KS3 Light

Q1.
Ann shines a ray of white light at a glass prism.
(a) Tick one box in each row to show if each sentence is true or false.

true false
The light refracts as it enters the prism.

The light refracts as it travels through the prism.

The light disperses as it leaves the prism.

The light forms a spectrum of colours on the screen.

2 marks
(b) Ann places two mirrors at 90° and shines a ray of light at mirror 1.
(i) On the diagram above continue the ray of light to show how it is reflected by
both mirrors. Use a ruler.
2 marks
(ii) On the diagram above label the incident ray (i) and the reflected ray (r) for
the light striking mirror 2.
1 mark
(c) Ann shines the torch at a red book.
Explain why the object looks red in white light.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
2 marks
(d) In a dark room, Ann puts different coloured filters in front of the torch.
She records the colour the book appears.
Complete the table below to show the colour that the book would appear.
Tick one box in each row. The first one has been done for you.

What colour does the red book appear?
colour of filter
red green black
no filter
red filter
green filter
1 marks
maximum 8 marks
Q2.
(a) The diagram below shows George using his laptop.
Light from the lamp is reflected by the laptop screen.

(i) On the diagram above draw a ray of light to show how George sees the light
from the lamp reflected by the laptop screen. Use a ruler.
Draw arrows to show the direction of light.

3 marks
(ii) With the laptop screen in the position shown in part a(i), George sees an
image of the lamp on the screen.
George tilts the screen forwards as shown below.
When the screen is tilted forwards it is easier for George to see the words on
the screen.
What happens to the reflected ray of light when the screen is tilted?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) George listens to music on his headphones.
Complete the sentence below using words from the box.

chemical electrical gravitational potential
sound thermal
The useful energy change in the headphones is from ..................................
energy into .................................. energy.

1 mark
maximum 5 marks
Q3.
Tom is doing a bungee jump from a bridge.
He is attached to one end of an elastic rope.

The other end of the rope is attached to the bridge.
Tom jumps from the bridge.
(a) (i) What force makes Tom fall towards the ground?
.........................................................
1 mark
(ii) Tom does not hit the river below the bridge.
What makes Tom stop falling before he hits the river?
.........................................................
1 mark
(b) The next person to do a bungee jump is Jill.
Jill weighs less than Tom.

Complete the sentence below using words from the box.

more than less than the same as
When Jill jumps, the rope will stretch ...........................................................
it did when Tom jumped.

1 mark
(c) Jill’s dad watches her doing the bungee jump.

He is standing a long way from the bridge.
Jill shouts ‘bungee’ at the same time as she jumps off the bridge.
Jill’s dad sees her jump before he hears her shout.
(i) Why does Jill’s dad see her jump before he hears her shout?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) Tom is near Jill when she shouts. Her dad is far away.
Complete the sentence to describe how the shout will sound to Tom compared
with Jill’s dad. Use one word from the box.

louder higher lower quieter
The shout will sound ............................................ to Tom.

1 mark
(iii) What part of Tom’s ear vibrates when he hears Jill shout?
...............................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 6 marks
Q4.
(a) When light travels from air to glass, it changes direction.
What is the name of this effect?
........................................................
1 mark
(b) The diagram below shows three rays of light A, B and C striking a glass block.
The paths of A and B have been drawn.
Continue ray C to show its path through the block and out the other side.
Use a ruler.
2 marks
(c) The diagram below shows three rays of light, D, E and F, from a torch placed under
water.
The path of ray E is shown as it leaves the water and enters the air.
Continue the paths of D and F as they pass through the air.
Use a ruler.

2 marks
maximum 5 marks
Q5.
Nina’s bicycle has a front lamp and a rear lamp.
Both lamps are connected to the same battery.
(a) The circuit diagram for the lamps is drawn below.
(i) On the circuit diagram above, place a letter A to show the position of a
switch to turn only the front lamp on and off.
1 mark
(ii) On the circuit diagram above, place a letter B to show the position of a
switch to turn both lamps on and off at the same time.
1 mark
(b) The bulb in the rear lamp gives out white light.
White light is a mixture of all the colours of light.

The plastic cover acts as a red filter.

