HL 2.8-2.10 Exponents and Logarithms

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
MATH HL
EXERCISES 2.8-2.10
EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS
Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis
A. Practice Questions
1. Solve the equations

(a) e 3 x +1 = 5 . (b) ln(3 x + 1) = 5 .
(c) 2 3 x +1 = 5 . (d) log 2 (3 x + 1) = 5 .
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 1

HL 2.8-2.10 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS
 x3 y 
2. Let a = log 2 x , b = log 4 y , c = log 8 z . Write log 2   in terms of a, b and c.
 z4 
 
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 2

3. Solve the logarithmic equations:

log 3 x
(a) log 3 ( x + 2) = 1 + (b) log 2 x = log 4 ( x + 6)
2
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 3

4. Solve the logarithmic equations

(a) 9 log 8 x = 6 + 8 log x 8 (b) 9 log x 5 = log 5 x
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 4

ln a
5. Solve the equation 2 3 x +1 = 6 x −1 . Express your answer in the form
ln b
METHOD A [Apply ln( ) first and then solve for x]
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METHOD B [Much quicker! Transform in the form ax = b and then apply ln( )
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 5

6. Solve the exponential equations:

(a) 3 2 x + 2 + 8(3) x +1 = 9 (b) 4 x − 9 ⋅ 2 x + 8 = 0
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 6

7. Solve the exponential equations:

(a) e 3 x + 2e x − 3e 2 x = 0
 pe m 
(b) e ( x −3) + 2 = e ( x +3) (express the result in the form ln n  , with p, m, n∈Z .)
 e −1 
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 7

8. Solve the equations

(a) x ln x = e (b) x log x = 10 (c) x log7 x = 7 (d) x log 2 x = 16
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 8

2 3
9. Solve the simultaneous equations 2x = 4y and log x y =
2
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10. Solve the simultaneous equations 8 y = 4 2 x +3 and log 2 y = log 2 x + 4
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 9
11. Solve the simultaneous equations

log 2 ( y − 1) = 1 + log 2 x
2 log 3 y = 2 + log 3 x
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 10

12. Solve the simultaneous equations

log 2 x − log 4 y = 4
log 2 ( x − 2 y ) = 5
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 11

13. Calculate the following sums

(a) ln 2 + ln 22 + ln 23 + L + ln 210
(b) ln 2 + (ln 2) 2 + (ln 2)3 + L + (ln 2)10
(c) ln 2 + (ln 2) 2 + (ln 2)3 + L (infinite sum)
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 12
14. Consider the function f ( x) = e x − 2 .

−1
(a) Find f
−1
(b) Sketch the graphs of f and f by indicating clearly any intercepts and asymptotes.
y
8
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
(c) Complete the table
Domain Range
f
−1
f
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 13
15. Consider the function f ( x) = e x + 2 .

−1
(a) Find f
−1
y
8
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
Domain Range
f
−1
f
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 14

16. Consider the function f ( x) = e ( x −3) + 2

−1
(a) Find f
−1
y
8
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
Domain Range
f
−1
f
(d) Solve the equation f ( x) = 6 .
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 15
B. Past Paper questions (SHORT)
17. Solve log16 3 100 – x 2 = 1 .

2
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(Total 6 marks)
18
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 16

19. Solve, for x, the equation log2 (5x2 – x – 2) = 2 + 2 log2 x.
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
Hence, solve the equation log2 (5x2 – x – 2) = lne2 + log 2

x
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 17

20. Solve the equation 2 log 3 ( x − 3) + log 1 ( x + 1) = 2

3
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
Hence solve the equation 2 log 3 (e x − 3) + log 1 (e x + 1) = 2

3
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 18

21. Solve the equation 9 log 5 x = 25 log x 5 , expressing your answers in the form 5 q
( p, q ∈ Z )
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(Total 6 marks)
22.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 19

∑ ln(2 ), giving the answer in the form a ln 2, where a ∈

50
r
23. Find .
r =1
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
50 50
Find, ∑ ln x
r =1
r
and ∑ (ln x)
r =1
r
in terms of x
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 20

