Insecta

BY: DR.YUNI KILAWATI, S.Pi.,M.Si

Subphylum Uniramia
Class Insecta
1.Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
2.Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)
3.Order Odonata (dragon/damselflies)
4.Order Trichoptera (caddisflies)
5.Order Megaloptera (alderflies)
6.Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
7.Order Coleoptera (beetles)
8.Order Neuroptera (net-winged)
9.Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies)
10.Order Diptera (flies and midges)
11.Order Collembola (spring tails)
1.Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
2.Order Plecoptera(stoneflies)
3.Order Odonata (dragon/damselflies)
4.Order Trichoptera (caddisflies)
5.Order Megaloptera (alderflies)
6.Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
7.Order Coleoptera (beetles)
8.Order Neuroptera (net-winged insects)
9.Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies)
10.Order Diptera (flies and midges)
11.Order Collembola (spring tails)
Insects

 There are more kinds of insects than

there are all other animal species all
together
 There are could be 300 million times
as many insects as humans on earth.
 Insects have a body that is divided
into 3 parts (head, thorax and
abdomen
External Anatomy
Adult insects are known for having three major body
regions, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two
pair of wings as adults.

head thorax abdomen

3 distinct regions:
1) head: sensory perception, neural integration, food
gathering.
2) Thorax: locomotion
3) Abdomen: houses visceral organs (digestive,
excretory, reproductive systems)
 Head

Important external features:

1) Antennae -- contain chemical, olfactory, tactile, and auditory
receptors. Can also sense vibrations.
2) Compound eyes (vision/movement/color) and dorsal ocelli
(light detection). Many insects perceive (merasakan) ultraviolet,
blue-green and red wavelengths.
3) Specialized mouth parts – food gathering, defense.
 Head: Mouthparts

2 general types:
1) mandibulate: specialized for biting off (menggigit) and
chewing (mengunyah) food (most nymphs)
2) haustellate: specially adapted for piercing ( menembus)
and sucking (menghisap) e.g. mosquitoes and dipterans.
Two Examples of Mouthparts

chewing piercing/sucking
Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for the
insect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a few
examples. Mouthparts of an immature insect may
differ from those of the same insect in its adult stage.
 Antennae
Beetle /
kumbang butterfly
Fly/ lalat
ant

Termite/ rayap
June beetle

Antennae are used by insects as major sensory

devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive
for the insect in many ways.
 Thorax
Composed of 3 segments:
1) anterior – prothorax
2) middle – mesothorax
3) posterior -- metathroax
Legs:
 Abdomen

--Generally composed of 11 ‘metameres’

--Each metamere composed of:
dorsally – sclerite (tergum)
ventrally – sclerite (sternum)
laterally – membranous (pleuron)
--Genitalia located on 8-9 segment
 Digestive system
Mouth
Pharynx
foregut Esophogus
Crop (stores food)
Gizzard (denticles help macerate food)

Stomach
midgut Pyloric valve

Pylorus
Intestine (water reabsorption)
hindgut rectum
 Circulatory System

Open circulatory system:

a) Capillaries are absent. Blood flows through
hemocoelic spaces (bathes internal organs)
b) Insect blood is relatively clear and contains
hemocytes (analogous to WBC/ white blood cell ).
 Excretory System

--Malpighian tubules (2-150): distal ends free in hemocoel.

-- Uric acid in hemolymph combines with potasium
bicarbonate to form potassium acid urate.
-- PAU taken up by Malpighian tubules, reabsorb Potassium
bicarb. – and excrete crystalline uric acid as a dry pellet.
•Sistem pernapasan terdiri dari kantung udara
dan tabung yang disebut tracheae.
•Udara masuk ke tabung melalui
serangkaian bukaan yang disebut spirakel yang
ditemukan sepanjang sisi tubuh. 
•spirakel terbesar biasanya ditemukan pada otot-
otot dada di mana lebih besar dari sayap dan
kaki membutuhkan lebih banyak oksigen. 
•spirakel tida tdp di kepala.
 tracheal
spiracles
tubes

Respiratory
System
 Insect Structure

* Insects have 6 legs connected to the chest part.

* Some insects legs are all the same size. Some insects
have one pair of legs larger than the other two pairs.
*A grasshopper (belalang) has one pair of legs larger
than the other two pairs. These larger legs are used
for jumping.

Longer back legs

Insect Growth and Development
* Insects eat a lot, so they grow very fast. As they grow,
insects may molt and grow new exoskeletons, or they
may change completely.

* A huge change in appearance is called

metamorphosis.

