Solenoid Engine

Abstract:
In an automobile, Engine is a main power source in which by
combustion of fuel takes place and heat energy is produced and is
converted into mechanical energy. Due to combustion of fuel harmful
gasses are released which causes air pollution. In these day’s electric
vehicles are being developed. Here we prefer electromagnetic engine for
generation of power. This paper deals with reduce use of major fossil
fuel and use of renewable sources as much as possible to reduce
pollution and better energy saving for future using solenoid engine. By
using electromagnetic engine pollution of air is overcome and operation
can be eco-friendly. The current challenges is make them more efficient
and convenient to reduce cost. In this engine the friction of engine parts
is less over the IC engine. So life of electromagnetic engine is more.
Solenoid works as electromagnet when current supplied to it. Engine
works without any fuel and no pollution in atmosphere such in case of
fuel engine. Coil magnetism is used to attract the plunger. spark
distributor is used to actuate electromagnet according to position of
piston in cylinder rather than sensors and micro controller. So, The
reciprocating motion can be converted into rotary motion and used for
different applications.
 CHAPTER 1
A INTRODUCTION TO SOLENOID
Take an insulated copper wire and wrap it tightly and closely on a
cylindrical pipe. After some time, take out the copper wire coil slowly out of the
cylindrical pipe. What do you see? What is the shape of the copper wire now? Is it
looking like a spring or a tightly packed helix?

Fig. 1, the basic design of solenoid

You will be thinking that what is special in that, it is only like a simple spring and
looking like a helical coil. Yes, it is a simple helical coil but it is widely used
in electrical engineering and it has a wide range of domestic and industrial
applications.

In electromagnetism, these simple spring-like components are called solenoids.

This coil can be arranged so that it produces a uniform magnetic field in a volume
of space when an electric current is passed through it.

So what is a solenoid? What are its types and applications? So in this article, we
are going to discuss everything about this. so let’s get started…
WHAT IS A SOLENOID?

Fig. 2, magnetic field created by a solenoid, described using field lines

DEFINITION
A solenoid is a type of electromagnet, which is used to generate a controlled
magnetic field through a coil which is wound into a tightly packed helix. The coil
can be arranged in such that it produces a uniform magnetic field in a volume of
space when an electric current is passed through it. See figure above.

Fig. 3, illustration of the solenoid

In the study of electromagnetism, it is taken as a coil whose length is substantially

greater than its diameter. Here, you can see that the length of the solenoid is larger
than its diameter. This makes it cylindrical in shape.
In electrical engineering, the term solenoid may also refer to
many transducer devices which convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy. When an electric current is supplied to the solenoid, it creates a magnetic
field, this magnetic field is used to create the linear motion.

SOLENOID WORKING PRINCIPLE

We know that solenoid is an electromagnet.

So, it usually works on the principle of electromagnetism.

When we supply the electric current through the coil then the magnetic field is
generated inside it, if you place a soft metal core inside the coil then the magnetic
lines are concentrated on that core, which increases the magnetic induction of the
coil as compared to the air core.

Though it creates a magnetic field when supplying electric current, like other
magnets, it also has north and south poles and can attract and repel other magnetic
materials. See figure (1).

When we place a soft metal core inside the coil, most of the flux lines concentrate
only on the core while some of the flux appears at the ends of the coil and a small
amount of flux appears outside the coil.

The strength of the magnetic field of the solenoid can be increased by the increased
density of the coil turns and or by increasing the electric current through the coil
because the strength of the magnetic field due to solenoid is directly proportional
to the number of turns per unit length and magnitude of current flowing.
TYPES OF COMMERICAL SOLENOIDS AND THEIR USES
There are various types of Solenoids available in the market based on their
material, design, and function. But all the solenoids have the same electrical
principles.

 AC Laminated Solenoid
 DC C–Frame Solenoid
 DC D–Frame Solenoid
 Linear Solenoid
 Rotary Solenoid

AC LAMINATED SOLENOID
These types of solenoids have a metal core and a coil of wire. The core of
the solenoid is constructed with a laminated metal to reduce the stray current,
lamination of the core help in improving the performance of the solenoid.

Fig. 3, AC-laminated solenoid

The special feature of AC laminated solenoid is that it can deliver a large amount
of force in the first stroke. Because of this, they have a high inrush current (It is
an instantaneous high input current drawn by a power supply or electrical
equipment when it is turned on).
They are capable of using more strokes than a DC laminated solenoid. It is
available in different types of configuration and ranges. When it is in use then they
create a clean buzzing sound.

USES OF AC LAMINATED SOLENOIDS

There are various uses of AC laminated solenoid. Some of them are listed below:
 Medical equipment
 Locks
 Vehicles
 Industrial equipment
 Printers
 And in some of the household appliances

DC C-FRAME SOLENOID
This solenoid is called C-Frame solenoid because it has a metal frame in the shape
of the letter C which is covered around the coil. It is used in various day-to-day
applications because of its more controlled stroke operation. Although it is said to
be a DC solenoid it can also be used in equipment designed for AC power.
 Fig. 5, DC-C Frame solenoid

DC-D FRAME SOLENOID

DC-D Frame solenoid has a two-piece frame covering the coils forming a
rectangular shape. They have similar function like a C-frame solenoid therefore, it
can also be used with AC power and has a controlled stroke operation like C-
Frame solenoid.

