DUAL CYCLE AND ITS EFFICIENCY

A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN COMPLETE FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

[MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING]

Submitted By:

PIYUSH CHOUDHARY (2k20/A7/43)

PRADEEP SHARMA (2k20/A7/44)
Under the supervision of

DR. ANIL KUMAR

MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042
 DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

CANDIDATE’S DECLERATION

We, (Piyush Choudhary, Pradeep Sharma, 2k20/A7/43, 2k20/A7/44)

students of B. Tech. (Mathematics And Computing) hereby declare that
the project Dissertation titled ‘Dual Cycle And Its Efficiency’ which is
submitted by us to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi
Technological University, Delhi in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is original and
not copied from any source without proper citation. This work has not
previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma
Associateship, Fellowship or other similar title or recognition.

Place: Delhi Piyush Choudhary

(2k20/A7/43)

Date: Pradeep Sharma

(2k20/A7/44)
 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the project Dissertation titled ‘Dual Cycle And Its
Efficiency’ which is submitted by Piyush Choudhary, Pradeep Sharma
(2k20/A7/43, 2k20/AA7/44) [Mathematics And Computing], Delhi
Technological University, Delhi in complete fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of the Bachelor of Technology,
is a record of the project work carried out by the students under my
supervision. To the best of my knowledge this work has not been
submitted in part or full for any Degree or Diploma to this University or
elsewhere.

Place: Delhi Dr. Anil

Kumar
Date:
SUPERVISOR
 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

ABSTRACT

In this report, we look at a dual cycle model with irreversibilities arising solely from expansion
and compression processes. Because of incomplete combustion, it is believed that some of the
chemical energy of the fuel will not be completely released inside the engine. It has been
discovered that utilising combustion efficiency is more helpful in achieving cycle feasibility.

The compression ratio is limited by the amount of released energy from the fuel into the
cylinder. It is shown how the upper limit of compression ratio can be determined by applying
certain restrictions to the realisation of a Dual cycle. The validity ranges of the restrictions
provided in the literature have a significant impact on the cycle's feasibility.

The quantitative understanding of how engine loss can be minimised comes from a mathematical
model that has been developed. Because the fuel energy, air–fuel mass ratio, combustion
efficiency, maximum cycle temperature, and heat losses into the cylinder wall are all closely
related, thermal efficiency–work curves cannot be closed loop.
The thermal efficiency versus job curves would only be able to have a closed loop shape if these
are all omitted, while heat losses are determined independently without creating any relationship
between the released fuel energy. This is the original point of view and contribution.
 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In performing our major project, we had to take the help and guideline
of some respected persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The
completion of this assignment gives us much pleasure. We would like to
show our gratitude Dr. Anil Kumar, Mentor for major project. Giving
us a good guideline for report throughout numerous consultations. We
would also like to extend our deepest gratitude to all those who have
directly and indirectly guided us in writing this assignment.

Many people, especially Mr. Ravikant sir, PhD Scholar in ME

Department, our classmates and team members itself, have made
valuable comment suggestions on this proposal which gave us an
inspiration to improve our assignment. We thank all the people for their
help directly and indirectly to complete our assignment.

In addition, we would like to thank Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Delhi Technological University for giving us the
opportunity to work on this topic.
 CONTENTS

Introduction
Dual cycle, or  limited pressure cycle, is a  thermodynamic cycle  that combines the  Otto

cycle  and the  Diesel cycle. In the dual cycle, combustion occurs partly at constant volume
and partly at constant pressure.

It's a term that can be applied to internal combustion engines. The Otto and Diesel cycles do
not adequately explain the pressure–volume diagrams of real internal combustion engines.

The air-standard dual cycle is a type of air standard cycle that can be used to more precisely
estimate pressure variations.

Comparision
In comparison to the Otto cycle, which assumes instantaneous heat addition (isochoric heat
addition), heat is applied in a dual cycle at a constant volume and pressure. The benefit is that
there is sufficient time for the fuel to fully burn. The use of a dual cycle, on the other hand, is
slightly more complicated. The thermal efficiency is somewhere in the middle of the Otto and
Diesel cycles.

Figure
Since the combustion process in a spark ignition engine does not occur at exactly constant
volume, and the combustion process in an actual compression ignition engine does not occur at
exactly constant pressure, a new idealised cycle known as the Dual cycle was created to more
accurately resemble the actual spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. Figure 45.1
shows the p-v and T-s diagrams for the Dual cycle. Half of the heat is added at constant
temperature, while the remainder is added at constant pressure in this step. The combined or
minimal pressure cycle is another name for the dual cycle.
 Fig. 45.1. P-v and T-s diagram for Dual cycle

Yahan vo sabse pehele wali fig., fig45.1*

The process description of Dual cycle is as below:

Air Standard Efficiency and Mean effective pressure of Dual

cycle can be calculated as follows:
Consider 1 kg of air
Heat addition at constant volume in process 2-3
= Cv (T3 − T2)
Heat addition at constant pressure in process 3-4
= Cp (T4 − T3)
Total heat added in process 2-3  and 3-4,
qin = [Cp (T3 −T2) − Cv (T4 – T1)]
Heat rejection at constant volume in process 5-1,
qout  = Cv (T5 – T1)
Net work done during cycle,
wnet  = qin  − qout
  = [Cv (T3 − T2) + Cp (T4 − T3)] − Cv (T5 − T1)
Air Standard Efficiency:
 ηth  = 
          
                                    …………….(45.1)
This thermal efficiency can be converted in terms of measurable
quantities as it was done for Otto and Diesel cycle.
The Compression ratio (rv) is given by
                                                                                      
……………………(45.2)
Pressure ratio (rp) is given by
       and
Cutoff ratio (rc) is given by

For isentropic compression (1-2)

For constant volume process (2-3)

For constant pressure process (3-4)

For isentropic expansion process (4-5)

Put T2, T3, T4, and T5in equation (45.1)

Thermal efficiency of dual cycle is reduces to

Mean effective pressure, pm:

Generally, it is defined as the ratio of the net workdone to the
displacement volume of the piston.
                          bar    
Now, express mean effective pressure in easily measurable
quantities as given below:
                                              .......................................... (45.3)   
But from equation (45.2), we have   
Put T2, T3, T4, T5 and (v1-v2) in equation (45.3)
Therefore,   pm 
   
  where,  rv = compression ratio = v1/v2
rc = cut-off ratio  = v4/v3
rp = explosion ratio =  p3/p2

Advantages & Disadvantages