Problem 1: Determine The Horizontal Displacement and Rotation of The Frame Shown Below at Support D

Structural Analysis I Virtual Work Method (Frames) Exercise Problem Solutions
Problem 1: Determine the horizontal displacement and rotation of the frame shown below at support D.
The frame has a square cross-sectional area of size 10 cm by 10 cm. E = 200 GPa.
Solution
Calculate the support reactions. The free-body diagram for the entire frame is shown below.
The static equilibrium equations for the frame are:
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = (0.4)(6) − 𝐴𝑥 = 0
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 = 0
∑ 𝑀@𝐴 = (0.4)(6)(3) − 3𝐷𝑦 = 0
Solving the above equations for the unknows, we get:
𝐴𝑥 = 2.4 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑦 = −2.4 𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝑦 = 2.4 𝑘𝑁
Knowing the support reactions, we can isolate members AB, BC, and CD, and show their end forces (see
below).
Dr. Structure P a g e |1
The internal virtual work for each member can be defined using two terms: work done due to axial
deformation and work done due to bending. Therefore, we need to obtain the axial force and bending
moment equation for each member.
Member AB carries a tensile axial force of 2.4 kN. Member BC has no axial force, and CD is subjected to
a compressive force of 2.4 kN. Let’s write these forces as:
𝐹𝑎𝑏 = 2.4 𝑘𝑁 𝐹𝑏𝑐 = 0 𝐹𝑐𝑑 = −2.4 𝑘𝑁

To write the moment equation for AB, we can use the following free-body diagram.
Then, the moment equation can be written as:
𝑀𝑎𝑏 (𝑥) = 2.4𝑥 − (0.4)(𝑥)(𝑥/2)

