SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12

MODULE MAY THE FORCE BE WITH

1 YOU!

INTRODUCTION
There are four basic forces. The force of gravity (gravitation) is essential
for large objects such as stars, planets, and moons. It holds objects of the
planetary system and controls LEARNING
the motions in the same way that it controls
the motions of freefalling objects.
OUTCOME:

Solve the given problems.

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES:

1. Identify and understand acceleration.

2. Describe acceleration due to gravity.
3. Illustrate friction and compare and contrast static friction with
kinetic friction.
4. Determine the resultant force acting on the body.
5. Describe the forces acting on an object and recognize the
situation needed for an object to be in equilibrium.

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12

CONTENT EXPLORATION
How It Works?
A force is a simple action of a push or a pull motion. It
moves objects, slows them down, and pushes objects
around the corners and up the stairs. Force can also alter
the object’s shape by compressing, stretching, or twisting.
The name of Sir Isaac Newton was used as an SI
unit of force which is Newton (N). In order to
determine how much force a Newton
represents, obtain a spring balance and add a
mass until it reads to 1 N. The spring balance is
used to find the force of gravity.

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

As shown in the table, to measure the gravitational Mass Gravitational

force acting on an object, suspend a mass from a spring (kg) Force (N)
balance which is calibrated in Newton (N). The data was 0 0
plotted on a graph and obtained the following result. 10 98
20 196
30 294
40 392

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Looking at the graph, the result is a straight line. The slope can be obtained by
dividing the rise (force) over the run (mass).

490 N
slope=
50 kg

= 9.8 N/kg

The result is equal to the acceleration due to gravity in meters per second squared.
The symbol, g, is used for both the gravitational field strength and the acceleration due
to gravity. Hence, at the surface of Earth:

g=9.8(kg m/s¿¿ 2) ¿ kg∨g=9.8 m/s 2 ¿

Since the graph yields a straight line, the equation of the line can be represented
as:
F g=mg
where: F g is the force of gravity
m is the mass of the object in kilograms

g is the gravitational field strength, in Newton per kilogram

Sample Problem:
1. Determine the force of gravity of a car if its mass is 1, 250 kg.
F g=mg
= (1,250 kg) (9.8 N/kg)
= 12, 250 N

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

The gravitational force between two objects depends on the masses of the objects
and the distance between them was formulated by Sir Isaac Newton and is expressed

Gm1 m 2
as: F=
d2
where: F is the gravitational force between two objects in Newton (N)
m 1 is the mass of one object in kilogram
m 2 is the mass of the other object in kilogram
d is the distance between the objects measured from center to center in meters

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
G = 6.67 x 10−11 N−m 2 ¿ kg2 is the gravitational constant

Sample Problem:
1. Determine the gravitational force between two objects if each has a mass of 0.50
kg and they are 10 cm apart.

Given:
m1=m2 = 0.50 kg
d = 10 cm = 0.10 m
G = 6.67 x 10−11 N−m 2 ¿ kg2

Solution:
Gm1 m 2
F=
d2

(6.67 x 10 ¿ ¿−11 N −m 2 ¿ kg2 )(0.50 kg)(0.50 kg)

= ¿
(0.10 m)2
= 1.7 x 10−9 N

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12

MODULE
LET’S CHEER
2
INTRODUCTION
WAVE!
DID YOU KNOW?
When a pitcher throws a baseball to a catcher, kinetic energy is
transmitted by the moving object. This is not the only way to transfer energy
but it can be transferred from a source to a receiver by means of a wave.

LEARNING
OUTCOME:

Draw a transverse and longitudinal wave and identify

its amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, nodes,
crests and troughs.

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES:

1. Define transverse, longitudinal wave.

2. Differentiate transverse wave from longitudinal wave.
3. Explain how wave travels in a medium.

CONTENT EXPLORATION 5
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12

How It Works?
In a slinky, the energy is transferred from the coil down the spring to the fixed end
when a slinky is shaken up and down or by a push or a pull movement.

What is a WAVE?
Waves are everywhere. In fact, you observe many different kinds of waves every
day. You see waves that moves through matter, such as those that cause water to rise
and sink in the ocean. You feel waves such as those that produce heat and hear waves
such as those that produce sound.