Fig. 6, DC-D Frame solenoid

USES OF DC-D FRAME SOLENOID
It has also various uses, some of them are listed below:
 Gaming machines
 ATM machines
 Blood and gas Analyzer

LINEAR SOLENOID
Linear solenoids are very common among people. It consists of a coil of
wire which is wrapped around a movable metal core called a plunger. It is used to
apply the pulling or pushing force to a mechanical device. The metal rod (plunger)
is allowed to freely move in or out of the cylindrical coil depending on
the current applied.

Fig. 7, linear solenoid

USES OF LINEAR SOLENOID

It is used in the automation and highly secured door mechanisms and in the starter
motors of cars & bikes.
ROTARY SOLENOID
It is a special type of solenoid which is used for various applications. It is
commonly used where there is a need for an easy automatic control process. It
works on the same principle as the other solenoids works and has the same
elements, a coil, and a metal core.

Fig. 8, rotary solenoid

The metal core of this solenoid is mounted to a flat disk and has small grooves
under it, The groove’s size exactly matches with the slots in the body of the
solenoid. It also has ball bearings to make the smooth frictionless motion.

When the solenoid starts running then the core is pulled into the body of the
solenoid and the disc core starts rotating. A spring is placed in between the core
and the body of the solenoid. Once the power supply is detached from the solenoid,
the spring pushes the disk core to its original position.

USES OF ROTARY SOLENOID

This type of solenoid is stronger than the other types of the solenoid. These are
originally designed for defense mechanism but nowadays it is commercially being
used in many automated industrial mechanisms such as laser and shutter.
APPLICATIONS OF SOLENOID
Some applications of solenoid is given below:

 It is used in electromagnets, inductors, antennas, solenoid valves, etc.

 It is also used in medical equipments, locking systems, and industrial use.
 The solenoid is also used in many different appliances and products like
computer printers, fuel injection gear which is used on cars and in various
industrial settings.
 Solenoids are also used to make residential doorbells whereby armature
strikes metal chime bars when coils get electrified.
 Electromechanical solenoids are commonly used in electronic paintball
markers, pinball machines, dot matrix printers, and fuel injectors.
 It is also used in particular types of secure door locking systems.
 Electrically, a solenoid is used to control a valve, for example, the solenoid
core is used to apply mechanical force to the valve.
 One of the main advantage of the solenoid is that whenever an electricity is
applied, it show the immediate the reaction.
 The quick response is one of the most significant reason due to which it is
widely using in electrical engineering.

So this is all about solenoid, definition types and its applications. Stay tuned
with Laws Of Nature for more useful and interesting content.
 AIM
The project "Solenoid engine" is aimed at increasing the availability of
electric motors for personal use, as well as reducing the cost of production of
electric motors. The solenoid motor can be assembled with your own hands
without significant monetary costs, and its design is simple and understandable to
everyone.

3.CALCULATION AND THEORY

Solenoid electromagnetic force formula

 F = (N × I)2μ0 A / (2 g2)

 F represents the force,

 μ0 is magnetic constant with the value of 4 × π × 10-7,

 N is the number of turns,

 A refers to the area,

 I refers to the current, and.

g is the distance between the solenoid and a piece of metal
The theoretical analysis of the solenoid force: (a) the solenoid force for different
inner diameters and numbers of coil turns at the solenoid length of 20 mm; (b) the
distribution of the solenoid force depending on the solenoid length and number of
coil turns at the inner diameter of 5 mm.

4.WORKING
5. COMPONENT AND MATERIAL USED
5.1 BATTERY
Battery is used to give electrical supply to induction coil and as main power
source. Also to get variable by supplying spark distributer. Battery can charge with
a Dynamo/ Alternator like an automobile.

5.2 SOLENOID COIL

Solenoid coil is consist of number of turns of copper wire wound on iron or
former piece. Coil works as electromagnet when the current is owing through it.
The turns ratio depends on applied voltage. the more current coil becomes more
strong electromagnet.

5.3 SWITCH
There is a switch between solenoid coil and battery supply for connecting
and disconnecting supply and for control constant current supply to coil.

7. CALCULATIONS
8. MERITS OF SOLENOID ENGINE
 There is no effect on atmosphere because electromagnetic engine
cause no atmospheric pollution.
 It required less maintenance compared to IC engine. It provide
alternative to the fossil fuels.
 It is lighter in weight than an Internal combustion engine.
 It provide more efficiency with lesser torque. It is compact in
design.
 Operation is less noisy.

9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

In future, For more power and torque output we can design the
structure with more sectional design like V8 or V 12 engine with more
efficient power outage. due to use of this and this type of system use of
non renewable resources is somewhat reduced and energy for future can
be conserve. Even if this phenomenon is utilized for other purposes as
done in an conventional Combustion Engine we are limited to today’s
technological advancements to further up the efficiency, however this
model shows great promise for the future where today’s limitations are
overcome by new innovations.

10. REFERENCES
[1]. Leland W. Gi ord; "reciprocating electromagnetic engine"; US
5457349 A
[2]. Kiniski Z; "Rotary-to-reciprocating device"; US 3811058A
[3]. Amarnath Jayaprakash, Balaji, G., Bala Subrama-nian; "Studies on
Electromagnetic Engine"
[4]. DruvaKumar.L1, Jathin.P; "Future Energy Rede ned By Magnetics"
[5]. B. L. Thereja Electrical Technology, Volume II, pp.866 to 886 and
Electro Droid software for Magnetic Coil Calculations