Or,
𝑀𝑎𝑏 (𝑥) = 2.4𝑥 − 0.2𝑥 2 0≤𝑥≤6
For member BC, we get the following free-body diagram and moment equation.
𝑀𝑏𝑐 (𝑥) = 7.2 − 2.4𝑥 0≤𝑥≤3
And for member CD, we have:
𝑀𝑐𝑑 (𝑥) = 0 0≤𝑥≤6
To determine the horizontal displacement at D, we need to place a virtual unit load in the horizontal
direction at D, as shown below.
We then calculate the support reactions for the above frame. The frame has one reaction force only, a
horizontal force of 1 at support A.
The isolated members and their end forces are shown below.
∗
For member AB, the axial force is zero. That is, 𝑓𝑎𝑏 = 0. And the moment equation can be written as
follows.
∗
𝑚𝑎𝑏 (𝑥) = 𝑥 0≤𝑥≤6
∗
For BC, we get: 𝑓𝑏𝑐 = 1 and
∗
𝑚𝑏𝑐 (𝑥) = 6 0≤𝑥≤3
∗
For CD, 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0. The member’s free-body diagram and moment equation are shown below.
∗
𝑚𝑐𝑑 (𝑥) = −𝑥 0≤𝑥≤6
According to the virtual work principle, we can write:
External Virtual Work (𝑊𝑒∗ ) = Internal Virtual Work (𝑊𝑖∗ )
Where 𝑊𝑒∗ = (1∗ )(𝛥) = 𝛥 and 𝑊𝑖∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 .
In the above expression, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 is the internal virtual work due to axial deformation and 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 is the
internal virtual work due to bending.
We can determine 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 for member AB using equation:
𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 𝑓𝑎𝑏
∗
𝛿𝑎𝑏
∗
Where 𝑓𝑎𝑏 is the axial force in the member due to the virtual unit load and 𝛿𝑎𝑏 is the elongation of the
member due to the real load.
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 for the member can be expressed as:
1 6
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∗
∫ 𝑀 (𝑥) 𝑚𝑎𝑏 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 0 𝑎𝑏
∗
Since we have already determined that 𝑓𝑎𝑏 = 0, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 0.
1 6
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (2.4𝑥 − 0.2𝑥 2 )(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 108/𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼 0
∗
For member BC, 𝑓𝑏𝑐 = 1. However, since 𝐹𝑏𝑐 = 0, we can conclude that 𝛿𝑏𝑐 = 0. Hence, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 0. For
BC, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 can be written as follows.
1 3
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (7.2 − 2.4𝑥)(6) 𝑑𝑥 = 64.8/𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼 0
∗
For member CD, 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0. Therefore, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 0. And,
1 6
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (0)(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝐸𝐼 0
Therefore, for the entire frame, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 0, and 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = (108 + 64.8)/𝐸𝐼.
𝑊𝑖∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏
Or,
𝛥 = 0 + 172.8/𝐸𝐼
Since 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = (0.1)(0. 13 )/12, 𝐸𝐼 = (200 × 106 )(0.1)(0. 13 )/12 = 1666.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2 .
Therefore,
172.8
𝛥= = 0.104 𝑚 = 104 𝑚𝑚
1666.67
To determine the rotation at D, we place a virtual unit moment at D, as shown below.
Here, we are assuming the rotation at D is clockwise, hence, we have placed a clockwise moment at the
target point.
We can easily calculate the support reactions due to the virtual moment by applying the static
equilibrium equations to the entire frame. We can then isolate the members as depicted below.
∗
For member AB, we get: 𝑓𝑎𝑏 = 1/3. The free-body diagram for the member and its moment equation
are shown below.
∗
𝑚𝑎𝑏 (𝑥) = 0 0≤𝑥≤6
∗
For BC, we get: 𝑓𝑏𝑐 = 0, and
∗
𝑚𝑏𝑐 (𝑥) = −𝑥/3 0≤𝑥≤3
∗
And for CD, we get: 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = −1/3
∗
𝑚𝑐𝑑 (𝑥) = 1 0≤𝑥≤6
The virtual work principle (𝑊𝑖∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 ) for the frame becomes:
(1∗ )(𝜃) = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏
Or,
𝜃 = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏
For member AB, we can write:
𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 𝑓𝑎𝑏
∗
𝛿𝑎𝑏
∗
Where 𝑓𝑎𝑏 = 1/3 and
𝐹𝑎𝑏 𝐿 2.4(6) 14.4
𝛿𝑎𝑏 = = =
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
Therefore,
∗𝑎
1 14.4 4.8
𝑊𝑎𝑏 = ( )( )=
3 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
And, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 for the member can be expressed as:
1 6
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∗
∫ 𝑀 (𝑥) 𝑚𝑎𝑏 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 0 𝑎𝑏
Or,
1 6
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (2.4𝑥 − 0.2𝑥 2 )(0) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝐸𝐼 0
For member BC, we can write:
𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 𝑓𝑏𝑐
∗
𝛿𝑏𝑐
∗ ∗𝑎
Since 𝑓𝑏𝑐 = 0, 𝑊𝑏𝑐 = 0.
And, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 for the member can be written as:
1 3 𝑥
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (7.2 − 2.4𝑥) (− ) 𝑑𝑥 = −3.6/𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼 0 3
For member CD, we can write:
𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑
∗
𝛿𝑐𝑑
∗
Where 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = −1/3 and
𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝐿 (−2.4)(6) −14.4
𝛿𝑐𝑑 = = =
Therefore,
∗𝑎
−1 −14.4 4.8
𝑊𝑐𝑑 = ( )( )=
3 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
1 6
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∗
∫ 𝑀 (𝑥) 𝑚𝑐𝑑 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 0 𝑐𝑑
Or,
1 6
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (0)(1) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝐸𝐼 0
Then, the total internal work can be written as:
Or,
4.8 4.8 3.6
𝑊𝑖∗ = + −
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐼
Since 𝐸𝐴 = (200 × 106 )(0. 12 ) = 2 × 106 𝑘𝑁 and 𝐸𝐼 = 1666.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2 , the above expression
becomes:
𝑊𝑖∗ = 4.8 × 10−6 − 2.16 × 10−3
Or,
𝑊𝑖∗ = 2.155 × 10−3
And since 𝜃 = 𝑊𝑖∗ , we get:
𝜃 = −2.155 × 10−3
This is the rotation of the frame at D, given in radians.
Problem 2: Determine the vertical displacement of the frame shown below at D, and the rotation at
joint B. The frame has a square cross-sectional area of size 10 cm by 10 cm. E = 200 GPa.
Solution
Calculate the support reactions. The free-body diagram for the entire frame is shown below.
The static equilibrium equations for the frame are:
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐵𝑥 = 0
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 − (0.1)(4) = 0
∑ 𝑀@𝐴 = (0.1)(4)(2) + 1 − 2𝐵𝑦 = 0
Solving the above equations for the unknows, we get:
𝐵𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑦 = −0.5 𝑘𝑁
𝐵𝑦 = 0.9 𝑘𝑁
Knowing the support reactions, we can isolate members AC, BC, and CD, and show their end forces (see
below).
The internal virtual work for each member can be defined using two terms: work done due to axial
deformation and work done due to bending. Therefore, we need to obtain the axial force and bending
moment equations for each member.
Members AC and CD carry no axial force. Member BC is subjected to a compressive force of 0.9 kN. Let’s
write these forces as:
𝐹𝑎𝑐 = 0 𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 0 𝐹𝑏𝑐 = −0.9 𝑘𝑁