24. Find an expression for the sum of the first 35 terms of the series
x2 x2 x2
ln x2 + ln + ln 2 + ln 3 + …
y y y
xm
giving your answer in the form ln , where m, n ∈ .
yn
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(Total 5 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 21
25. Find the exact value of x satisfying the equation (3x)(42x+1) = 6x+2.
ln a
Give your answer in the form where a, b ∈ .
ln b
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(Total 6 marks)
26.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 22

3
27. Solve 2(5x+1) = 1 + , giving the answer in the form a + log5 b, where a, b ∈ Ζ.
5x
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
Solve the equation 10(25 x ) − 5 x − 3 = 0
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 23

28.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 24

29. The function f is defined for x > 2 by f(x) = ln x + ln (x – 2) – ln (x2 – 4).

(a) Express f(x) in the form ln  x  . (b) Find an expression for f–1(x).
x+a
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
Show analytically that the inverse of f –1(x) is the function f (x).
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 25

30. Let y = log3 z, where z is a function of x. The diagram shows the straight line L, which represents
the graph of y against x. Its gradient is 2.
(a) Using the graph or otherwise, estimate the value of x when z = 9.

(b) The line L passes through the point 1, log 3 5  . Find an expression for z in terms of x.
 9
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(Total 6 marks)
31.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 26

32.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 27

C. Past Paper Questions (LONG)

(Please answer on separate answer sheets)
33. (a) The function f is defined by

f :xa ex – 1 – x
(i) Find the minimum value of f. (2)
(ii) Prove that ex ≥ 1 + x for all real values of x. (3)
(b) Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove that
1 1 1
(1 + 1) ( 1 + ) (1 + ) ....(1 + ) = n + 1
2 3 n
for all integers n ≥ 1. (6)
(c) Use the results of parts (a) and (b) to prove that
1 1 1
(1 + + + ....+ )
e 2 3 n > n.
(4)
(d) Find a value of n for which
1 1 1
1 + + + ..... + > 100
2 3 n
(3)
(Total 18 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 28

HL 2.8-2.10 Exponents and Logarithms

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HL 2.8-2.10 Exponents and Logarithms

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INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis

1. Solve the equations

(c) 2 3 x +1 = 5 . (d) log 2 (3 x + 1) = 5 .

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 1

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 2

3. Solve the logarithmic equations:

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 3

4. Solve the logarithmic equations

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 4

METHOD A [Apply ln( ) first and then solve for x]

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 5

6. Solve the exponential equations:

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 6

7. Solve the exponential equations:

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 7

8. Solve the equations

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 8

10. Solve the simultaneous equations 8 y = 4 2 x +3 and log 2 y = log 2 x + 4

11. Solve the simultaneous equations

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 10

12. Solve the simultaneous equations

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 11

13. Calculate the following sums

(c) ln 2 + (ln 2) 2 + (ln 2)3 + L (infinite sum)

14. Consider the function f ( x) = e x − 2 .

(c) Complete the table

15. Consider the function f ( x) = e x + 2 .

(c) Complete the table

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 14

16. Consider the function f ( x) = e ( x −3) + 2

(c) Complete the table

(d) Solve the equation f ( x) = 6 .

B. Past Paper questions (SHORT)

17. Solve log16 3 100 – x 2 = 1 .

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 16

19. Solve, for x, the equation log2 (5x2 – x – 2) = 2 + 2 log2 x.

Hence, solve the equation log2 (5x2 – x – 2) = lne2 + log 2

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 17

20. Solve the equation 2 log 3 ( x − 3) + log 1 ( x + 1) = 2

Hence solve the equation 2 log 3 (e x − 3) + log 1 (e x + 1) = 2

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 18

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 19

∑ ln(2 ), giving the answer in the form a ln 2, where a ∈

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29. The function f is defined for x > 2 by f(x) = ln x + ln (x – 2) – ln (x2 – 4).

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(a) Using the graph or otherwise, estimate the value of x when z = 9.

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C. Past Paper Questions (LONG)

33. (a) The function f is defined by

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