CHRIS JOHN PARAAN

SALVADOR GASPAR

PAIR ACTIVITY: CHAPTER 3

1. Define the term dynamo

• Defined as a rotating electrical machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy or
electrical energy into mechanical energy.

2. Name the various parts of the dynamo and indicate which parts are stationary and which rotate.

• Two sections of dynamos are the stator which is stationary and rotor, the portion that rotates.

3. From what material is each part listed in Question 2 made?

• Stator’s field is built up of customary laminated steel core and winding, while the rotor, is build up
of laminated core, and slotted to receive the insulated copper armature winding.

4. What is meant by pole core? pole shoe?

• Pole cores is built of a stack of steel laminations about 0.025 in. thick per lamination, having good
magnetic qualities; rivets are driven through holes in the sheets to fasten together a stack of such
laminations equal to the axial length of the armature core. Pole shoe permits the flux to spread out
over a wider area where the flux enters the armature core.

5. Why are laminations used in constructing the field core?

• Field core is built up of a stack of steel lamination because it has good magnetic qualities.

6. Why are laminations used in constructing the armature core?

• Armature core is built up of a stack of steel lamination because it has good magnetic qualities. It
has circular section.

7. Why are pole cores constructed with a shoe?

• Poles cores are constructed with a shoe in order to permit the flux to spread out a wider area
where the flux enters the armature core.

8. What two kinds of field winding are used for generators and motors? Describe the construction
of each?

• Shunt Field is a shunt in which there are turns of fine wires while the Compound Field is a
compound field in which both a shunt and series winding are used.

9. What is the purpose of dipping and baking field coils?

• The purposes of dipping and baking field coils are to add stiffness, mechanical strength, and good
insulating properties to the winding.

10. What is the yoke? What purpose does it serve? How it is usually constructed?

• Yoke is the outside frame of a machine; it is usually a circular iron or steel ring of rectangular
section, sometimes rounded on the surface for added strength. It is where the field-pole assemblies
are bolted.

11. Why is cast steel or rolled steel more desirable than cast iron for the yoke material of dynamos?

• Cast steel is used because this material makes it possible to reduce the weight by as much as 60
percent without any increase in the reluctance of the magnetic circuit.

12. Describe a commutator construction?

• Commutator is built-up of hard drawn copper bars, wedge-shaped in section when viewed on end,
and having V-shaped grooves at each end.

13. What purpose does the commutator serve in a generator? In a motor?

• Commutator performed the process of rectifying the alternating current, that is changing the
internal alternating current to an external direct current.

14. What is the function of the armature winding in a generator? In a motor?

• Armature winding is virtually the heart of the dynamo, it is where the voltage is generated in the
generator or where the torque is developed in the motor.

15. Under what conditions is it necessary to use a brush rigging in which each arm contains several
brush holders and brushes?

• In large machines, a brush arm may have several brush holders, into each of which is placed a
carbon or copper-graphite brush rides freely, without chattering, on the commutator.

16. What keeps the brushes in good contact with the commutator?

• Each brush is held down firmly on the commutator by a spring that exerts a pressure of about 1 to
2 lb per sq. in.

17. How is the brush surface made to conform with the commutator surface?

•The surface of the brushes in contact with the commutator must be ground or sandpapered
smooth so that perfect contact exists between them.

18. What purpose is served by the brush pigtails?

• Each brush arms also contain flexible copper pigtails for good electrical connection between the
insulated brush arms and the respective brushes.

19. Which terminal is positive on a generator? On a motor?

• In a generator the positive terminal “feeds” current to the load while in the motor it is the
terminal that is connected to the positive bus of the source.

20. Name the two general types of armature winding.

• The two general types of armature winding are the lap and wave.

21. Distinguish between a simplex-lap and a simplex-wave winding with regard to construction; with
regard to the number of parallel paths.

• In simplex-lap windings, coil are connected to adjacent commutator segments, while in the
simplex-wave windings the coil ends are connected to a commutator segments very nearly, but
never exactly, equal to the distance between poles of the same polarity, that is alternate poles.

• In simplex-lap winding the currents divide into P parallel paths, where P is the no. of poles, while
the no. of parallel in simplex-wave winding is to, regardless the no. of poles.

22. In general, what is a frog-leg winding?

• Frog leg winding is a combination of a multiplex-wave and a simplex-lap winding. It has a unique
features retaining the advantages of both types without their inherit disadvantages.

23. What is the important requirement with regard to the coil span of all types of armature
winding?

• The distance of two sides of a coil must be equal (or very nearly so) to the distance between two
adjacent poles. The coils span must be 180 electrical degrees, or approximately so.

24. Explain what would happen if the coil span were 360 electrical degrees in a generator; in a
motor.

• If the coil ends are connected to segments exactly 360 electrical degrees apart, every group of P/2
coils would constitute a complete reentrancy because there are 360 electrical degrees in every pair
of poles

25. State the formula to determine the coil span Ys for an armature winding.

• Ys = (S/P)-k

Where:
• Ys – coil pitch, in slots

• S - total number of armature slots

• P - number of poles

• k - any part of s/p that subtracted to make Ys an integer

26. What is the commutator pitch in a simplex-lap winding? A duplex-lap winding? A multiplex-lap
winding?

• The ends of the coils of simplex-lap winding are connected to adjacent commutator segments.
They are all connected together in succession at successive commutator segments. Duplex-lap is
when the ends of the first lap coil are joined to segments 1 and 3 instead of 1 and 2, the succeeding
coils will be joined to segments 2 and 4, 3 and 5, 4

27. What is meant by the term reentrancy?

• Reentrancy is used to designate this important fact where the winding is the said to close upon
itself or reenter.