To write the moment equation for AC, we can use the following free-body diagram.
Then, the moment equation can be written as:
𝑀𝑎𝑐 (𝑥) = −0.5𝑥 − (0.1)(𝑥)(𝑥/2)

Or,
𝑀𝑎𝑐 (𝑥) = −0.5(𝑥 + 0.1𝑥 2 ) 0≤𝑥≤2

For member CD, we get the following free-body diagram and moment equation.
𝑀𝑐𝑑 (𝑥) = −1 − 0.05𝑥 2 0≤𝑥≤2
And for member BC, we have:
Dr. Structure P a g e | 10
𝑀𝑏𝑐 (𝑥) = 0 0≤𝑥≤6
To determine the vertical displacement at D, we need to place a virtual unit load in the vertical direction
at D, as shown below.
We then calculate the support reactions for the frame. They are shown below.
The isolated members and their end forces are depicted below.
∗
For member AC, the axial force is zero. That is, 𝑓𝑎𝑐 = 0. And the moment equation can be written as
follows.
∗ (𝑥)
𝑚𝑎𝑐 = −𝑥 0≤𝑥≤2
∗
For CD, we have: 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0 and
∗ (𝑥)
𝑚𝑐𝑑 = −𝑥 0≤𝑥≤2
∗
For BC, 𝑓𝑏𝑐 = −2, and the member’s free-body diagram and moment equation are shown below.
∗
𝑚𝑏𝑐 (𝑥) = 0 0≤𝑥≤6
𝑊𝑒∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗
Where 𝑊𝑒∗ = (1∗ )(𝛥) = 𝛥 and 𝑊𝑖∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 .
In the above expression, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 is the internal virtual work due to axial deformation and 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 is the
internal virtual work due to bending.
𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 for member AC can be expressed as:
𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐
∗
𝛿𝑎𝑐
∗
Where 𝑓𝑎𝑐 is the axial force in the member due to the virtual unit load and 𝛿𝑎𝑐 is the elongation of the
member due to the real load. And, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 for the member can be expressed as:
1 2
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∗
∫ 𝑀 (𝑥) 𝑚𝑎𝑐 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 0 𝑎𝑐
∗
Since 𝑓𝑎𝑐 = 0, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 0.
1 2
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (−0.5𝑥 − 0.05𝑥 2 )(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1.533/𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼 0
∗
For member CD, 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0. Therefore, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 0. For the same member, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 can be written as follows.
1 2
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (−1 − 0.05𝑥 2 )(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2.20/𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼 0
∗
For member BC, 𝑓𝑏𝑐 = −2. And,
𝐹𝑏𝑐 𝐿 (−0.9)(6) −5.4
𝛿𝑏𝑐 = = =
Therefore,
∗𝑎
−5.4 10.8
𝑊𝑏𝑐 = (−2)( )=
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
And,
1 6
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (0)(0) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝐸𝐼 0
Therefore, for the entire frame, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 10.8/𝐸𝐴, and 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = (1.533 + 2.2)/𝐸𝐼.

