PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

FUNCTION PATTERN EXAMPLE TIME SIGNAL

1. For action or situation that started Patterns (verbal) Example Verbal : Adverb of time signal :
in the past and continues in the  She had arrived at the school
present (example : i have lived in Positive : since 25 minutes ago  Just
Solo since 2004) and i still do S + Have/Has + Verb 3 + O/Adv  Already
 They have lived in Jakarta for a  Not yet
I/You/We/They + Have + Verb 3 long time  Never
2. For action performed during a  Always
period that has not yet finished He/She/It + Has + Verb 3  He has learned english for one  Lately
(example : she has been to the park year  Recently
twice this week) and the week isn’t  So far
over yet  Many times
Negative : o She have not arrived at the  Until
S + Have/Has + Not + Verb 3 + school until now  At last
3. For repeated action in an O/Adv  Finally
unspecified period between the past o They have not lived in Jakarta
and now (example : we have visited I/You/We/They + Have + Not + for a long time
portugal several times) Verb 3
o He has not learned english for
He/She/It + Has + Not + Verb 3 one year
4. For action that was completed in Adverb of time duration :
the very recent past expressed by
‘just’ (example : i have just finished  Since
my work)  For

5. For action when the time is not Interrogative :  Has she arrived at the school?
important ( example : he has read Have/Has + S + Verb 3 + O/Adv
‘war and peace’)  Have they lived in Jakarta for a
Have + I/You/We/They + Verb 3? long time?

Has + He/She/It + Verb 3?  Has he learned english for one

year?

Patterns (nominal) Example Nominal :

o He has been a teacher
Positive :
S + Have/Has + Been +
Noun/Adj/Adv

Negative :  He has not been a teacher

S + Have/Has + Not + Been +
Noun/Adj/Adv

Interrogative : o Has he been a teacher?

Have/Has + S + Been +
Noun/Adj/Adv