Red light passes through the filter.
What happens to the other colours that do not pass through?
........................................................................................................................
1 mark
(c) Nina replaces the battery with a generator called a dynamo.

When Nina pedals her bicycle, the back wheel turns the generator.
Complete the sentences below using words from the box.

chemical electrical gravitational
kinetic light sound thermal
As Nina pedals, ..................................... energy in her muscles is
changed to kinetic energy.
When the generator turns, kinetic energy is changed to useful
..................................... energy in the wires. This energy in the wires is
changed to useful ..................................... energy in the bulb.
When the lamps are on, some of the energy in the bulb is wasted as
..................................... energy.

4 marks
maximum 7 marks
Q6.
(a) The diagram below shows a fish tank.
The surface of the water acts like a mirror.

The fish can see the snail reflected in the surface of the water.
Draw a ray of light which passes from the snail, and reflects from the surface, to
show how the fish can see the snail. Use a ruler.
Put arrows on the ray of light.

3 marks
(b) Andrew is looking at the snail.

When a ray of light passes from water to air it changes direction.
(i) Draw a ray of light from the snail to Andrew to show how Andrew can see
the snail. Use a ruler.
Put arrows on the ray of light.

2 marks
(ii) What is the name given to this change in the direction of a ray of light?
.............................................
1 mark
maximum 6 marks
Q7.
James shone a ray of light at a mirror as shown below.
diagram 1
He measured the angle of reflection for different angles of incidence.

His results are shown below.

angle of incidence (º) 30 40 50 60 70
angle of reflection (º) 30 40 50 65 70
(a) Which angle of reflection was not measured accurately?
..................°
How can you tell this from the table?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) James set up a different experiment as shown below.
diagram 2
He measured the angle of refraction for different angles of incidence.
His results are shown in the graph.

Use the graph to answer the questions below.
(i) When the angle of refraction is 20°, what is the angle of incidence?
..................°
1 mark
(ii) What conclusion could James draw from his graph?

Complete the sentence below.
When light passes from air into glass, the angle of incidence is
always .......................................................... the angle of refraction.

1 mark
(c) On diagram 2, draw a line to continue the refracted ray as it leaves the glass
block.
1 mark
maximum 4 marks
Q8.
(a) Peter had two different coloured tennis balls as shown below.
He shone white light through a red filter onto each ball.
(i) experiment 1
The white ball appeared red.

Explain why this ball appeared red.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
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2 marks
(ii) experiment 2

What colour did this ball appear?
..........................................................
Explain your answer.
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2 marks
(b) Peter set up a different experiment.

He cut three holes in a piece of card.
Two of the holes were covered by coloured filters as shown below.

Peter placed a red filter between the piece of card and a white screen.
He shone white light at the piece of card with three holes in it.
What would Peter see on the screen?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 5 marks
Q9.
Three pupils watched a firework display.
(a) A man lit the fireworks. He wore ear defenders.
Why should he wear ear defenders when he is close to loud fireworks?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) A rocket exploded making a loud sound and a bright flash.

Peter, Sabrina and Jan were standing at different distances from the rocket.
When the rocket exploded, Jan heard the quietest sound.
Why did Jan hear the quietest sound?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1 mark
(c) Jan saw the flash before she heard the sound.
What does this tell you about the speed of light and the speed of sound?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1 mark
(d) Complete the sentences below using words from the list.
chemical electrical heat light sound
(i) Jan, Sabrina and Peter could see the rocket explode because it
gave out ................................... energy.

1 mark
(ii) They could hear the rocket explode because it gave out
........................................... energy.
1 mark
(e) When the rocket stopped burning it fell to the ground.

What force caused it to fall to the ground?
.............................................................
1 mark
maximum 6 marks
Q10.
Gabby arranged a torch, two cards and a screen as shown below.
Light from the torch passed through holes in the cards and onto the screen.
(a) Why did a spot of light appear on the screen? Tick the correct box.

1 mark
(b) Gabby moved card B to one side as shown below.

The ray of light passed through the hole in card A and onto card B.
Continue the ray of light from the torch to show where it would hit card B.
Use a ruler.

1 mark
(c) Gabby used a torch to shine a ray of light towards a mirror.