Or,
𝛥 = 10.8/𝐸𝐴 + 2.2/𝐸𝐼
Since 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = (0.1)(0. 13 )/12, 𝐸𝐼 = (200 × 106 )(0.1)(0. 13 )/12 = 1666.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2 .
Also, since 𝐴 = (0.1)(0.1) = 0.01, 𝐸𝐴 = (200 × 106 )(0.01) = 2 × 10−6 𝑘𝑁.
Therefore,
10.8 1.533 2.2
𝛥= −6
+ +
2 × 10 1666.67 1666.67
Or,
𝛥 = 0.000054 + 0.00092 + 0.00132 = 0.002245 𝑚 = 2.245 𝑚𝑚
To determine the rotation at B, we place a virtual unit moment at B, as shown below.
Here, we are assuming the rotation at B is clockwise, hence, we have placed a clockwise moment at the
target point. We can easily calculate the support reactions due to the virtual moment by applying the
static equilibrium equations to the entire frame. We can then isolate the members as depicted below.
∗
For member AC, we get: 𝑓𝑎𝑐 = 0. The free-body diagram for the member and its moment equation are
shown below.
∗ (𝑥)
𝑚𝑎𝑐 = −0.5𝑥 0≤𝑥≤2
∗
For CD, we get: 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0 and
∗
𝑚𝑐𝑑 (𝑥) = 0 0≤𝑥≤2
∗
And for BC, we get: 𝑓𝑏𝑐 = −0.5
∗
𝑚𝑏𝑐 (𝑥) = 1 0≤𝑥≤6
The virtual work principle (𝑊𝑖∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 ) for the frame becomes:
(1∗ )(𝜃) = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏
Or,
𝜃 = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏
For member AC, we can write:
𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐
∗
𝛿𝑎𝑐
∗
Since 𝑓𝑎𝑐 = 0, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 0.
1 2
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (−0.5𝑥 − 0.05𝑥 2 )(−0.5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0.766667/𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼 0
For member CD, we can write:
𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑
∗
𝛿𝑐𝑑
∗ ∗𝑎
Since 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0, 𝑊𝑐𝑑 = 0.
And, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 for the member can be written as:
1 2
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (−0.5𝑥 − 0.05𝑥 2 )(0) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝐸𝐼 0
For member BC, we can write:
𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 = 𝑓𝑏𝑐
∗
𝛿𝑏𝑐
∗
Where 𝑓𝑏𝑐 = −0.5 and
𝐹𝑏𝑐 𝐿 (−0.9)(6) −5.4
𝛿𝑏𝑐 = = =
Therefore,
∗𝑎
−5.4 2.7
𝑊𝑏𝑐 = (−0.5)( )=
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
1 6
𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 = ∫ (0)(1) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝐸𝐼 0
Then, the total internal work can be written as:
Or,
2.7 0.766667
𝑊𝑖∗ = +
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐼
Since 𝐸𝐴 = 2 × 106 𝑘𝑁 and 𝐸𝐼 = 1666.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2 , the above expression becomes:
𝑊𝑖∗ = 5.4 × 10−6 + 460 × 10−6
Or,
𝑊𝑖∗ = 465.4 × 10−6
And since 𝜃 = 𝑊𝑖∗ , we get:
𝜃 = 0.465 × 10−3
The rotation of the frame at B is given in radians.