A wave is a form of disturbance and a transfer of energy through a material

substance or medium. By observing the visible waves, such as water waves and wave
in a rope or spring, including the invisible ones, such as sound waves and radio waves,
these waves exhibit one common property that is moving in periodic motion.

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12

FREQUENCY
An object exhibits periodic motion when an object repeats a
pattern of motion. An oscillation refers to any
periodic motion that moves at a distance about an
equilibrium position and repeats over a period of
time.

One complete oscillation is called a cycle

which describes the motion of a vibrating object. While
frequency (f) is the number of cycles per second.

The discoverer of electromagnetic waves is

a German scientist named Heinrich Hertz, which is why the unit used to measure
frequency is Hertz (Hz).

The illustration shows a pendulum, which is

composed of a string and an object, that swings
at an angle from the vertical and its initial position
to its final position. One swing is equivalent to a
cycle or one vibration. The pendulum is at rest
when its position is right at the bottom of the
vertical position.

Another term used in describing vibrations is the period (T) and is defined as the
time required for one cycle. The unit seconds is used for measuring the period.

Frequency and period are reciprocals. If the frequency is 60 Hz, the period is 1/60
(or 0.017) s. If the period is 0.010 s, the frequency is 100 Hz.

cycles
Frequency ( f )=
time
1
f=
T
time
period ( T )=
cycles

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
1
T=
f

Sample Problem:
1. Calculate the frequency and its period if a pendulum completes 30 cycles in 15
seconds.
1 30 cycles
f= = =2.0 Hz
T 15 s
1 1
T= = =0. 50 s
f 2.0 Hz

2. Calculate the period of a pendulum that has a frequency of 10 Hz.

1 1
T= = =0. 10 s
f 10 Hz

WAVE TERMINOLOGY

When wave motions are repeated at

regular time intervals, they are described as
periodic waves while a wave can also consist
of a single disturbance called a pulse.

If a piece of rope moves up and

down, a wave will travel along the rope.
The hand is the vibrating source of
energy and the rope is the medium
through which the energy is
transferred. Moving one half of a cycle,
a pulse is created.

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
When a water wave moves across an ocean, it moves at a uniform velocity. The
water remains in the same position, as the wave moves up and down, and as the wave
goes by.

In a transverse wave, the particles in a medium vibrate at right angles to the

direction in which the wave travels such as water waves and waves in a rope. A crest is
a positive pulse while trough is a negative pulse. The higher part of the wave is called
a crest and the lower part of the wave is a trough.

The distance from the midpoint of one crest or trough to the midpoint of the next is
called the wavelength and is represented by the Greek letter, λ (lambda).
As a wave travels through a medium, its amplitude decreases because of friction. In
the absence of friction, if there will be no decrease in amplitude, the wave is called an
ideal wave.

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Longitudinal waves are waves that vibrate parallel to the direction of motion of the
wave. Consider the “slinky” springs and the waves can be produced by moving one end
of the spring back and forth in the direction of its length.

The regions where the wave are closer together in a longitudinal wave are called
compressions while the regions where they are farther apart are called refractions.
The distance between the midpoints of successive compressions or rarefactions to the
next is one wavelength while the maximum displacement of the waves from the
equilibrium position is the amplitude of the longitudinal wave.

WAVE EQUATION

We

define previously that frequency of the wave is the number of crests and troughs or
complete cycles that pass a given point in the medium per unit of time. If a wave is
being generated in a spring or a rope, it travels a distance of one wavelength in the time
required for one complete vibration which is defined as the period (T).

∆d
Since: v=
∆t

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
and: ∆ d=λ∧∆ d=T
λ
Substituting: v=
T
1
But: f=
T
Therefore:
v=fλ

This equation is known as the wave equation.

