Social Studies
Study Guide
India & Ghandi - Great Depression - Rise of Fascism - WW2
Fernanda Sanchez, Bruno Chavarria, Julio Molina
Ghandi
Two Groups formed to rid India of foreign rule
- The Hindu Indian National Congress
- The Muslim League
Participation of India in WWI
- 1 million Indians troop enlisted in the British Army
- British government promised that would eventually
lead to self-government.
- Upon their return, they were again treated as second
class citizens.
- Radical nationalists carried out acts of violence.
Strikes and Demonstrations
- The British arrested thousands of Indians who had
participated in strikes and demonstrations.
- In the Salt March, 60,000 people were arrested in-
cluding Gandhi.
- In 1935, the British Parliament passed the Govern-
ment of India Act and it provided local self-government
but not total independence.
Great
Depression
Explain the main reasons for the optimistic view about
the future of America at the beginning of the 20th
century.
After World War I ended, America turned into a country of first
world potency. This marked the beginning of the twenties, where
everybody lived the American dream.
What were the events that led to Black Tuesday?
The events that led to Black Tuesday were; food surplus, banks
giving out loans like if they were on liquidation, and the stock
market being a complete disaster. Many farmers were now losing
money and ended up not paying their loans to the banks and
everyone sold their shares because Wall Street was falling down.
This marked the beginning of the Great Depression.
What was the effect of the great depression in United
States and in the world?
Since most of the nations were dependent of the U.S, the crashed
economy nationally became one globally. Eventually, the Great
Depression led to a trade war between Europe and U.S because of
the taxes in their imported goods. Finally, there was an abrupt
decline in standards of living occurred around the world. As
demand for goods and services fell, many companies were forced
to shut down and led to increasing unemployment.
Fascism Rises
Context
Fascism: A political movement that is extremely nationalistic,
gives power to a dictator, and takes away individual rights.
United States, Britain, and France remained strong despite
the economic crisis caused by the Great Depression. Millions
of people lost faith in the democratic government; therefore,
they turned to an extreme system of government called
fascism.
Fascists promised to revive the economy, punish those
responsible for hard times, and restore order and national
pride. Their message attracted many people who felt
frustrated and angered by the peace treaties that followed
World War I and by the Great Depression.
March of Rome
In October 1922, about 30,000 fascists marched on Tome to
demand Mussolini’s position in the government. Mussolini waited
in Milan to see if the overthrow succeeded, and then joined and
pretended to have led it. The King decided that Mussolini was the
best hope for his dynasty to survive and puts him in charge. King
Victor’s plan was to let Mussolini destroy the communists and
then quickly get rid of him.
Nazis come to power
Hitler joined a group later named itself the National Socialist
German Workers’ Party, called Nazi for short. Its policies formed
the German brand of fascism known as Nazism. Within a short
time, Hitler’s success as an organizer and speaker led him to be
chosen der Führer or the leader, of the Nazi party. Hitler
asserted that the Germans were a “master race.” He called the
Versailles Treaty an outrage and vowed to regain German
lands.
World War 2
Rise of Japan
After a period of reform and progress, Japan fell
under military rule. Military leaders gained
support and blamed the civilian government and
the depression for the problems of the country.
The Emperor became symbol of State power
because of the military. He restored the traditional
control of the government to the military.
Japanese military wanted to solve the country’s
economic problems through foreign expansion.
This included a conquest of China.
Japan wanted raw materials, new markets and
room for its rising population. In 1931 the Japanese
army seized Manchuria which was rich in iron and
coal.
The League of Nations, that included all major
democracies (except the United States) including
Germany and Italy protested, but Japan ignored
the protest and withdrew from the League in 1933
to keep invading.
Start of War
On September 1th, 1939 Germany started the
invasion of Poland. France and the United
Kingdom declared war to Germany. Within a
month and with help of the soviets, Poland fell.
Phony War: Although France and Britain
mobilized their armies, they waited for a German
attack that never came. Thus, for 8 months there
was no action in the war. The press deemed it
"The Phony War"
Fall of France: The Germans started an invasion of
France in spring of 1940. They bypassed the
Maginot line through the Low Countries and
punched through the poorly defended forest of the
Ardennes. They encircled the British and French,
who escaped in Dunkirk. France fell within two
weeks afterwards, major sucess for Reich.
Battle of Britain: Germany planned a great
invasion of Britain, and started a bombardment of
their ports and military airfields, greatly
weakening their air force. With the British
outnumbered 3 to 1, Churchill ordered a bombing
of Berlin, which made Hitler Fuhreous. As a result,
the Germans bombed the cities instead, and
eventually, Britain defeated the German air force.
Germany Invades
Russia
Hitler and his allies invaded the Soviet Union
during Operation Barbarossa, which failed after
Winter settled in and slowed the Germans down.
