CHEMICAL BONDING

CHEMISTRY GRADE 10.

PILLARS OF THE SCHOOL
▪ VALUE STATEMENTS

The spirit of excellence

is upon me.

The spirit of excellence

is upon us.
OBJECTIVES

▪ STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

▪ explain the formation of ionic and covalent bonds;
▪ predict the likelihood of an atom forming an ionic or a covalent bond
based on atomic structure;
▪ write formulae to represent ions, molecules and formula units;
▪ explain metallic bonding
▪ distinguish between ionic and molecular solids;
▪ write formulae to represent ions, molecules and formula units;
INTRODUCTION TO IONIC BONDING
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qf07-8Jhhpc&t=1s
Introduction

▪ Chemical bonding provides the energy necessary to

hold two different atoms together as part of a
chemical compound.

▪ Strength of the bond depends on the molecules or

atoms involved in the process of bond formation.
THE OCTET RULE

▪ Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order

to get a full set of valence electrons.
▪ “octet” – most atoms need 8 valence electrons for a
full set
▪ Gaining or losing → ions = ionic bonding
▪ Sharing = covalent bonding
Types of Chemical Bonding

▪Ionic Bonds
▪Covalent Bonds
▪Metallic Bonds
Ionic Bonds
▪ Ionic bonds are chemical bonds created by the electrostatic forces of
attraction between positively charged CATIONS and negatively
charged ANIONS in ionic compounds
▪ Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons from metal atoms to
nonmetal atoms.
▪ Compounds formed by ionic bonding is known as IONIC compound
The Principle of Bonding
▪ When an atom loses or gain electrons it forms an ion. The ions
formed are no charged particles because they no longer contain the
same number of electrons as number of protons
▪ When a metal atom loses electrons, the ion formed as more protons
than electrons. The ion has a positive charge and is called a CATION.
▪ When a non-metal atom gains electrons, the ion formed as more
electrons than protons. The Ayana has a negative charge and is called
an ANION
The Principle of IONIC Bonding

▪ Metals are found to the left of the periodic table and have 1, 2 or 3
valence electrons. If they lose their valence electrons they can attain
a noble gas configuration
▪ Non-metals are found to the right of the periodic table and have 5, 6
or 7 valence electrons. If they gain electrons into their valence shell
they can attain a noble gas configuration
SODIUM AND CHLORINE
DOT-AND-CROSS DIAGRAMS
▪ Dot-and-cross diagrams help to keep track of where the electrons
have come from ionic bond is formed. Dot-and-cross diagrams show:

 The outer electron shells only

 The charge of the ion at the top right outside square brackets
Dot-and cross diagram of Sodium Chloride

Chloride Cl-
Sodium Na+ __

+
Cl
Na
Examples of Ionic
Bond
LITHIUM AND OXYGEN
Lithium
Oxygen

p =3
n =4

p =8
n =8

p =3
n =4
LITHIUM AND OXYGEN
+ O2-
p =3 __
n =4 Li+

p =8
+ n =8

p =3
n =4
Li+
ALUMINIUM AND FLUORINE
ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE

p = 13 p =8
n = 14 n =8
ALUMINIUM AND FLUORINE

Al

F
ALUMINIUM
___

AND
F F-

FLUORINE ___

3+ F
F-
Al3+ Al

___

F F-
Examples to try
1. Magnesium and oxygen
2. Calcium and Chlorine
3. Potassium and nitrogen
 Magnesium and oxygen

Magnesium Mg
Oxgen, O

p = 12
n = 12
p=8
n=8
 O
Mg
 2-

2+
O
Mg
 CALCIUM AND CHLORINE

CALCIUM, Ca CHLORINE, Cl

p = 20 p = 17
n = 20 n = 18.5
 Cl

Ca

Cl
 ___

Cl

2+
Ca

___

Cl
 Potassium and nitrogen

Potassium, K
Nitrogen, N

p=7
n=7
p = 20
n = 20
K

N
K

K
 +

3-

+
N
K

K
WRITING FORMULA FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URc75hoKGLY
WRITING FORMULA FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
1. Write down the formula of 1. Write the MAGNITUDE of the
the two ions present from the CHARGE on the CATION
VALENCY SHEET; immediately after the
formula of the ANION in a
2. Rewrite the formula CATION SUBSCRIPT.
without its charge.
2. IF the MAGNITUDE of the
3. Write the MAGNITUDE of the CHARGE is 1, then NO
CHARGE on the ANION number is written as a
immediately after the SUBSCRIPT
formula of the CATION in the
SUBSCRIPT.
4. Write the formula of the
ANION immediately after the
SUBSCRIPT without its
CHARGE.
EXAMPLE

Aluminium Oxide ▪ Calcium Bromide

Ca2+ Br-
Al3+ O2- Br-
Al3+ O2-
O2- CaBr2

Al2O3
BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS
• Contain ions of only two elements

• Formula: CATION written first, then ANION

● Charges of ions written as superscripts, # of atoms in a compound

written as subscripts

• RATIO WRITTEN IN LOWEST TERMS

BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS
Na+ + Cl- → NaCl
• The total (net) charge on the compound should be zero.

• You must determine how many of each ion will need to be in the
compound to balance out the charges.
NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
• Name the CATION using its element name.

