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Wollschlaeger, Sauter, Jasperneite - 2017 - Recent Trends in Automation Technology The Future of Industrial Communication Automation Net
Wollschlaeger, Sauter, Jasperneite - 2017 - Recent Trends in Automation Technology The Future of Industrial Communication Automation Net
Communication
Automation Networks in the Era of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0
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W
ith the introduc- in technology that allow interconnec- etworks in automation. Moreover, we
n
tion of the Internet tion on a wider and more fine-grained will point out the need for harmoniza-
of Things (IoT) and scale. The purpose of this article is to tion b
eyond networking.
cyberphysical system review technological trends and the
(CPS) concepts in indus- impact they may have on industrial Recent Trends in
trial application scenar- communication. We will review the im- Automation Technology
ios, industrial automation is undergo- pact of IoT and CPSs on industrial au- The core of distributed automation sys
ing a tremendous change. This is made tomation from an industry 4.0 perspec- tems is essentially the reliable exchange
possible in part by recent advances tive, give a survey of the current state of information. Any attempt to steer pro
of work on Ethernet time-sensitive net- cesses independently of continuous hu-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MIE.2017.2649104 working (TSN), and shed light on the man interaction requires, in a very wide
Date of publication: 21 March 2017 role of fifth-generation (5G) telecom sense, the flow of information between
remote transducer; HSPA: high-speed packet access; LIN: local interconnect network; LON: local operating network; MAP: manufacturing automation protocol; MMS: manufacturing messaging specification;
though a vibrant research field [24],
PROWAY: process data highway; SOAP: simple object access protocol; TCP: transport control protocol; TTP: trime triggered protocol; UMTS: universal mobile telecommunications system; UWB: ultrawide
FIGURE 1 — The milestones in the evolution of industrial communication and related technology fields. 2G: second generation; 3G: third generation; 4G: fourth generation; ARPANET: Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network; GSM: global system for mobile communication; ISO: International Organization for Standardization; LTE: long-term evolution; WLAN: wireless local area network; WWW: World
[25], are therefore not widely used in
Wide Web; ASi: actuator/sensor interface; EIB: European installation bus; CAN: controller area network; PROFIBUS: process field bus; FIP: factory instrumentation protocol; HART: highway addressable
automation practice.
Such was the situation until about
5G
one or two years ago. Industrial com-
2020
munications was a mixture of fieldbus
systems, Ethernet-based approaches,
TSN
and some wireless solutions [26], [27],
Ind. Internet
all of them struggling with the legacy
Industry 4.0
4G: LTE+
of four decades of history in a market
with life cycles of plants that are in the
range of decades. The recent adoption
ISA 100.11a
4G: LTE
of IoT and CPS concepts in the auto-
6loWPAN
2010
mation world, however, changes the
Wirel. HART
UWB
IEC61784 IEC61784-2
scenery again. They put the old and
still valid quest for integration of infor-
3G: HSPA
OPC UA
CPS
ZigBee
mation flows in automation into a wid-
er context [28]. The idea that every- 3G: UMTS
EtherCAT
SOAP
Modbus/TCP
PROFINET
e.g., that individual products or work-
FlexRay
Bluetooth
Powerlink
pieces are parts of this ecosystem is
Ethernet/IP
ControlNet IEC61158
EN50170 EN50325
2000
not new, it was introduced with agent-
WLAN
IoT
LIN
EN50254
based distributed manufacturing sys-
band; SDS: smart distributed system; PROFINET: process field net; EtherCAT: Ethernet for control automation technology.
2G: GSM
TTP
technology allow interconnection on a
DeviceNet
FF
ISA SP50
wider and more fine-grained scale [30].
SDS
WWW
1990
PROFIBUS
EIB
Sercos
Ubiq. Comp.
CAN
MAP
customers’ side.
The big difference with respect
1980
ISO/OSI
Modbus
IT Trends
Industrial
Value
Chain
Enterprise
Public Cloud
Enterprise Private Interenterprise
Cloud
Enterprise Internet
Enterprise IT Public and
Private
Value ERP
Networks
Chain
Manufacturing Cloud
Enterprise
MES
Industrial Customer
Intrinsic IT Industrial Wireless
Safety
Customer
Real Time
Inbound Mainstream Outbound
Logistics Processes Logistics
IEEE 802.1
TSN
Add-Ons to IEEE 802-Standards
Real-Time Performance
Real-Time Real-Time
Client/Server Real-Time Client/Server Client/Server
Streams with Streams with
Applications Streams Applications Applications
Priorities Scheduling
Terminal Device
IP IP IP
Ethernet Ethernet
Ethernet
with Priorities with Scheduling
Intermediate
System
TABLE 1 — THE IEEE STANDARDIZATION PROGRESS OF THE OPEN TSN STANDARDS (SEPTEMBER 2016).
