HOTSPOT

Hawaii

 Archipelago (like Philippines)

 Is a part of the United States (50th state)
 They have beaches and diverse cultures
 Dati, the most active volcano was the Mauna Loa,
but these days it is now the Kiluaui most active in
the world
The Hawaiian Islands were formed by a hot spot that
What is a Hotspot? occurs in the middle of the Pacific Plate. The said hot
spot itself is fixed, while the Pacific plate is moving.
A hotspot is an area in the upper mantle where the So , as the plate moved over the hotspot, the string of
rocks melt to generate magma. islands that make up the Hawaiian Islands chain were
formed,

 Is the same na archipelago as the PH

 So basically nagmmelt yung
 We all know that PH was made from the
rocks sa part na ito ng mantle
converging plate boundaries, then is so does
(upper), and because motlen
Hawaii?
rock are basically magma so,
there is this weird part in the  No, Hawaii Island were form nga from hotspots
mantle na may magma
What is a Mantle Plume? Which of the volcanoes will be the oldest and the
A Mantle Plume is an upwelling of abnormally hot youngest? The most active and the least active?
rocks from the core-mantled boundary. Why?

 So the mantle plume is the hot magma that melted
the hard rocks of the upper mantle and to the hard
rocks of the lithosphere
 And the magma that went up came from the core-
mantle boundary
How are hotspot volcanoes different from the
typical volcanoes?
 The volcanoes farthest from the hotspot are the
oldest and least active.
o The volcanoes that are far away from the
hotspot have no more source of magma.
Hence, they cannot grow more and erupt lava.
 While the volcanoes nearest the hotspot are the
youngest and most active
o Since they are nearer to the hotspot, they are
still fresh out of the hotspot hahaha

 Hawaii is at the middle of the Pacific Ocean

 95% of the world’s volcanoes are placed at the
plate boundaries
o 80% = subduction zones
o 15% = rift zones
o 5% = at the middle of tectonic plates
THEORIES ABOUT EARTH’S MECHANISM
How was Hawaii formed?
Theories that explain how the tectonic plates move
Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener – he was the one who proposed the
Continental Drift Theory
It states that about 200 million
years ago, the continents were
once one large landmass. He
called the landmass Pangaea
which means “All Earth”. It is
surrounded by an ocean known
as the Panthalassa
Then, the Pangaea
breaks into two
smaller
supercontinents
called Laurasia
(which comprises
North America and
Eurasia), and
Gondwanaland (which
comprises of South America, Africa, India, Australia,
and Antarctica) during the Jurassic Period. These
smaller supercontinents then broke into 7 continents
and drifted apart.
Evidences of CDT
1. Continental Jigsaw Puzzle
 According to Wegener, the continents of today
can be put like pieces of jigsaw puzzle, so
specifically South America and Africa. When the 7
continents are combined, they will form the so-
called Pangaea
 Almost have the same edges
2. Matching Fossils
 The buried bodies of these creatures or plants
were preserved
 Glossopteris
o Is a fern which thrives in
subpolar climate
o This means that this
plant belongs to a
specific climate noon sa
place where glossopteris are planted noon, so
why were the fossils of this plant seen at
different countries whose climates differ very
much this time?
o Found in Southern Africa, Australia, India,
and Antarctica
 Mesosaurus
o Is a fresh water reptile
o Found along the coastlines of
South America and Africa
o How can their fossils be seen on
those two countries that are
very far from each other
now? They cannot just possibly
swim because they are only just
freshwater reptiles
 Lystosaurus
o Is a
freshwater
reptile
o Found along
Africa, India,
and Antarctica
o Same situation with Mesosaurus. The fossils
of Lystosaurus are found in countries that are
very far away from each other
 Cynognathus
o Is a freshwater reptile and
mammal
o Is found along the
coastlines of Africa
and South America
o A Cynognathus is a reptile
that cannot swim, yet why were their fossils
found in far awar countries?
3. Coal Deposits
 Discovered in
South
America,
Africa, North
America,
Europe, Asia,
India,
Australia,
Antarctica
 Coal deposits
have been
found in
temperate
and polar regions; however, coal is formed in
tropical regions.
 Furthermore, Wegener discovered ancient coal
seams and coral reef fossils in areas that are
much too cold today (to produce coal) The coal
deposits only mean that Antarctica might have
been positioned in a part of the Earth where it
once supported large quantities of life. This
leads to the idea that Antarctica once
experienced a tropical climate, thus, it might
have been closer to the equator.
4. Matching Mountain Ranges
  The Caledonian mountains in Northern Europe
and the Appalachian Mountains in Easten North
America are similar in age, structure, and rock type
 This proves that North Europe and Eastern
North America might have been close to
together back then
5. Glacial Deposits
 About 300 million years ago, glaciers covered the
southern hemisphere. The pattern they made
covered the southern hemisphere. The pattern
they made as they moved across Earth’s surface
doesn’t make sense unless the continents are
arranged as Wegener proposed
 These are found in Antarctica, Africa, South
American, India, Australia
 When the continents are re-arranged, according
to Wegener’s theory of continental drift, the glacial
flow fits with our understanding of how glaciers
move.
Seafloor Spreading Theory
 The Continental Drift Theory of Alfred Wegener
was rejected because he couldn’t provide an
explanation on how the tectonic plates moved.
Harry Hammond Hess & Robert Dietz
Harry Hammond Hess & Robert Dietz suggester to the
Continental Drift Theory through the Seafloor
Spreading Theory.
In this theory, hot, and less dense material from below
the Earth’s crust (mantle) rises towards the surface at
the mid-ocean ridge. This material flows sideways,
carrying the seafloor away from the ridge and creates
a crack in the crust. The magma flows out of the crack,
cools, down and becomes the new seafloor.
1. Rocks are younger at the mid-ocean ridge
2. Rocks that are far from the mid-ocean ridge are
older
3. Sediments are thinner at the ridge (center)
4. Rocks at the ocean floor are younger than those at
the continents
But the Seafloor Spreading Theory is still not enough
to explain why the tectonic plate moves.
Plate Tectonic Plates
John Tuzo Wilson
He had two major contributions to the solidification of
the theory of plate tectonics:
- Introduction of Hotspots, Recognition of
Transform Fault Boundaries
What is the difference between Tectonic Plates &
Plate Tectonics?
Tectonic Plate – are pieces of the Earth’s lithosphere,
pieces of the crust
Plate Tectonics – how the tectonic plate move and
interact with each other, process, how nagmmove
Plate Tectonics Theory
The Plate Tectonics Theory provided an explanation
about the movement of the lithospheric plates. This
theory evolved from the two former theories and was
developed during the first decades of the 20th century.
The Earth’s lithosphere is divided into several plates.
The plates ride over the weak asthenosphere and are
moving continuously due to the convection in the
mantle.
 Convection where cold air remains at the bottom
while hot air remains at the top, then magccycle
yung two temperatures of air na yon, rotating
motion
 This happens the same but with hot liquid magma
at the top and cold rocks at the bottom
o The hot magma from the core (bottom)
pushes the cold rocks placed above it
o So those cold rocks would move, then the
magma will fissure eruption at the ridge
o And that is how the tectonic plates move
according to the Plate Tectonics Theor