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2021 EIR 211 Semester test 2 Memorandum

Engineering (University of Pretoria)

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Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering

Semester Test 2 Memorandum
Copyright reserved
Module EIR 211
9 June 2021
Assessment ID
2021EIR211S02

Test information
Full marks: 44 Maximum marks: 44
Duration of paper: 90 minutes Open/closed book: Open book
Total number of pages (including this page): 15

IMPORTANT
1. The departmental rules relevant to electronically graded assessments apply.
2. Answer all questions in the Excel template provided on AMS and upload the completed Excel
submission to AMS. The question numbering in ( ) corresponds to the Excel template number-
ing.
3. Unless the answer is an integer, round all answers to three significant figures, e.g., if the
absolute value for an answer is 1.538 + j14.686 Ω, the answer to 3 significant figures would be
1.54 + j14.7 Ω, if the absolute value for an answer is 6.394∠21.54°Ω, the answer to 3 significant
figures would be 6.39∠21.5°Ω.
4. Answers which are complex numbers can be entered in either rectangular or polar format.
5. Answers without units or with the incorrect units will be marked incorrect.
6. For multiple choice questions, write down the number corresponding to the correct answer on
your answer sheet.
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY
The University of Pretoria commits itself to produce academic work of integrity. I affirm that I am
aware of and have read the Rules and Policies of the University, more specifically the Disciplinary
Procedure and the Tests and Examinations Rules, which prohibit any unethical, dishonest or im-
proper conduct during tests, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment.
I am aware that no student or any other person may assist or attempt to assist another student,
or obtain help, or attempt to obtain help from another student or any other person during tests,
assessments, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment.
Internal examiners: Dr. F. Palunčić and Mr. Z. Olinga

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All voltages and currents are given in RMS. Enter your answers as
RMS values as well.

Dr. Palunčić’s section

Question 1 (12)
Refer to the circuit below.
Vs and A are student-specific parameters whose values are to be
found in the Excel template a2021EIR211S02.xlsx.

AI0
10 − j5 Ω
a

−
+
I0
+
Vs ∠0°V − j10 Ω ZL

If the load impedance ZL is removed from the above circuit, find the
Norton equivalent circuit of the remaining circuit between terminals
a and b:
(1) Norton equivalent current IN . (2)
(2) Norton equivalent impedance ZN . (2)

(3) What load impedance ZL will result in maximum average power

transfer to the load? (1)
(4) What is the maximum average power delivered to the load? (1)

At the maximum average power transfer to the load impedance

ZL :
(5) What is the power factor of the load impedance ZL ? (Specify
leading or lagging in the units field.) (1)
(6) What is the complex power of the load impedance ZL ? (2)
(7) What is the apparent power of the load impedance ZL ? (1)

(8) If ZL were to be replaced by a purely resistive load RL between

terminals a and b, what value of RL would be required for an
average power of 2 W to be dissipated in the load RL ? (2)
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Solution:

(1) IN :
AI0
10 − j5 Ω
a

−
+
I0
+
Vs ∠0°V − j10 Ω IN

Vs ∠0°− AI0
I0 =
10 − j5
(10 − j5)I0 = Vs − AI0
(10 + A − j5)I0 = Vs
Vs
I0 = A
10 + A − j5

By KCL
AI0
I0 = + IN
j10
 A 
IN = 1 − I0
j10
 A
= 1+j I0
 10 
A
Vs 1 + j 10
=
10 + A − j5
 
A
Vs 1 + j 10 10 + A + j5
= ·
10 + A − j5 10 + A + j5
h  i
A A2
Vs 10 + A − 2 + j A + 10 + 5
=
(10 + A)2 + 52
h  i
A A2
Vs 10 + 2 + j A + 10 + 5
= A
(10 + A)2 + 25

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(2) ZN : The circuit contains a dependent source, so we need to

add a voltage/current source of any value between terminals
a and b. We elect to use a voltage source Vs = 1∠0°V as the
circuit contains a dependent voltage source. Then
Vs
ZN =
Is
AI0
10 − j5 Ω
a

−
+
I0 Is
j10 Ω +
− Vs = 1∠0°V

−(AI0 + Vs )
I0 =
10 − j5
(10 − j5)I0 = −AI0 − 1
(10 + A − j5)I0 = −1
−1
I0 = A
10 + A − j5
Applying KCL
AI0 + Vs
I0 + Is =
j10
AI0 + 1
Is = − I0
j10
(A − j10)I0 + 1
=
j10
−A+j10
10+A−j5 + 1
=
j10
−A+j10+10+A−j5
10+A−j5
=
j10
10 + j5 1
=
10 + A − j5 j10
10 + j5
= A
50 + j(100 + 10A)

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Therefore
Vs
ZN =
Is
1
=
Is
50 + j(100 + 10A) 10 − j5
= ·
10 + j5 10 − j5
500 + 500 + 50A + j(1000 + 100A − 250)
=
102 + 52
1000 + 50A + j(750 + 100A)
= Ω
125
Therefore the Norton equivalent circuit with the load is
a
+ IL