• Name the anion by dropping the ending of the element name

and adding –ide.
Ca3P2
calcium phosphide

• If the anion is polyatomic, simply name it using the ion’s name

Mg3(PO4)2
magnesium phosphate
NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS

▪ If the CATION has more than one valence (it can

have different charges), indicate the charge using
roman numerals in parenthesis after the CATION
name.
▪ FeO = iron (II) oxide
▪ Fe2O3 = iron (III) oxide
The Octet Rule

▪ The noble gases are stable ▪ Octet Rule – chemical

because their atoms’ outer s compounds tend to form so
and p orbitals are completely that each atom, by gaining,
filled by 8 electrons losing, or sharing electrons, has
an octet of electrons in its
highest occupied energy level.
▪ Other main group elements
can fill their outermost s and p
orbitals with electrons by
sharing electrons through
covalent bonding.
COVALENT BONDS
▪ Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between
nonmetal atoms.
▪ Compounds formed by covalent bonding are known as covalent
compound.
▪ A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of
electrons between two atoms.
The Principle of Bonding
▪ Non-metals are found to the right of the periodic table and have 4 5 6 or 7
valence electrons.
▪ They need to gain electrons into their valence shell to attain a noble gas
configuration.
▪ Since all the atoms involved in covalent bonding need to gain electrons,
they achieve this by approaching each other so that their outermost
electron shells overlap.
▪ Any valence electrons that were not in pairs in the original atom are then
shared in pairs between two overlapping atoms.
▪ Each shared pair of electrons to form a covalent bond and the electrons in
the covalent bond are known as bonding pair.
The Principle of Bonding
▪ Each bonding pair spends time with both atoms, orbiting around each
nucleus.
▪ Each atom now has a complete outer electron shell and is stable.
▪ Two atoms may share one, two or three pairs of electrons between them.
▪ Two or more non-metal atoms can bond together by sharing electrons
pairs. When they do this, they form separate, individual entities known as
MOLECULES.
▪ The atoms within a molecule are held together by strong electrostatic force
of attraction between the nucleus of the atom and the bonding pair or pairs
of electrons.
▪ Atoms of the same element are of different elements May bond together
by covalent bonding
MOLECULES

▪ Many elements found in nature are in the form of

MOLECULES:
a neutral group of atoms joined together by
covalent bonds.
For example, air contains oxygen molecules,
consisting of two oxygen atoms joined
covalently
Called a “DIATOMIC MOLECULE” (O2 )
Diatomic molecules

▪ Some atoms do not exist as a single atom

▪ Atoms that exist as two
H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, F2
▪ HONClBrIF
▪ Magnificent 7-don’t forget H
Examples of Molecules

▪ F2
▪ H2O
▪ NH3 (ammonia)
▪ CH4 (methane)
▪ Notice there are no metals, only non-metals
Question Time
▪ What do atoms want to achieve?
▪ What is the octet rule?
▪ What is the difference between a covalent and a ionic bond?
▪ What is a molecule?
▪ What is a diatomic molecule?
▪ What are the diatomic molecules?
▪ What is a single covalent bond? Double covalent bond? Triple
covalent bond?
▪ Which bond is the longest?
▪ Which bond is the strongest?
METALLIC BONDING

▪ METALLIC BONDING occurs in

metals.

▪ The are METAL ATOMS are

packed TIGHTLY in together in
ROWS to form a METAL LATTICE
and their valence electrons
become DELOCALIZED.
▪ This means that the VALENCE
ELECTRONS are no longer
associated with any SPECIFIC
ATOM and are FREE TO MOVE.
▪ This form is positive CATIONS
and a ‘SEA’ of MOBILE
ELECTRONS.
▪ The METAL LATTICE is held
together by ELECTROSTATIC
FORCE of attraction between
the DELOCALIZED
ELECTRONS and the CATION,
known as METALLIC BOND,
which is STRONG
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

PHYSICAL PROPERTY EXPLANATION

High melting points and The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the cations
boiling points and the delocalized electrons require large amounts of heat
energy to break.
Solid at room temperature Room temperature is not high enough to break the strong
(except mercury) electrostatic forces of attraction between the CATIONS and the
DELOCALISED electrons
High density The atoms are packed VERY closely together
Conduct electricity The DELOCALISED electrons are free to move and carry
ELECTRICITY through the metal
Conduct heat The delocalised electrons move and carry heat through the metal
Malleable and Ductile The atoms of each metal are all of the same type and size. If
force is applied, the atoms can slide past each other into new
positions without the metal bonds breaking.
OBJECTIVES

▪ STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

▪ describe ionic crystals, simple molecular crystals and giant molecular
crystals;
▪ relate structure of sodium chloride, diamond and graphite to their
properties and uses;
▪ distinguish between ionic and molecular solids;
▪ explain the term allotropy.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
IONIC BONDING
▪ Ionic compounds are solid. Ionic bond has
greater force of attraction because of
which ions attract each other strongly.
This makes ionic compounds solid.
▪ Ionic compounds are brittle.
▪ Ionic compounds have high melting and
boiling points because force of attraction
between ions of ionic compounds is very
strong.
▪ Ionic compounds generally dissolve in
water.
▪ Ionic compounds are generally insoluble
in organic solvents; like kerosene, petrol,
etc.
COVALENT BONDING
▪ Covalent molecular solids tend to
be soft solids, liquids, or gases at
room temperature
▪ Low melting and boiling points
▪ Poor conductors of heat and
electricity
▪ usually insoluble in water but they
are soluble in organic solvents.
▪ Non-electrolytes – do not conduct
electricity in water
▪ Ionic compounds do not conduct
electricity in solid state.
▪ Solution of ionic compounds in
water conduct electricity. This
happens because ions present in
the solution of ionic compound
facilitate the passage of electricity
by moving towards opposite
electrodes.
▪ Ionic compounds conduct
electricity in molten state.
 VALENCY
CHALLENGE
H+ F- NH4+ H- SO42- MnO4-

NO2- Fe2+ OH- Ba2+ CH3COO- PO33-

Cu+ NO3- P3- Pb2+ Cr2O72- Fe3+

PO43-
Mg2+ O2- S2- CO32- Ca2+

Na+ Pb4+ Al3+ SO32- N3- HCO3-