REGENT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Process
This is defined as the Instance of a computer program that is being executed or we can say that a
process is a program in execution. For example writing a java code we will save the file as a “.CS “ file
then we provide it to the compiler and compiler will compile the “. CS” file and generate the “.class”
.Both files are called program and they are stored in secondary memory or we can say hard disk so then
we need to execute the file to get output so the operating system will take the dot class file and bring it
in the main memory or ram for execution when the CPU starts the execution the program becomes a
process which is executed by the CPU. The process performs all tasks present in the program so we say a
process is basically a program execution so when a program is running it is called this process. When the
program becomes process, it is structure the structure can be divided in four parts first is code second
one is data third is heap and fourth is stuck.

Reasons for the requirement of cooperating processes.

Modularity
Modularity deals with dividing complex tasks into smaller subtasks. These subtasks can be
completed by different cooperating processes when this happens it leads to faster and more
efficient completion of the required tasks.

Information Sharing

Information sharing between multiple processes can be done using cooperating processes. This
may include access to the same files. A device is required so that the processes can access the
files in parallel to each other.

Convenience
There are many tasks that a user needs to do such as compiling, printing, editing etc. It is
convenient if these tasks can be managed by cooperating processes.
Computation Speedup
Sub tasks of a single task can be performed parallel using cooperating processes. This increases
the computation speedup as the task can be performed faster. However, this is only possible if
the system has multiple processing elements.

3.
PROCESS ID BURST TIME

P1 21

P2 3

P3 3
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The average burst time = (0+24+27)/3=17 ms

Gantt chart

P1 P2 P3
0 21
24 27

GUI batch Command line

User interface

System calls

Program I/O operation file system communication resources accounting

execution

error protection
detection and security
services

5.
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I. Acquire input file name______________ File system manipulation

Ii. Write prompt to screen _____________file system

iii. Accept input ______________________operating file systems manipulation

iv. Create output file___________________ file system manipulation

v. Terminate normally __________________program execution

6.

User1 User 2 User 3 …… User n

compiler Assembler Text editor Data base

systems
System and application program
Computer hardware

Operating system