IN ZN VL ZL

−
b
By the Norton to Thevenin equivalent circuit’s (or by source)
transformation, the Thevenin equivalent circuit is
ZTh = ZN
a
+ IL
+
VTh = IN ZN − VL ZL

−
b

(3)
ZL = Z∗Th = Z∗N
1000 + 50A − j(750 + 100A)
= Ω
125
(4)
|VTh |2
Pmax =
4RTh

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where the 4 in the denominator is due to the fact we are using

RMS values.

|VTh |2 = |IN |2 |ZN |2

h 2  2 i
2 A A2
Vs 10 + 2 + A + 10 + 5
=
[(10 + A)2 + 25]2
(1000 + 50A)2 + (750 + 100A)2
· V
1252
and
1000 + 50A
RTh = Ω
125
(5)
pf = cos ∠ZL leading
where  −750 − 100A 
−1
∠ZL = tan
1000 + 50A
The power factor is leading for all student-specific parame-
ters.
(6)
VTh
IL =
ZTh + ZL
VTh
=
2RTh
where RTh = Re{ZTh }. Then

SL = VL I∗L
= ZL IL I∗L
= |IL |2 ZL
|VTh |2
= 2 ZL VA
4RTh

(7)

SL = |SL |
|VTh |2
= 2 |ZL | VA
4RTh

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(8)
VTh
IRL =
ZTh + RL
and
PRL = |IRL |2 RL
If RTh = Re{ZTh } and XTh = Im{ZTh }, then for an average
power of 2 W dissipated in RL

2 = |IRL |2 RL
|VTh |2
= RL
|ZTh + RL |2
|VTh |2
= RL
|RTh + RL + jXTh |2
|VTh |2 RL
= 2
(RTh + RL )2 + XTh
|VTh |2 RL = 2[RTh2 2
+ 2RTh RL + RL2 + XTh ]
0 = 2RL2 + (4RTh − |VTh |2 )RL + 2(RTh
2 2
+ XTh )

and by the quadratic formula

q
2 2 + X2 )
−(4RTh − |VTh | ) ± (4RTh − |VTh |2 )2 − 16(RTh Th
RL1,2 =
4
Since there are 2 solutions RL1 and RL2 , either answer is ac-
cepted.

Mr. Z. Olinga’s section

Question 2 (7)
A balanced ∆-connected source with line voltage Vab = Vp ∠θ is
connected to a balanced Y -connected load of ZY = RY +jXY through
a line withe line impedence Zl = Rl + jXl . Assuming a abc phase
sequence (positive sequence), determine the following:
Vp , θ, RY and XY , Rl and Xl are student-specific parameters whose
values are to be found in the Excel template a2021EIR211S02.xlsx.
Assume all voltages and currents are RMS values
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(9) Determine the line current Ia . (2)

(10) Determine the line current Ib . (1)
(11) Determine the line current Ic . (1)
(12) What is the phase current IAB . (1)
(13) Determine the complex power S absorbed by the load (All three
phases). (2)

Solution:

(9) Ia :
V
√p ∠(θ
3
− 30°)
Ia =
Ztot
Ztot = (Rl + RY ) + j(Xl + XY )
Vp ∠(θ − 30°)
∴ Ia = √ ,A
3 ∗ ((Rl + RY ) + j(Xl + XY ))

(10) Ib :

Ib = Ia ∠(−120°)
Vp ∠(θ − 30°− 120°)
Ib = √ ,A
3 ∗ ((Rl + RY ) + j(Xl + XY ))

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(11) Ic :

Ic = Ia ∠(120°)
Vp ∠(θ − 30°+ 120°)
Ic = √ ,A
3 ∗ ((Rl + RY ) + j(Xl + XY ))

(12) IAB :

IAB = Ia , please ignore this, it’s incorrect

(13) S:

S = 3Ip2 Zp
∴ S = 3 ∗ Ia2 ∗ ZY , (Ia is the magnitude of Ia )
S = 3 ∗ Ia2 ∗ (RY + jXY ), VA

Question 3 (10)
A balanced ∆-connected load is supplied by a 60-Hz three-phase
source with a line voltage VL volts. Each load phase draws P kW at
a lagging power factor pf . Determine the following:
VL , P, pf , are student-specific parameters whose values are to be
found in the Excel template a2021EIR211S02.xlsx.