STANDARD NAME PROGRESS
IEEE 802.1AS-Rev Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks Working group
IEEE 802.1Qbv Enhancements for Scheduled Traffic Sponsor ballot
IEEE 802.1Qcc Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) Enhancements and Performance Improvements Task group
IEEE 802.1Qbu Frame Preemption Sponsor ballot
IEEE 802.1CB Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability Sponsor ballot
IEEE 802.1Qch Cyclic Queuing and Forwarding PAR* approval
IEEE 802.1Qci Per-Stream Filtering and Policing PAR approval
*PAR: Project Authorization Request.
Vertical 2 Vertical 3
Function Function Business
Function
Vertical 1
Repository
Layer
Vertical-Centric Services
Multiservice
Interfaces
Northbound
Control Layer
Network
Network Function
Function Layer
Repository
Wireless Satellite Optical Cloud
Satellite Network Core Cloud
Edge Cloud
Interfaces
Southbound
Network-Centric Services
Infrastructure
Layer
RAN and Wireless Backhaul Optical Access Network Optical Metro Network Optical Core Network
FIGURE 4 — The integrated 5G architecture for mobile broadband and vertical services [41]. RAN: radio access network.
standards, let alone treated in a harmo-
nized way. They must be tackled above
the actual networks. Business Functions
Years ago, a generic communica-
tion model was established consist-
ing of the three layers of networks,
middleware, and application [42]. This Service Service
general approach is still valid and
…
even more than before (Figure 5). The MES::Calculate
Application Functions and Energy Consumption
uppermost layer is built by the appli- Sensor::Calibrate Information Models
cation functions that need to be inter- …
connected, the middle layer covers
Services *** Services
the (partly application-agnostic) com-
Browse Subscribe … Connect
munication services and the middle-
Middleware and Communication Services,
ware management services, and the Generic Information Models
lowest layer contains the transport- Read Write … Create
oriented protocols guaranteeing the
Native APIs Services
required QoS.
Application functions and informa- Transport-Oriented Protocols
tion models are the building blocks
PROFIBUS
PROFINET
EtherCAT
6loWPAN
WLAN
for actual business functions. In the
CAN
TSN
IIoT
IRT
5G
terminology of service-oriented ar-
chitectures, the higher-level business *** *** ***
services are orchestrations of applica-
tion functions. The application func- FIGURE 5 — The three levels of industrial communication: application, communication services
and middleware, and transport protocols. API: application programming interface.
tions are more and more exposed via
services. Pushed by the Industry 4.0
idea, these services and the related
information models are under defini-
tion for different application domains Intelligent orchestration platforms will emerge
and contexts. from 5G networks.
Because the application functions
should be applicable to different re-
sources, they cannot rely on specific systems on the other hand. Depend- Moreover, such gateways could be more
communication functions directly. ing on these demands, varying along than just protocol and data conversion
Generic communication services are the functional hierarchy, the existence units, they will have to act as smart en-
required. They will be provided by the of one single system fulfilling all the tities controlling and representing the
middle layer. This layer benefits from requirements is doubtful. In addition, underlying automation (sub)system.
Internet technologies such as web ser- the resource capabilities of the con- Last but not least, they can also secure
vices or recent IoT-specific protocols. nected components need to be consid- access to parts of the system [32].
In addition, IT technologies adopted ered [45], [46]. The heterogeneity will rather in-
for automation purposes, such as OPC As described in the “The Role of 5G crease. This calls for harmonized ser-
UA, will be used here [43], [44]. Which Networks in Industrial Automation” vice layers and for network function
protocols will be used depends on the section, new technologies like 5G com- virtualization (NFV) at these lower lay-
level of functional hierarchy according munication will penetrate this level as ers. But also for these legacy systems,
to IEC 62264-1, the resource capabili- well. Will Ethernet and 5G mobile com- services and data models on the higher
ties, the QoS requested from the appli- munication replace all existing indus- levels should be consistent with the new
cation, and so forth. trial communication systems? Likely networks, so that there is some form of
The transport-oriented technologies they will not. There will still be wired uniform data exchange at the higher
like fieldbuses, industrial Ethernet, and or wireless legacy systems, which will networking layers, irrespective of the
industrial wireless approaches provide be in operation for years and maybe underlying communication systems.
a communication system guaranteeing decades to come. To interconnect all IT in automation finally seems to be
the application demands regarding reli- of these, proxies and gateways will be mature enough to meet this challenge.
ability, availability, real-time behavior, needed [47], even though one of the
and so forth on one hand, and the flex- aims of especially the development of Conclusions
ibility and (self-)adaptability of future Ethernet-based automation networks Industrial communication systems un-
industrial automation and production was to eliminate the need for gateways. derwent a long evolution with many