Continue the ray of light to show how it reflects off the mirror.
Add an arrow to show the direction of the reflected ray.
Use a ruler.

3 marks
(d) Gabby built a circuit like the circuit in her torch.

What could she do to the circuit to make this bulb brighter?
Tick the correct box.

1 mark
maximum 6 marks
Q11.
Jenny dropped her torch down a drain.
The torch was still switched on but Jenny could not see it.
not to scale
(a) (i) Jenny lowered a mirror into the drain and placed it at position P.
At which angle should Jenny put the mirror to see the torch?

1 mark
(ii) What happens to the light from the torch when it hits the mirror?
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) The diagrams below show the symbols for three parts of the torch circuit.
(i) On the line below each diagram, give the name of the part.
..................................... ..................................... ......................................

3 marks
(ii) In the space below, draw a circuit diagram to show how these three
parts are connected in a torch.
1 mark
maximum 6 marks
Q12.
The diagram shows a ray of light hitting the surface of a mirror made from thick glass.
The incident ray is both reflected and refracted.

(a) (i) Give the letters of the two reflected rays.
............... and ...............

1 mark
(ii) Give the letter of one refracted ray.
...............
1 mark
(b) The incident ray is brighter than ray A.

Give one reason for this.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 3 marks
Q13.
(a) A teacher shines a laser beam onto a classroom window. It reflects off the window
and onto a screen.

On the diagram above, continue the laser beam to show its path as it reflects off the
window and onto the screen. Use a ruler.
Add arrows to show the direction of the laser beam.
2 marks
(b) (i) When a pupil plays her flute in the classroom the window vibrates.
Give the reason for this.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) When the window vibrates, what happens to the laser beam that is reflected
off the window?
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(c) The teacher places a microphone near the pupil as she plays her flute. The diagram
below shows the pattern on an oscilloscope screen.

The pupil then plays her flute at a higher pitch and more quietly.
Which diagram below shows the pattern that would be seen on the oscilloscope?

1 mark
maximum 5 marks
Q14.
Thunder and lightning happen at the same time.
(a) We see the flash of lightning before we hear the thunder.

Give the reason for this.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) Omar investigated the movement of a storm. He measured the time between seeing
a flash of lightning and hearing the thunder.
He did this six times. Omar put his results in a table.

flash of time between seeing the
lightning lightning and hearing the
thunder, in seconds
A 8.0
B 5.0
C 3.0
D 9.0
E 13.0
F 16.5
Omar drew a bar chart of his results as shown below.
(i) On the bar chart, draw a bar for flash D. Use a ruler.
1 mark
(ii) Which flash of lightning was closest to Omar?

Give the correct letter.
...................................................................
1 mark
(iii) Describe how the distance between the storm and Omar changed as the
storm moved between flash A and flash F.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 4 marks
Q15.
The diagram below shows the orbits of Neptune, Pluto and the Earth.
At two points, A and B, the orbits of Neptune and Pluto cross over each other.

not to scale
(a) What force keeps planets in orbit around the Sun?
...................................................................
1 mark
(b) Give two reasons why it takes Pluto more time than Neptune to orbit the Sun.
1. ................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
2 marks
(c) (i) Tom can see the Sun because it is a light source. It gives out its own light.
Neptune and Pluto are not light sources but Tom can see them when he looks
through his telescope.
Explain why Tom can see Neptune and Pluto even though they are not light
sources.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
2 marks
(ii) Between points A and B, Pluto is nearer than Neptune to the Earth.
Tom noticed that Pluto is not as bright as Neptune, even when Pluto is closer
than Neptune to the Earth.
Give one reason why Pluto is not as bright as Neptune.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 6 marks
Q16.
Nadia is on her bicycle, waiting to pull out from a road junction.
Michael is driving his car round the bend. A row of houses stops Nadia from seeing
Michael's car.
not to scale
(a) At what position will Michael's car be when Nadia first sees it?
A B C D

1 mark
(b) A row of shops was built opposite the junction. The shops have glass windows
which act as a mirror.

not to scale
Nadia could see Joan's motorbike reflected in the glass window.
(i) On the diagram above, draw a ray of light to show how Nadia can see Joan's
motorbike reflected in the glass window.
Add arrows to the ray. Use a ruler.
3 marks
(ii) How does the glass window help to reduce the number of accidents?
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 5 marks
Q17.
Sunita puts on a pair of special glasses as shown below. The glasses have coloured
filters in them.

