its rhythm. Repetition can be mobilized at
the level of city; urban sites can on the whole be configured while still making use of repetitive parts without
clinging to the arrangement of a grid of rectilinear blocks or a radial agglomeration of concentric rings abiding
by fixed relationship of balance and symmetry.

Modern refers to technological and engineering developments dating back to the turn of 20 th century. Modern
architecture generally focuses on industrial metals such as steel, concrete and glass to enclose the vast interior
space of the structure. It is based on the rational use of modern materials, the principle of functionalist planning.
Usefulness and beauty are always the twin consideration in the applied architecture of modern times.

Modern architects seek to imbue architecture with new life and greater energy. Architects have allowed the
greater experimentation, the exploration of design possibilities and more personal expression resulting in greater
variation and expanded architectural range of aesthetic. Reduction and restraint are replaced by articulation and
exuberance. Ornamentation is acceptable when it is abstract and integral to the building. The expressionist
modern architecture focuses on creating a more vibrant, energetic architecture great visual interest.

Application of Aesthetics in Architecture and Design

Introduction
This paper introduces the design exploration of space forms in architecture aesthetics and gives the application
of aesthetics in architectural design, puts forward the design the spaces belongs to the forms and function as well
as culture and whole human emotion. The concept of aesthetical design is to do the all processing in the space
design, color, proportions, and textures. The space is through the aesthetical and emotional qualities of
architectural beauty, this is also the significance of architectural design. “The visual spaces emotive process
depends on the aesthetical elements of architecture- emotions, color, light, material, texture, shape, form, size as
well as their interrelationship.”
Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an creation an object, system or measurable
human interactions such as emotions, feelings according to its form, function, activity and order. Designing
process requires the aesthetic, functional, economic and sociopolitical dimensions of both the design objects. It
may involve considerable research through sketches, modeling, interactive adjustments and re-design.
Aesthetics can be an important link between technology development, design and architecture. Thus, it is a
connecting as well as separating element between philosophy of technology and philosophy of architecture and
design.
Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and expression of beauty.
Architecture is a design process which involves planning, designing, creating, erecting, constructing and
executing construction of various types of spaces that are functionally efficient, economical, and aesthetically
pleasing. The two most important factors in the design of building are Form and function. Functionality is the
most important aspect of space design. The other aspect is form or aesthetics which related to feelings and
emotions.

Fig.1:Combination of different forms and colors which creates emotions and aesthetical values in space.
Creating a space by using various forms and shapes
.

Fig.2: Use of geometrical forms to creating building structure.

Exploring Architecture As An Art Form

Architecture is considered a visual art like painting and sculpture. Architects design buildings using a creative
process by which they manipulate art elements to create a unified and pleasing artistic statement. The difference
between a painting and architecture is that a building has a function and must be designed with safety in mind.
When architects start working on a project, they prepare quick sketches that suggest areas of function dictated
by the client. Next, architects use a process of design to draw, and then refine the form of the new building.
Understanding architectural design is simplified if you think of the "façade" or face of the building as a painting
Then, you can use design language to talk about the image you see.In the process of design you will practice
identifying Sensory Elements that appear on a building. These are the lines, shapes, colors and textures ,
emotions, feelings that we first notice in art. Next, we go on to analyze formal Elements that are created when
architects arrange the lines and shapes to create a composition that is balanced and unified. We examine the skill
of the architect and craftsmanship of the builder by studying Technical Elements. Finally, we take a good look
at the overall impression of the building to determine its Expressive Elements .

Aesthetics is one of the major principles of Architecture that students and professionals alike have to worship. It
concerns beauty or appreciation of beauty. In other words, it is a philosophy behind a pleasing appearance. A set
of principles followed by the Architectural designers or any designers for that matter for the evolution of the end
product that is aesthetically pleasing to the eye, is called aesthetics. It is directly influenced by the artistic taste
of an individual.

