Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Organizational Culture
Organizational Culture
Organizational Culture
Organizational Culture
Definitions:
Henry Mintzberg (1989) refers to culture as organization ideology, or “ the
traditions and beliefs of an organization that distinguish it from other
organizations and infuse a certain life into the skeleton of its structure.”
Edgar Schein (1992), however, argues that the culture should be reserved for a
“deeper level of basic assumptions, values, and beliefs” that become shared
and taken for granted as the organization continues to be successful.
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Norms--
•Support your colleagues
Superficial •Don’t criticize your superiors
•Handle your own problems Concrete
•Be supportive of students
•Be available to get your students extra help
Organizational Culture
Culture as Norms
Examples of Norms
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Organizational Culture
Culture as Shared Values
Organizational Culture
Culture as Tacit Assumptions
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Functions of Culture
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School Culture
Examples of Four School Cultures
• A Culture of Efficacy
W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011
• A Culture of Trust
• A Culture of Academic Optimism
• A Culture of Control
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A Culture of Efficacy
• Directly linked with other positive school qualities
• Parental involvement
• Orderliness
• Teacher innovation
• Lower drop-out, suspension rates
W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011
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A Culture of Efficacy
• Bandura’s 4 sources of self-efficacy also apply to
development of collective efficacy:
1. Mastery experience
A Culture of Efficacy
Administrators can build a Culture of School Efficacy
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Sources of Efficacy
Consequences of
Collective Efficacy
Performance
•Effort
•Persistence
•Success
their students
their colleagues
their parents
the principal
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Academic Emphasis
mistrust pervade the school; the norms and values are custodial.
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Practical Imperatives
• Cultivate a culture of academic optimism: A sense of helplessness immobilizes
participants whereas optimism empowers.
• Build rituals that reinforce positive norms: A positive and cohesive culture can enhance
effectiveness.
• Design opportunities for teachers and parents to learn to cooperate and trust each
other: Faculty trust in parents facilitates academic achievement.
• Imbue the school with a sense of the importance of individual needs: A humanistic
perspective develops strong student self-concepts and reduces alienation.
W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011
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