* There are two kinds of metamorphosis:

______________ and ______________.
complete incomplete
 memetatmamoorprphhoossisis
Life
Cycles

The many diverse orders of insects have four different types of

life cycles. These life cycles are called "metamorphosis"
because of the changes of shape that the insects undergo
during development.
egg
Without Metamorphosis
nymphs adult

Without meta

The first type is "without" metamorphosis which

the wingless primitive orders such as silverfish
(Thysanura) and springtails (Collembola) possess.
The young resemble adults except for size.
Incomplete Metamorphosis
egg naiads adult

Incomplete meta

The second type is "incomplete" metamorphosis

which is found among the aquatic insect orders
such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and
dragonflies (Odonata).
 Gradual Metamorphosis
The third type is "gradual" metamorphosis seen in such
orders as the grasshoppers (Orthoptera), termites (Isoptera),
thrips (Thysanoptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera). This life
cycle starts as an egg, but each growth, or nymphal stage
looks similar, except it lacks wings and the reproductive
capacity that the adult possesses.
Gradual meta

egg nymphs adult

 Complete Metamorphosis
The fourth type is "complete" metamorphosis found in butterflies
(Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees,
wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the four
stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct.

egg larvae pupa adult

 Metamorphosis
-Subclass Apterygota (ametamorphic)
- Subclass Pterygota (2 jenis metamorfosis)

Exopterygotes 
- sayap  eksternal berkembang  pada tahap akhir nimfa 
- Mengalami metamorfosis sederhana atau tidak
lengkap disebut hemimetabolous.
- (mis. odonata, Hemiptera)

Endoterygotes 
- sayap  internal berkembang selama tahap larva)
- m'alami metamorfosis lengkap disebut holometabolous.
(mis. Coleoptera, trichoptera, Diptera)
 Metamorphos
islife cycle: includes 3 developmental
1) Hemimetabolous
stages– egg, nymph and adult. Most larva (except Plecoptera)
do not resemble (tdk mirip) adults.
Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
Odonata (dragonflies)
Orthoptera (grasshoppers)
Isoptera (termites)
Dermaptera (earwigs)
Psocoptera (booklice & barklice)
Mallophaga (chewing lice)
Anoplura (sucking lice)
*Thysanoptera (thrips)
Hemiptera (true bugs)
Homoptera (cicadas, aphids, etc.)
2) Holometabolous life cycle: includes 4
developmental stages– egg, larva, pupa, and
adult. Larva do not resemble adults.

Coleoptera (beetles)
Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths)
Diptera (flies)
Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, bees)
Siphonaptera (fleas)
Strepsiptera (twist-winged parasites)
Mecoptera (scorpionflies)
Tricoptera (caddisflies)
Neuroptera (antlions, lacewings)
*Thysanoptera (thrips)
3) Ametabolous life cycle A growth stage of
certain insects characterized by an increase
in size without distinct external changes.

silverfish, firebrats, and springtails

Metamorphosis
Complete Metamorphosis
* In complete metamorphosis, insects like
butterflies and moths (ngengat) have 4 stages of
development.
* The first stage makes an egg.

* During the second stage, the egg hatches and a

larva comes out.
* A caterpillar is the larva of an insect that will
become a butterfly or a moth.
Complete Metamorphosis
* During the third stage, a pupa is made.

*A pupa is sometimes wrapped in a cocoon or in

a Chrysalis.
* A cocoon is the pupa of a silk. A cocoon is made of
moth.

* A chrysalis is the pupa of a buterfly.

* In the last stage, the insect is finally an adult.
From Caterpillar to Butterfly

Larva Pupa Chrysalis

Emerging butterfly Monarch butterfly

Metamorphosis Comparison
Complete Incomplete
* Occurs in four stages * Young insect looks
egg
larva like the adult
pupa
adult
* Insect grows bigger
* Insect's appearance and bigger
changes completely
* As the insect grows,
* Young insect looks
nothing like the adult it sheds its exoskeleton
* Occurs in butterflies
and moths
 Incomplete Metamorphosis
* Incomplete metamorphosis happens in grasshoppers, termites
(rayap), and dragonflies.

* In incomplete metamorphosis, young animals that

look like the adult hatch from eggs.
* As the young animals grow, they keep molting,
shedding their exoskeletons, and getting larger.
 Insect Behavior
* Mostinsects live alone. But, some insects are social
and cannot survive alone.

* These insects live in colonies or hives.

* A colony is a group of insects living together. The

insect do differents job and are very organized
 Insect Behavior

* An amazing example of a colony is a beehive.

* A beehive is very organized colonies of bees.

 Insects' Defense
* All insects must protect themselves.
* Bees and wasps (tawon penyengat) have stingers to
protect themselves.
* Many other insects use camouflage.
*Camouflage allows an insect to hide by
blending in with their environment
 Aquatic Insects
10 aquatic orders:
5 have larvae that are almost entirely aquatic
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Megaloptera
5 are partially aquatic
Heteroptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Lepidoptera
Neuroptera
Tha
nks
Structured Task
 Buat paper tentang aquatic Insects
 Berdasarkan literatur yang diakui (teks
book, jurnal atau review)
 Dilengkapi dengan gambar
 Perorangan minimal 5 lembar
 Dikirim ke email maksimal 1 minggu