G E N E T I C S E N V I R O N M E N T G E N E T I C S A G I N G M E D I C AT I O N S LIFESTYLE

Accumulation of visceral
fat in the Intraperitoneal
cavity

Mutation in the HLA gene Foreign antigens mimic Beta-cell antigens

Maturing T-cells failure Directly destroy or damage Beta cells Insulin Resistance Lipotoxicity

Beta-cells work overtime to increase insulin secretion

Breakdown of immune system’s self-tolerance of pancreatic Beta-cells

Beta-cells tire out Beta-cells do not recognize high
Decrease insulin secretion blood glucose
Auto-immune attack on Beta-cells Auto-antibodies produced against Beta-cells

Beta-cells deteriorate
Hyperglycemia
Loss of Beta-cell mass Stops producing insulin

Less functional Beta-cells High post-prandial (Glucose)

 Increased thirst
 Frequent urination
 Increased hunger
TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS  Unintended weight loss
 Increased thirst  Fatigue
 Frequent urination  Blurred vision
 Extreme hunger  Slow-healing sores
TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS  Unintended weight loss
 Fatigue and weakness
 Blurred vision

LEGEND:
ORIGIN/ FACTORS/ CAUSES MECHANISM/ PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES

GENERAL SIGNS & SYMPTOMS DISEASE

TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS VS TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS

Both types of diabetes are chronic diseases that affect the way the body regulates blood sugar, or glucose.
People with type 1 diabetes don’t produce insulin.
People with type 2 diabetes don’t respond to insulin as well as they should and later in the disease often don’t make enough insulin.
Both types of diabetes can lead to chronically high blood sugar levels. That increases the risk of diabetes complications.

HYPOGLYCEMIA MANAGEMENT
Immediate Treatment
Eat or drink 15 to 20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates. These are sugary foods without protein or fat that are easily converted to sugar in the body. Try glucose tablets or gel, fruit juice, regular — not diet — soft drinks, honey, and sugary candy.
Recheck blood sugar levels 15 minutes after treatment. If blood sugar levels are still under 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), eat or drink another 15 to 20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate, and recheck the blood sugar level again in 15 minutes. Repeat these steps until the blood sugar is above 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L).
Have a snack or meal. Once your blood sugar is normal, eating a snack or meal can help stabilize it and replenish your body's glycogen stores.

HYPERGLYCEMIA MANAGEMENT
Home Treatment
Get physical. Regular exercise is often an effective way to control your blood sugar. However, don't exercise if ketones are present in your urine. This can drive your blood sugar even higher.
Take your medication as directed. If you have frequent episodes of hyperglycemia, your doctor may adjust the dosage or timing of your medication.
Follow your diabetes eating plan. It helps to eat smaller portions and avoid sugary beverages and frequent snacking. If you're having trouble sticking to your meal plan, ask your doctor or dietitian for help.
Check your blood sugar. Monitor your blood glucose as directed by your doctor. Check more often if you're ill or you're concerned about severe hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
Adjust your insulin doses to control hyperglycemia. Adjustments to your insulin program or a supplement of short-acting insulin can help control hyperglycemia. A supplement is an extra dose of insulin used to help temporarily correct a high blood sugar level. Ask your doctor how often you need an insulin supplement if you have high blood sugar.
Emergency Treatment
Fluid replacement. You'll receive fluids — usually through a vein (intravenously) — until you're rehydrated. The fluids replace those you've lost through excessive urination, as well as help dilute the excess sugar in your blood.
Electrolyte replacement. Electrolytes are minerals in your blood that are necessary for your tissues to function properly. The absence of insulin can lower the level of several electrolytes in your blood. You'll receive electrolytes through your veins to help keep your heart, muscles and nerve cells functioning normally.
Insulin therapy. Insulin reverses the processes that cause ketones to build up in your blood. Along with fluids and electrolytes, you'll receive insulin therapy — usually through a vein.

GENERAL DIET FOR DIABETES MELLITUS

Healthy carbohydrates. During digestion, sugars (simple carbohydrates) and starches (complex carbohydrates) break down into blood glucose.
Focus on healthy carbohydrates, such as: Fruits, Vegetables, Whole grains, Legumes, such as beans and peas, Low-fat dairy products, such as milk and cheese

Fiber-rich foods. Dietary fiber includes all parts of plant foods that your body can't digest or absorb. Fiber moderates how your body digests and helps control blood sugar levels.
Foods high in fiber include: Vegetables, Fruits, Nuts, Legumes, such as beans and peas, Whole grains

Heart-healthy fish. Eat heart-healthy fish at least twice a week.

Fish such as salmon, mackerel, tuna and sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which may prevent heart disease.

Good fats. Foods containing monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats can help lower your cholesterol levels.
Good fats include: Avocados, Nuts, Canola, olive and peanut oils

FOODS TO AVOID
Saturated fats. Avoid high-fat dairy products and animal proteins such as butter, beef, hot dogs, sausage and bacon. Also limit coconut and palm kernel oils.
Trans fats. Avoid trans fats found in processed snacks, baked goods, shortening and stick margarines.
Cholesterol. Cholesterol sources include high-fat dairy products and high-fat animal proteins, egg yolks, liver, and other organ meats. Aim for no more than 200 milligrams (mg) of cholesterol a day.
Sodium. Aim for less than 2,300 mg of sodium a day. Your doctor may suggest you aim for even less if you have high blood pressure.