(14) What is the angle θ by which the line current lags the line volt-
age? (1)
(15) The complex power S absorbed by the load (all 3 phases) (3)
(16) The load impedence ZL per phase of the load (2)
(17) The line current I (1)
(18) The kVAR rating Qc′ of each of the 3 capacitors ∆-connected in
parallel with the load to raise the power factor to unity (2)
(19) The capacitance C needed to be connected in parallel with each
load phase to raise the power factor to unity. (1)

Solution:

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(14) θ:
θ = cos−1 pf
(15) S:
S = 3Sp
Sp = P + jQ, (Power per phase)
P
Sp = ,
pf
Q = Sp ∗ sinθ = Sp ∗ sin (cos−1 pf )
S = 3 ∗ Sp = 3(P ∗ 1000 + jQ ∗ 1000), VA
(16) ZL :
3VL2
S= ∗
ZL
3V 2
∴ Z∗L = L
S
3VL2
Z∗L = ,Ω
3(P + jQ) × 103
ZL = conjugate ofZ∗L
(17) I :
√
3Pp = 3VL I cos θ, total average power
√
3VL I cos θ VL I cos θ
∴P= = √ , power per phase
3 3
√ √
P∗ 3 P∗ 3
∴I = = ,A
VL cos θ VL ∗ pf
(18) Qc′ :
First solve for the reactance of the combined capacitors
Qc′ = P(tan θold − tan θnew )
θnew = arccos 1 = 0
∴ Qc′ = Q = 1000 ∗ P tan θ, VAR
(19) C:
Qc′
C=
ωVL2
Q
C= ,F
2π × 60 × VL2

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Question 4 (8)
The iron core shown below has an air gap with an effective area of x
by y cm (y is the core thickness) and a lenght of L cm. The applied
magnetomotive force is F N and the core has a relative permeability
µr . Determine the following:
x, y , L, F , µr are student-specific parameters whose values are to
be found in the Excel template a2021EIR211S02.xlsx.

(20) The reluctance of the core Rc (2)

(21) The reluctance of the air gap Rg (2)
(22) The flux through the gap φ (1)
(23) The flux density in the gap B (1)
(24) The energy W in Joules (J) stored in the air gap (2)

Solution:

(20) Rc :
lc
Rc =
µr µ0 Ac
(2 ∗ (10 − x) + 2 ∗ (8 − x) − L) × 10−2
Rc = , A.turns/Wb
µr ∗ 4π × 10−7 × (x × y ) × 10−4

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(21) Rg :
lg
Rg =
µ0 Ag
L × 10−2
Rg = , A.turns/Wb
4π × 10−7 × ((x + L) × (y + L)) × 10−4

(22) φ:
F
φ=
Rtot
F
φ= , Wb
Rg + Rc

(23) B:

φ = BAg
φ
∴B =
Ag
φ
B= ,T
((x + L) × (y + L)) × 10−4

(24) W:
W
Wv =
V
V = (x + L) × (y + L) × L × 10−6 , volume in the air gap, m3
B2
Wv =
2µ
B2 × V
∴ W = Wv V = ,J
2µ0

Question 5 (4)
For the core shown in the figure below, the reluctances of the three
paths are R1 , R2 and R3 , the coils have N1 and N2 turns respectively
with input currents i1 and i2 respectively. Assume that all the fluxes
are confined to the core Determine the following:
R1 , R2 , R3 , N1 , N2 are student-specific parameters whose values are
to be found in the Excel template a2021EIR211S02.xlsx.

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(25) Determine the value of the self inductance L1 (1)

(26) Determine the value of the self inductance L2 (1)
(27) Determine the value of the mutal indusctance inductance M21(2)

Solution:

(25) L1 :
N12
L1 =
Ra
Ra = R1 + R2 ∥R3
N12
∴ L1 = ,H
R1 + ( 1 +1 1 )
R2 R3

(26) L2 :
N22
L2 =
Rb
Rb = R2 + R1 ∥R3
N22
∴ L2 = ,H
R2 + ( 1 +1 1 )
R1 R3

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(27) M21 :
λ21
M21 =
i1
λ21 = N2 φ21
R3
φ21 = φ1 ∗ , portion of φ1 through coil N2
R3 + R2
N1 i1
φ1 = , andRa = R1 + R2 ∥R3
Ra
N1 i1 R3
∴ λ21 = N2 ∗ ∗
Ra R3 + R2
N2 N1 i1 R3
∴ M21 = ∗ ∗ ,H
i1 Ra R3 + R2
N2 N1 R3
M21 = 1 ∗ ,H
R1 + ( 1 + 1 ) R3 + R2
R2 R3

N 2 N 1 R3
M21 = ,H
(R1 + ( 1 +1 1 )) ∗ (R3 + R2 )
R2 R3

Question 6 (3)
Consider a coil wound on an iron core. For 60-Hz ac operation with
a given applied current, the hysteresis loop of the core material has
an area of WV J/m3. The core volume is V cm3. Assuming the core
permeability is negligible. Determine the following:
Wv , V , are student-specific parameters whose values are to be found
in the Excel template a2021EIR211S02.xlsx.

(28) Find the power W converted to heat because of hysteresis. (2)

(29) The magnetic flux density B in the core (1)

Solution:

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(28) W:
W
Wv =
Volume
∴ W = Wv × Volume, this is energy in J
Power = f ∗ W = f × Wv × volume, W

Note that the units for power above are J/s, which is Watts.
Frequency in Hz can also be written as 1/s
(29) B:
B2
Wv =
2µ
p
∴ B = (2µ0 × Wv ), T

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