Sample Problem:
1. Determine the speed of a water wave in a pond that has a wavelength of 0.080 m
and frequency of 2.5 Hz.
v=fλ
= (2.5 Hz) (0.080 m)
= 0.20 m / s

2. Calculate the frequency of the wave if the wavelength in a water wave is 4.0 m
while the crest travels 9.0 m in 4.5 s.
∆ d 9.0 m
v= ¿
∆ t 4.5 s
= 2.0 m / s
Then,
v
f=
λ
2.0 m/ s
¿
4.0 m
= 0.50 Hz
INTERFERENCE

Wave interference is when two or more waves act simultaneously on the same
medium. The principle of superposition is the resultant wave displacement and is
equal to the sum of the displacements produced by each wave.

Constructive interference is when two or more waves interfere to produce a

resultant displacement greater than the displacement that would be caused by either

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
wave. On the other hand, destructive interference is when the resultant displacement
is smaller than the displacement that would be caused by one wave.

If waves travelling in
opposite directions have the same amplitude and wavelength, the resultant interference
pattern is called standing wave.

When positive and negative pulses of equal amplitude and shape travel in opposite
directions interfere, the point that remains at rest throughout the interference of the
pulses is called a node or nodal point (N).

In the diagram, two identical waves are interfering and the nodes are equidistant to
each other while their spacing is equal to one half of the wavelength of the interfering
waves. Midway between the nodes are areas where double crests and double troughs
occur. These areas are called loops or antinodes.

Sample Problem:
Determine the wavelength of the waves and their velocity if the distance between
two successive nodes in a vibrating string is 10 cm and the frequency of the source is
30 Hz.
1
The distance between successive nodes is λ . Therefore, the wavelength is
2

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
2(10 cm) = 20 cm.
v = fλ
v= (30 Hz) (20 cm)
v= 6.0 x 102 cm/s

Use the equation relating to speed, wavelength, and

frequency to solve the problems.
INTRODUCTION
DID YOU KNOW?
The following are varieties of familiar sounds: a mother’s voice, a
telephone ringing, a piano being played the blaring sound of a rock band, a
siren, a jet engine roaring, and a rifle shot. Some of these sounds are
pleasant to the ear and some are not. They are called sounds because they
stimulate the auditory nerve in the human ear.

LEARNING
OUTCOME:
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES:

MODULE
SOUND’S INTERESTING!
3
1. Define sound.
2. Describe how sound waves are produce and what types of waves
they are.
3. Discuss the speed of sound in air and use it to solve problems.
4. Relate sound measurements to characteristics
13 of the human ear.
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12

CONTENT
How It Works?

Sound waves come from a vibrating source where humans respond to with
frequencies between 20 Hz and 20, 000 Hz. If the frequency is less than 20 Hz, it is
called infrasonic while if it is more than 20,000 Hz it is called ultrasonic.

FREQUENCIES OF COMMONLY HEARD SOUNDS

Source Frequency (Hz)

Lowest piano note 27.50
Male speaking voice
(average) 120
Female speaking voice
(average) 250

Source Frequency (H)

Middle C of piano 261.63
A above
14 middle C 440.00
Highest piano 4186.01
note
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12

SPEED OF SOUND

In 1654, a German scientist and the inventor of the air

pump named Otto von Guericke discovered that the intensity
of sound is lessened if the air is removed from a jar from
which a mechanical bell is ringing inside. The conclusion is
that sound needs a medium for its transmission.
In 1738, the speed of sound in air was first measured by
members of the French Academy where cannons were
positioned on two hills approximately 29 km apart. The
speed of sound was calculated by measuring the time
interval between the “burst” of a cannon and the “boom” on
its target.

Accurate measurements of the

speed of sound in air have been made at Speed of Sound in Various Media
various temperatures and air pressures. Substance Speed at 0℃
At normal atmospheric pressure and at 0 (m/s)
℃, it is measured at 332 m/s. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 258
Oxygen 317
If the air pressure remains constant, Air 332
Cork 500
the speed of sound increases as the
Lead 1,200
temperature increases. The speed of Alcohol 1,241
sound in air changes by 0.6 m/s for each Hydrogen gas 1,270
degree Celsius. Seawater* 1,440-1,500
Fresh water 1,500
Pinewood 3,320
Copper 3,560
Speed of sound in air = (332 + 0.6 T) Marble 3,810
m/s Maple wood 4,110
Steel 5,050
(at normal atmospheric pressure) Aluminum 5,104
earth 7,000-13, 000
where T is the temperature in degree
Celsius

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*Varies with depth, temperature, and salinity
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
The speed of sound varies in different materials. Substances exhibit different range
of speed for sounds, not only does the change in temperature affect the speed, but also
other physical factors as well.