In 1942, Hitler wanted to conquer the Caucasus,
which was full of oil. During the battle of
Stalingrad, the Russians decisively defeat the
Germans, turning the tide of war.
Pearl Harbor
On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese make a
surprise attack on Hawaii at Pearl Harbor with the
intention of disabling their army and destroying
their oil reserves. They missed the oil, and
America immediately declared war.
Rowlatt Acts: These laws allowed the government to jail
Terms
protesters without trial for as long as two years.
Salt March: In 1930, Gandhi organized a demonstration
to defy the hated Salt Act. Indian could buy salt from the
British government and pay sales tax on salt. Gandhi and
his followers walked about 240 miles to the seacoast.
Amritsar Massacre: To protest the Rowlatt Acts, around
10,000 Hindus and Muslims gathered in Amritsar,
Punjab in the spring of 1919. Consequently, the British
commander ordered his troops to fire on the crowd. In
ten minutes nearly 400 Indians dies and about 1,200
were wounded.
Mohandas K. Gandhi: Leader of the independence
movement. Gandhi’s strategy for battling injustice
evolved from his deeply religious approach to political
activity.
Questions
What was the basic difference between Hoover
and Roosevelt in handling the economic
hardship of the United States?
Hoover was very ignorant of the economy of the United
States, he never passed bills to help the economy
recover. On the other hand, Roosevelt was the one that
passed the New Deal and restored the economy back
to normal by signing the New Deal and abolish
prohibition.
What was the New Deal?
It is a domestic program of the administration of U.S.
Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939,
which took action to bring about immediate economic
relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance,
waterpower, labor, and housing, vastly increasing the
scope of the federal government’s activities.
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Italy
Fascism gains power in Italy because of
disappointment over the Versailles Treaty,
inflation and unemployment in Italy.
Mussolini promises great changes that will
rescue Italy’s economy and promises to
rebuild armed forces.
He comes to power in October, 1922, during
the march of Rome and becomes known as Il
Duce.
Mussolini ordered a massive invasion of
Ethiopia in October 1935. The aim of invading
Ethiopia was to boost Italian national prestige,
which was wounded by Ethiopia's defeat of
Italian forces at the Battle of Adowa in 1896,
which saved Ethiopia from Italian
colonization.
Germanification
Hitler quickly militarized Germany after he came
into power, 1935 Hitler announced that Germany
would not obey the Versailles Treaty and
increases the size of the German Army. He sped
up his expansion after moving into forbidden land
and seeing the weak response France and Britain
had on it.
The Rome-Berlin Axis:
Agreement between Mussolini and Germany in
1936. A month later Germany made an
agreement with Japan. Germany, Italy and Japan
together became to be known the AXIS POWERS.
Non Aggression pact: Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin
signed a ten-year non aggression pact with Hitler.
Terms
D-Day: The invasion of Normandy, the largest land
and sea attack in history. It took place on the 6th
of June, 1944.
Kamikaze: Japanese suicide pilot.
Battle of Stalingrad: A brutal military campaign
between Russian forces and those of Nazi
Germany and the Axis powers in the city of
Stalingrad. Germany is decisively defeated,
turning the tide of war.
Kristallnacht: “Night of Broken Glass.” November
9, 1938, Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish
homes, businesses, and synagogues across
Germany and murdered close to 100 Jews.
Blitzkrieg:“ lightning war.” It involved using
fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followed by
massive infantry forces, to take enemy defenders
by surprise and quickly overwhelm them.
Attack on Pearl Harbor: A surprise military strike
by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon
the United States against the naval base at Pearl
Harbor, December 7th, 1941.
Battle of Britain: The successful defense of Great
Britain against unremitting and destructive air
raids conducted by the German air force in 1940.
Battle of Midway: A naval battle that took place
between June 4th and June 7th, 1942. It turned the
tide of war in the Pacific with the American
victory.
Battle of the Bulge: German tanks broke through
weak American defenses along a 75-mile front in
the Ardennes. They are defeated.
Battle of Guadalcanal: Series of World War II land
and sea clashes between Allied and Japanese
forces on and around Guadalcanal Island.
Armistice: a formal agreement to stop fighting.
Appeasement: Fairly useless diplomatic strategy
to allow aggression from a rival country to prevent
war
Fall of Japan
After being soundly defeated at the battle of
Midway and failing to stop the Guadalcanal
invasion, Japan was forced to take a defensive
stand. Fierce battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa
proved that invading Japan would be challenging.
In August 1945, America drops two atomic bombs
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing over 200,000
people. In September, Japan surrenders, ending
the war.
Fall of Germany
After the disaster of Stalingrad, the Soviet Union
started to push back the Germans, and after 3
long years, it was clear that Germany had lost the
war. Hitler killed himself and just over a week
later, Nazi Germany unconditionally surrendered,
ending the war in Europe.