Introduction to Extraction Processes

In order to separate one or more of the components in a mixture, the mixture is

contacted with another phase.
• Gas-liquid Æ Absorption
• Vapor-liquid Æ Distillation
• Liquid-liquid Æ extraction
 Equilibrium data on rectangular coordinates
(acetic acid (A) – water (B) – isopropyl ether (C))

C (ether)
1.0
g
Extract layer, yC vs yA
0.9
two-phase region
0.8

0.7
Tie line
0.6

one-phase region
xS, yS

0.5 P
0.4

0.3
h

0.2

0.1
i Raffinate layer, xC vs xA A (acetic acid)
0.0
B (water)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

xA, yA
0.5
Ether layer (extract)

0.4
yA

0.3
composition,

Equilibrium line
yA

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
xA
Water layer (raffinate) composition, xA
 Single-stage equilibrium extraction
V1 V2
V, yA, yC
L, xA, xC
Lo L1

M, xAM, xCM
Material balance:
Lo + V2 = L1 + V1 = M (1)
Komponen A: L0 xA0 + V2 yA2 = L1 xA1 + V1 yA1 = M xAM (2)
Komponen C: L0 xC0 + V2 yC2 = L1 xC1 + V1 yC1 = M xCM (3)

Diketahui: L0 dan V2
Dihitung: M, xAM dan xCM dari pers. 1-3
Plot titik L0, V2 dan M pada diagram fasa
Tie line digambar melewati titik M dengan trial-error diperoleh komposisi L1 dan V1
Harga L1 dan V1 diperoleh dari pers 1-3 atau menggunakan lever-arm rule L1 V1M
=
V1 M L1
 Continuous multistage countercurrent extraction
V2 V3 Vn Vn+1 VN VN+1 solvent
extract V1

L0 1 2 n N

feed L1 L2 Ln-1 Ln LN-1 LN raffinate

Overall balance: Lo + VN+1 = LN + V1 = M (1)

Overall component balance (C): L0 xC0 + VN+1 yCN+1 = LN xCN + V1 yC1 = M xCM (2)
L0 xC 0 + VN +1 yCN +1 LN xCN + V1 yC1
Komponen C: xCM = = (3)
L0 + VN +1 LN + V1
L x + VN +1 y AN +1 LN x AN + V1 y A1
Komponen A: x AM = 0 A0 = (4)
L0 + VN +1 LN + V1
 Stage-to-stage calculation for countercurrent extraction
Untuk menentukan konsentrasi pada setiap stage dan jumlah stage N
yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai LN.
V2 V3 Vn Vn+1 VN VN+1 solvent
extract V1

L0 1 2 n N

feed L1 L2 Ln-1 Ln LN-1 LN raffinate

Neraca massa total pada stage 1: Lo + V2 = L1 + V1

Neraca massa total pada stage n: Ln – 1 + Vn + 1 = Ln + Vn

Selisih aliran Δ : Lo – V1 = L1 – V2 = Δ
Harga Δ konstan pada setiap stage: Δ = Lo – V1 = Ln – Vn+1 = LN – VN+1 = ….
Lo = Δ + V1 ; Ln = Δ + Vn+1 ; LN = Δ + VN+1
Demikian juga komponennya: Δ xΔ= L0 x0 – V1 y1 = Ln xn – Vn+1 yn+1 = LN xN – VN+1 yN+1 = …
L0 x0 − V1 y1 Ln xn − Vn +1 yn +1 LN x N − VN +1 y N +1
xΔ = = =
L0 − V1 Ln − Vn +1 LN − VN +1
 C V
N+1
Diketahui: L0 dan VN+1

xAN ditetapkan

V1

xCM, xAM
xC, yC

LN L0
B xA, yA A
 Δ

C V
N+1

V2
V1

xCM, xAM
xC, yC

L１
LN L0
B xA, yA A