Sample Problem:
1. Calculate the speed of sound using the following temperature conditions:
(a) 20℃ and (b) -20℃

(a) v= (332 + 0.6 T) m/s (b) v= (332 + 0.6 T) m/s

= [332 + 0.6 (20)] m/s = [332 + 0.6 (-20)] m/s
= (332 + 12) m/s = (332 - 12) m/s
= 344 m/s = 320 m/s

DECIBEL
The sounds capable of being heard by humans can vary in
intensity, from the quietest whisper to a level that is painful to the
ear. Derived from the name of Alexander Graham bell, the
inventor of the telephone, the unit used to measure the intensity of
sound in decibel (dB).

Using the decibel scale, 0 dB is approximately near the

threshold of hearing at a value of 0. 000,000,000,001

W /m2 (10 ¿ ¿−12 W /m2) . ¿ Sound level power, SPL,

has a huge range. It starts at the threshold of hearing which

equates to a sound level of about 10−12 W /m 2 . The threshold of hearing is a power level
of 1 trillionth part of a Watt per square meter, 1/1,000,000,000,000W /m2 , and its referred
to as a picowatt.

If a sound is 10 times more intense than the 0 dB, it has a value of 10 dB. Moreover,
a sound that is 100 times more intense than 0 dB is 20 dB. A sound 1,000 times more
intense than 0 dB is 30 dB, and so on.

The level of sound that is painful to the human ear is 130 dB, which is 1013 times
more intense than the level of the threshold of hearing.

THE EAR
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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
There are three sections of the human ear: external ear, middle ear, and inner
ear.

The earlobe, external auditory canal, and pinna comprise the outer ear. Their
function is to help identify the direction of the sound and to direct the sound to the
eardrum.

The external auditory canal

is about 2 cm long and protects
the eardrum. It amplifies
frequencies between 2,000 and
5,500 Hz and ends at the
eardrum, which is constructed
as a very tough, tightly stretched
membrane of less than 0.1 mm
thick. The eardrum is force into
vibration by successive
compressions and rarefactions.

There are three small

interlocking bones that are attached inside the eardrum: hammer (malleus), anvil
(incus), and stirrup (stapes). It starts from the middle ear and passes on the vibrations
of the eardrum to the inner ear. The hollow space containing the middle ear is filled with
air and is connected to the Eustachian tube. Equalizing the air pressure in the middle
ear, this tube is normally closed but opens during swallowing or yawning.

The stirrup transmits the eardrum vibrations to the ear’s cochlea. It is a snail
shaped organ approximately 3.0 cm long. Waves are transmitted down on one side of
the cochlea and cause microscopic hairs to vibrate. Each hair is connected to a cell that
converts the mechanical motion of the hair into the auditory nerve which codifies
electrical signals and is interpreted by the brain.

Sample Problem:
1. If a boy yells toward a cliff with a speed of sound of 340 m/s and heard his echo
3.0 seconds later, how far is the cliff?

Solution:

∆ d=v ∆ t

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
= (340 m/s) (3.0 s)

= 1020 m

Distance to the cliff:

1
D= ∆ d
2

= y (1020 m)

= 510 m∨5.1 x 102 m

MODULE FLUID: ARE YOU LIQUID

4 OR GAS?

List everyday living examples that uses Pascal’s,

Archimedes and Bernoulli principle.
INTRODUCTION
DID YOU KNOW?
Objects having a fixed shape and a definite volume are solids. Given the
shape of a container, a liquid when poured into it will adapt quickly to its
shape. If neither has a fixed shape nor a definite volume, it is a gas. It will
expand indefinitely to fill the volume and shape of its container.
Fluids re liquids and gases that have the capacity to flow and do not
maintain a fixed shape.