28. Under what condition is the reentrancy of a duplex-lap winding single? Double?

•If the commutator has an even number of segments, the odd-numbered segments will join
together one half of all the coils, while the even-numbered segments will join together the other
half of all the coils. Such a winding is double reentrant. On the other hand, a duplex-lap winding on
armature having odd number segments will be singly reentrant.

29. Under what condition is the reentrancy of a triple-lap winding single? Triple?

•Triplex-lap winding would have the first coil ends connected to segments 1 and 5 and reentrancy
would depend only upon the relation between the number of 7 commutator segments and the plex.

30. What is the purpose of multiplex-lap winding?

• Generally restricted to low-voltage high-current machines because, practically speaking, it is

desirable to limit the current per path to values no greater than about 250 to 300amp. When the
current per path is in excess of these general practical limits, commutation becomes difficult.

31. State the general rule for determining the reentrancy of a multiplex-lap winding.

• The degree of reentrancy of lap windings is equal to the highest common factor between the
number of commutator segment and the “plex” of the winding.

32. What general rule can be used to determine the number of parallel paths in a multiplexlap
winding?

• Commutator pitch (Yc) multiplied by the no. of poles (P) determines the no. of parallel paths.
33. To what values of machine ratings are multiplex-lap windings restricted?

• Multiplex-lap windings are generally restricted to low-voltage high-=current machines because,

practically speaking, it is desirable to limit the current pr path to values no greater than about 250 to
300 amp.

34. Why must the ends of wave coils are never be connected to the commutator exactly 360
electrical degrees apart?

• For if the ends of the coil is connected to the commutator exactly 360 degrees apart it will cause a
complete closure, which violates the first property of the commutator that the entire winding must
be trace from segment to segment, and from coil side to coil side. For tracing winding once around
the commutator the last coil end should arrive one segment behind or one segment ahead to the
starting segment.

35. State the general rule for determining the commutator pitch in a simplex-lap winding.

• In a simplex-lap winding the commutator pitch is always equal to one.

36. Explain why only two brush sets need be used in a machine in which the armature is wave
wound.

• The use of two sets of brushes is often very convenient, particularly in installation in which
brushes cannot be replaced without difficulty. Furthermore, in wave-wound machine equipped with
as many brush sets as poles, if one or more of the brush sets develop poor contact with the
commutator, satisfactory operations still possible.

37. How are the conductors in each path of a lap winding distributed around the armature?

• The conductors in each of the P paths of a lap winding are distributed under two poles, a north
and a south pole.

38. How are the conductors in each path of a wave winding distributed around the armature
winding?

• The conductors in each of the two paths of a wave winding are distributed under all the poles. 39.
Under what conditions is it desirable to use two brush sets in machines having wavewound
armatures?

• In a multi-polar machine two sets of brushes where used with convenience particularly in
installation in which brushes cannot be replaced without difficulty.
40. Under what conditions is it desirable to use as many brush sets as poles in machines having
wave-wound armatures?

• When a machine is equipped with many brush sets as poles it is still possible to have satisfactory
operation beside when more of the brush develops poor contact with the commutator.

41. What are multiplex-wave windings?

• It is a type of armature winding with more than two even parallel paths.

42. Under what circumstances would it be desirable to use multiplex-wave windings?

• In such situation where current rating is too high, specifically above 600 amps, it is necessary to
use armature winding having more than parallel path (Multiplex- wave winding).

43. Why is it possible to have circulating currents in lap-wound armatures?

• The circulating currents can flow in lap-wound armature only because the conductors of each path
are not distributed completely around the circumference, as in wave-windings, but occupy position
under one pair of poles at a time.

44. Why is it impossible to have circulating currents flowing in wave-wound armatures?

• The circulating currents cannot flow in the wave-wound armatures, it can only flow in lap-wound
armatures because the conductors of each path are not distributed completely around the
circumference but occupy positions under one pair of poles at a time.

45. State the rule for determining the commutator pitch in a multiplex-wave winding.

• In general, a multiplex-wave winding requires Yc to be chosen that after the winding is

tracedoncearound the commutator, the last coil end arrives m segments behind or ahead the
startingpoint.

46. In tracing a simplex-wave winding once around the commutator, at what segment should one
arrive with respect to the starting point?

• In a simplex-wave winding, the last coil end arrives one segment behind or one segment ahead the
starting point.

47. Answer Question 46 for a duplex-wave winding; a triplex-wave winding; a multiplexwave

winding?

• In a duplex-wave winding, the last coil end arrives two segments behind or ahead of the starting
point. In a triplex-wave winding, the last coil end arrives three segments behind or ahead the starin
point. In a multiplex-wave winding, the last coil end arrives m segments behind or ahead the starting
point.
48. Why it is usually more satisfactory to construct armature that have more commutator segments
than slots?

• As the number of slots is reduced, the armature core teeth become mechanically stronger, so that,
from the standpoint of handling in manufacture, there is less damage to laminations and coils.

49. Are pitch calculations Ys and Yc affected when an armature has more segments than slots?

• The pitch calculations for Ys and Yc are made exactly the same way, regardless of whether the
number of slots and segments are the same or not.

50. What is meant by a double-element coil? A triple-element coil? When are they necessary?

• DOUBLE-ELEMENT COIL - when an armature has twice as many commutator segments as slots,
each of the completely formed coils is a sort of double-element coil, in the sense that it serves
double capacity.

• TRIPLE-ELEMENT COIL - when the armature has three (3) times as many segments as the slots.

•This is necessary because each slot must hold as many wires as are ordinarily held by two slots
when the number of slots equals the number of segments.