Lesson 1

NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE

POLARITIES

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Introduction

We see the effects if electricity in a

battery, static charge, lighting, radio,
television, and many other applications.
What do they all have in common that
is electrical in nature? The answer is
basic particles of electric charge with
opposite polarities.

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Introduction

All the materials we know, including

solid, liquid and gases, contain two
basic particles of electric charge: the
electron and the proton.

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 ELECTRON

- An electron is the smallest

amount of electric charge having
the characteristics called negative
polarity.

+ PROTON
The proton is a basic particle
with positive polarity.

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Negative and Positive Polarities

The negative and positive polarities indicate

two opposite characteristics that seem to be
fundamental in all physical applications. Just as a
magnets have north and south poles, electric
charges have the opposite polarities labeled
negative and positive. The opposing
characteristics provide a method of balancing one
against the other to explain physical effects.

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 Negative and Positive Polarities
It is the arrangement of electrons and protons as basic particles of
electricity that determines the electrical characteristics. As an
example, this paper has electrons and protons in it. There is no
evidence of electricity, though, because the number of electrons
equals to the number of proton. In that case the opposite electrical
forces cancel, making the paper electrically neutral.

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Negative and Positive Polarities

The neutral condition means that opposing

forces are exactly balanced, without any new
effect either way.

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Negative and Positive Polarities

Atom
- Atoms are made up of particles called protons, neutrons
and electron, which are responsible for the mass and charge
of atoms.

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Negative and Positive Polarities

Is all things made up of atoms?

Yes BANCOROTLE102020
Negative and Positive Polarities

Is all things have charges?

Yes BANCOROTLE102020
STATIC ELECTRICITY

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 Static Electricity
- It is the result of an imbalance between negative and positive charges in an
object.

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Static Comb Experiment
Have you ever rubbed a balloon on our head to
make your hair stick up or make the balloon stick
to a wall? This is called static electricity!
Static electricity works by transferring
electrons between two objects. This sometimes
comes across as a shock when you rub your feet
across a shag carpet and touch something that
shocks you, but can also came as an attraction,
which is the case here.
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 Static Comb Experiment

What you’ll need:

• Plastic comb
• Paper
• Hole Puncher or scissors
• Your hair
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 Static Comb Experiment

Directions:
1. Using the hole puncher or scissors, punch or cut many bits of paper
and leave them on a flat surface.
2. Quickly rub your comb through your hair for 15-20 seconds.
3. Lower the comb to the bits of paper.
4. See how many you can attract!

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Static Electricity

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How Positive and Negative charges could be
used?
Work must be done to separate the
electrons and proton. Changing the balance of
forces produces evidence of electricity. A
battery, for instance, can do electrical work
because its chemical energy separates electric
charges to produce an excess electrons at its
negative terminal and an excess of protons at
its positive terminal. With separate and
opposite charges at the two terminals, electric
energy can be supplied to a circuit connected to
the battery.
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Part of a Dry Cell
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Reference:

Bernard Grob, et.al.,Grob Basic Electronics 7th

Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company: 1993.

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