LEARNING
OUTCOME:

LEARNING
18
OBJECTIVES:
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12

1. Define density.
2. Describe pressure by illustrating where the force is acting on an
area.
3. Discuss the Pascal’s principle.
4. Describe floatation using Archimedes principle.
5. Describe the function of a hydrometer.
6. Explain the Bernoulli principle.

CONTENT EXPLORATION
How It Works?
Fluids play an important part in our everyday lives. For
example, fluids can travel under water and above the earth’s surface through the
atmosphere. They form the basis of hydraulic and pneumatic devices. Fluids are
essential to modern industrial processes.

In the figure, the hydraulic jack has a

reservoir that holds a hydraulic fluid. The jack’s
moving handle is applied in a horizontal
direction pushing the small opening cylinder to
create a pressure on the hydraulic fluid to move
into the release valve.

The release valve then seals the opening

of the reservoir, preventing the fluid from
moving back and pushes the pressurized
hydraulic fluid into the jack’s large opening
cylinder.

The large opening cylinder is driven upward as the pressurized hydraulic fluid is
forced into the large cylinder chamber.

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
To release the jack’s pressure, turn the release gate valve that eases the pressure
of the fluid allowing the hydraulic fluid to return to the reservoir.

DENSITY

Volumes of different substances can vary with mass. To define this mathematically,
it is mass per unit volume of a substance and is called density. It is expressed as:

m
p=
V

where: m is mass in kilograms

V is volume in cubic meters

p is density in kilograms per cubic meter

For objects whose mass and volume are more readily measured in grams and cubic
centimeters, density is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter:

1 kg /m3 ¿ 1000 g /(100 cm¿ ¿3) ¿

¿ 10−3 g/cm3

The table provides the values for the densities of some common substances.

Densities of Common Substances

(in kilograms per cubic meter)
Aluminum 2.70 x 103
Iron, Steel 7.8 x 103
Copper 8.9 x 103
Lead 11.3 x 10 3
Gold 19.3 x 103
Concrete 2.3 x 103
Granite 2.7 x 10 3
Wood 0.3−0.9 x 103
Glass 2.6 x 103
Ice 0.917 x 10 3

Water 1.0 x 103

Sea water 1.03 x 103
Mercury 13.6 x 103
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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Alcohol 0.79 x 103
Gasoline 0.68 x 103

Air 1.29
Helium 0.179
Steam 0.60

The ratio of density to the density of pure water is called relative density of both
solid or liquid at 4 ℃ and is mathematically expressed as:

density of substance
relative density=
density of water
(¿ kg/m¿¿ 3)
¿ density of substance ¿
1.0 x 103 kg /m3
(¿ g /cm¿ ¿3)
¿ density of substance ¿
1.0 g /cm3

The relative density of any substance is a number without units. For example,
mercury’s density is:
ρmercury =13.6 x 103 kg /m 3 ¿ 13.6 g /cm3

Hence, the relative density of mercury is 13.6

The following sample problems will illustrate the applications of this concept.

Sample Problem:
1. A shot put ball has a mass of 7.3 kg and a volume of 6.5 x 10−4 m 3.

a. What is the density and relative density of the shot put ball?
m
p=
v
7.3 kg
=
6.5 x 10−4 m 3
= 1.1 x 104 kg /m3
= 11 g/cm 3

density of metal
relative density=
density of water

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
1.1 x 10 4 kg /m3
=
1.1 x 103 kg/m 3
= 11

b. Of what metal is the shot put ball made of?

- Using the tables of densities of common substances, we can assume that the
metal is lead.

2. Kerosene has a relative density of 0.82. What is the volume of kerosene given a
mass of 6.4 kg?
ρkerosene =0.82( ρwater )
= 0.82(1.0 x 10 ¿ ¿3 kg/m3) ¿
= 8.2 x 102 kg / m3 ¿
m
V=
ρ
6.4 kg
=
8.2 x 102 kg/m 3
7.8 x 10−3 m3 =
PRESSURE

The force acting perpendicular to a unit area is defined as pressure and is

mathematically expressed as:

F
p= A
where: F is the force acting perpendicular to a given
area in Newton (N)
A is the area in square meters
p is the pressure in Pascal (Pa) or Newton per
square meter

The SI unit for pressure is Pascal (Pa), in honor of Blaise Pascal for his work with
pressure.

Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, religious philosopher, and

master of prose. He created the modern theory of probabilities and formulated what
came to be known as Pascal’s principle of pressure and propagated a religious doctrine
that taught the experience of God through the heart rather through reason.

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
1 Pa is the pressure when a force of 1 N acts perpendicular to an area of 1 m 2
(1 Pa=1 N /m¿¿ 2). ¿ The sample problem will illustrate the use of this relationship.

Sample Problem:
Consider a physics book with mass of 1.2 kg and its front cover measures 22 cm
by 24 cm with a thickness of 3.5 cm. Calculate the pressure it exerts on a table when
lying (a) flat and (b) on its spine.

Solution: F = mg
= (1.2 kg)(9.8 m/s ¿¿ 2)¿
= 11.8 N

a. When lying flat on the desk:

A1=lw
= (0.24 m)(0.22 m)
= 5.28 x 10−2 m 2
F
Then: p1=
A1
11.8 N
¿
5.28 x 10−2 m2
= 2.2 x 102 N /m 2 ¿ 2.2 x 102 Pa
b. When lying on its spine:
A2=¿
= (0.24 m)(0. 035 m)
= 8.4 x 10−3 m 2

F
and: p2=
A2
11.8 N
¿
8.4 x 10−3 m 2
= 1.4 x 10 3 N /m 2 ¿1.4 x 103 Pa

Observe that the book exerts a

greater pressure on the table when
the area in contact is smaller, thus
the book lying on its spine exerts
greater pressure.

In 1650, Blaise Pascal

discovered the properties of fluids
which is known as Pascal’s Principle:
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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
The pressure exerted on a fluid is transmitted undiminished in a vessel and is acting in
all directions perpendicular to the walls of the vessel.
This principle is involved in the operation of a number of devices where the
transmission of force is needed. For example, automobiles are equipped with hydraulic
brake systems. The force on the piston in the master brake cylinder and pressure on the
brake fluid is due to the pressing of the brake pedal.
The pressure is transmitted undiminished throughout the brake line and is exerted
on the pistons in each of the wheel cylinders, pushing it outward and the resulting
friction stops the wheel.

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

Pressure changes as its speed changes for a fluid in motion. This concept was
discovered by Daniel Bernoulli and is known as the Bernoulli’s Principle: “The velocity
of the fluid is high if its pressure is low and the velocity is low if the pressure is high for a
steady fluid flow. This relationship explains the operation of a number of useful and
practical devices.

Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician and physicist,

is remembered for his applications of mathematics to fluid
mechanics and his pioneering work in probability and
statistics. For his excellent work, the Bernoulli’s principle was
named after him. Examples of the application of conservation
of energy which was the underlying operation of two
important discoveries of the 20th century are the carburetor
and the airplane wing.

CHIMNEYS

A good chimney draws smoke up away

from the fireplace, preventing smoke from
entering the room. The pressure difference
causes the air and smoke to move upward out
the chimney to be swept away by the wind.

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
PAINT SPRAYER

In a paint sprayer, the fast-moving air from the

compressor moves across the top of a vertical tube
in a reservoir of paint, creating a low-pressure area.
To form a fine spray, small droplets mix with the
fast-moving air that pushes the paint up the tube.

Atomizers and spray cans use the same

technique to mix fine drops of perfume, hair-spray,
or household cleansers with the fast-moving air
from the squeeze bulb, pump, or compressed gas
propellant.

CARBURETOR

An automobile carburetor mixes

gasoline droplets and air in a tube
with a narrow constriction or throat
called a venturi.

Air is drawn into the venturi tube

of the vacuum created by the engine.
When the air passes through the
throat, its velocity increases and its
pressure drop. Normal atmospheric
pressure on the surface of the
gasoline in the float bowl forces gas
into the air stream before entering
the cylinders for combustion.

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12

REFERENCE:
Gil Nonato C. Santos, Ph.D., General Physics 1, 1st Edition

26