Aesthetics is concerned with bringing art into the daily lives of the people. Like people need colorful, designer
clothes to wear and taste and presentation of food. Likewise, people like to live and work in places that are
beautifully designed and are aesthetically pleasing to the eye.
When a building is designed, the aesthetic aspects can be satisfied using elements such as sloped roof,
decorative columns, roofs for window elements, and semicircular and segmental arches.

Fig.4: Use of aesthetical elements as a building forms

The philosophy of aesthetics can be mastered by any designer if he follows these key elements listed below…

1. Mass and space: A state in which various form a satisfying and harmonious whole and nothing is out of
proportion or unduly emphasized at the expense of the rest.
Fig.5: Visual Mass and spaces

2. Proportion: Proportion is the term used to describe the relationship between two things of different size. In
architecture we are looking for the proportional relationship between spaces and the size of the human body.

3. Symmetry: In architecture, symmetry is the reflection of shared forms, shapes, or angles across a central line
or point called the axis. Basically, components that mirror each other across an axis are symmetrical. ... Just
imagine a vertical line straight down the middle of that central tower, from tip to base.

4. Balance: Balance is the equal distribution of visual weight in a design. Visual balance occurs around a
vertical axis; our eyes require the visual weight to be equal on the two sides of the axis. We are bilateral
creatures and our sense of balance is innate. When elements are not balanced around a vertical axis, the effect is
disturbing and makes us uncomfortable.

5. Contrast: Contrast is a principle of art. When defining it, art experts refer to the arrangement of opposite
elements (light vs. dark colors, rough vs. smooth textures, large vs. small shapes, etc.) in a piece so as to create
visual interest, excitement, and drama.
The colors white and black provide the greatest degree of contrast.Complementary colors also highly contrast
with one another.
An artist can employ contrast as a tool, to direct the viewer's attention to a particular point of interest within the
piece.

6. Pattern: Pattern is an underlying structure that organizes surfaces or structures in a consistent, regular
manner. Pattern can be described as a repeating unit of shape or form, but it can also be thought of as the
"skeleton" that organizes the parts of a composition.

7. Decoration: It is the something which is added to building or any other structure to improve its aesthetical
value and appearance. eg. Light effects, some ornaments, colors, etc.

8. Massing: Massing is a term which refers to the perception of the general shape and form as well as size of an
element.

9. Unity: Unity is the relationship among the elements of a visual that helps all the elements function together.
Unity gives a sense of oneness to a visual image. In other words, the words and the images work together to
create meaning.

10. Rhythm: Repeating art elements in regular or cyclical fashion to create interest, movement, and/or harmony
and unity. Rhythms can be random, regular, alternating, flowing, and progressive. Classes of pattern include
mosaics, lattices, spirals, meanders, waves, symmetry and fractals, among others. When motifs or elements are
repeated, alternated, or otherwise arranged, the intervals between them or how they overlap can create rhythm
and a sense of movement. In visual rhythm, design motifs become the beats. Rhythms can be broadly
categorized as random, regular, alternating, flowing, and progressive.

All these qualities are collectively important, and can have an important impact on the design. Architects bend
these rules all the time. We all know about Organic Architecture and Deconstructivism. Beauty lies in the eyes
of the beholder. It is just a perception of the person viewing them. If your design is functionally effient and
aesthetically good, and the client likes it, then you don’t need to worry about anything

Conclusion

According to conducting study it most important to look into the main principle discussed here and large no of
possibilities for creating a complex form by using various aesthetical elements. The limitations are necessary to
identify for sound architectural spaces, however, looking for more deep study about various new techniques and
elements for generating more innovative spaces in architecture in relation with aesthetics. For further study of
design of spaces, it is recommended that the aesthetical elements such as light, color, texture, harmony, rhythm,
feelings, emotions, etc. as interesting design elements which can lead to the creation of dynamic, redefined
spaces based on these aesthetical elements.