Problem 1: Determine The Horizontal Displacement and Rotation of The Frame Shown Below at Support D

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Problem 1: Determine The Horizontal Displacement and Rotation of The Frame Shown Below at Support D

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Structural Analysis I Virtual Work Method (Frames) Exercise Problem Solutions

The static equilibrium equations for the frame are:

∑ 𝑀@𝐴 = (0.4)(6)(3) − 3𝐷𝑦 = 0

Solving the above equations for the unknows, we get:

𝐹𝑎𝑏 = 2.4 𝑘𝑁 𝐹𝑏𝑐 = 0 𝐹𝑐𝑑 = −2.4 𝑘𝑁

Then, the moment equation can be written as:

𝑀𝑎𝑏 (𝑥) = 2.4𝑥 − (0.4)(𝑥)(𝑥/2)

𝑀𝑎𝑏 (𝑥) = 2.4𝑥 − 0.2𝑥 2 0≤𝑥≤6

𝑀𝑏𝑐 (𝑥) = 7.2 − 2.4𝑥 0≤𝑥≤3

And for member CD, we have:

𝑀𝑐𝑑 (𝑥) = 0 0≤𝑥≤6

According to the virtual work principle, we can write:

External Virtual Work (𝑊𝑒∗ ) = Internal Virtual Work (𝑊𝑖∗ )

Where 𝑊𝑒∗ = (1∗ )(𝛥) = 𝛥 and 𝑊𝑖∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 .

We can determine 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 for member AB using equation:

𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 for the member can be expressed as:

According to the virtual work principle, we can write:

𝑊𝑖∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏

To determine the rotation at D, we place a virtual unit moment at D, as shown below.

(1∗ )(𝜃) = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏

For member AB, we can write:

For member BC, we can write:

And, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 for the member can be written as:

For member CD, we can write:

Then, the total internal work can be written as:

𝑊𝑖∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏

𝑊𝑖∗ = 4.8 × 10−6 − 2.16 × 10−3

𝑊𝑖∗ = 2.155 × 10−3

And since 𝜃 = 𝑊𝑖∗ , we get:

This is the rotation of the frame at D, given in radians.

The static equilibrium equations for the frame are:

∑ 𝑀@𝐴 = (0.1)(4)(2) + 1 − 2𝐵𝑦 = 0

Solving the above equations for the unknows, we get:

𝐹𝑎𝑐 = 0 𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 0 𝐹𝑏𝑐 = −0.9 𝑘𝑁

Then, the moment equation can be written as:

𝑀𝑎𝑐 (𝑥) = −0.5𝑥 − (0.1)(𝑥)(𝑥/2)

𝑀𝑎𝑐 (𝑥) = −0.5(𝑥 + 0.1𝑥 2 ) 0≤𝑥≤2

𝑀𝑐𝑑 (𝑥) = −1 − 0.05𝑥 2 0≤𝑥≤2

And for member BC, we have:

𝑀𝑏𝑐 (𝑥) = 0 0≤𝑥≤6

According to the virtual work principle, we can write:

Where 𝑊𝑒∗ = (1∗ )(𝛥) = 𝛥 and 𝑊𝑖∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 .

𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 for member AC can be expressed as:

According to the virtual work principle, we can write:

𝑊𝑖∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏

𝛥 = 0.000054 + 0.00092 + 0.00132 = 0.002245 𝑚 = 2.245 𝑚𝑚

To determine the rotation at B, we place a virtual unit moment at B, as shown below.

(1∗ )(𝜃) = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏

For member AC, we can write:

And, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 for the member can be expressed as:

For member CD, we can write:

And, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 for the member can be written as:

For member BC, we can write:

And, 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏 for the member can be expressed as:

Then, the total internal work can be written as:

𝑊𝑖∗ = 𝑊𝑖∗𝑎 + 𝑊𝑖∗𝑏

𝑊𝑖∗ = 5.4 × 10−6 + 460 × 10−6

𝑊𝑖∗ = 465.4 × 10−6

And since 𝜃 = 𝑊𝑖∗ , we get:

The rotation of the frame at B is given in radians.

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