(a) Sunita looks at a lamp through the green filter. The lamp gives out white light,
but appears to be green.
Explain how this is possible.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
2 marks
(b) Sunita looks at a red lamp.
(i) What colour will the lamp appear to Sunita, if she looks at it through
the red filter?
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) What colour will the lamp appear to Sunita, if she looks at it through the green
filter?
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
2 marks
Maximum 5 marks
Q18.
A teacher has a small torch. He switches it on and points it towards a mirror.
(a) A ray of light from the torch reflects off the mirror. Use a ruler to draw the ray of light:
(i) from the torch to the mirror;
1 mark
(ii) reflecting off the mirror.

2 marks
Add arrows to the rays to show the direction of the light.
(b) A laser beam is a very bright and powerful beam of light. It is very dangerous to
point a laser beam towards people or animals.
Which part of the body can be most easily damaged by a laser beam?
....................................................
1 mark
Maximum 4 marks
Q19.
(a) Peter tried to obtain a mixture of red and green light.
He used white light from a spotlight and slotted a red filter and a green filter in front
of it as shown below.
The diagram below represents Peter’s experiment.
(i) No light reached the screen. Explain why.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
2 marks
(ii) Peter cut a circular hole in the green filter. Describe what Peter would see on
the screen.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) Peter used two spotlights to shine a mixture of red and green light on to some red
curtains.
(i) What colour did the red curtains appear in this light?
...................................................
1 mark
(ii) Give the reasons why they appeared this colour.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
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2 marks
Maximum 6 marks
Q20.
In 1610, the Italian scientist, Galileo, observed four bright moons near Jupiter.
Each night the moons moved.
(a) (i) The Sun and stars are light sources, and the planets are seen by reflected
light. Explain how we can see the moons of Jupiter.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
2 marks
(ii) The four moons are approximately the same distance from the Earth.
However, they do not have the same brightness.
Suggest one reason for this.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) The table shows the distances of the four moons from the centre of Jupiter, and the
times of their orbits. Europa’s distance has been left out.

name of distance from time for one
moon Jupiter, in orbit, in
millions of km Earth days
o 0.42 1.8
Europa 3.6
Ganymede 1.07 7.2
Callisto 1.88 16.7
The graph was plotted using the information in the table.
Use the graph to estimate Europa’s distance from Jupiter.
............................................................................................ millions of km
1 mark
(c) Galileo realised that Jupiter and its moons formed a model of our Solar System. In
this model:
what did Jupiter represent? .........................................................................
what did the moons represent? ...................................................................

1 mark
Maximum 5 marks
Q21.
Two identical triangular glass prisms were placed together. A narrow beam of white light
was shone into them as shown below.

(a) Draw the ray of light through the two prisms and on to the screen.
2 marks
(b) The prisms were then separated and set up as shown in the diagram, with rays of
white light shining through them. The prisms split the white light into colours as
shown.
(i) A white screen was placed in position A as shown below.
The rays of red, green and blue light are shown.
Describe the appearance of the light on the screen.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
2 marks
(ii) The white screen was moved away from the prisms to position B as shown
below.
The rays of red, green and blue light are shown.
Describe the appearance of the light on the screen.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
2 marks
Maximum 6 marks
Q22.
Two cyclists are riding along a dark road at night. One is wearing black clothes and the
other is wearing light-coloured clothes.
A car is driving behind the two cyclists. Light from the car headlamp shines on the
cyclists.
(a) What happens to the light when it reaches the light-coloured clothes?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
1 mark
(b) On the drawing above, draw a ray of light to show how light from the headlamp
reaches the driver so that he can see the cyclist in the light-coloured clothes.
Draw arrows to show the direction of the light.
3 marks
(c) What happens to the light when it reaches the black clothes?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
1 mark
Maximum 5 marks
Q23.
An actor is on a stage in a theatre. A spotlight is shining on him.
(a) A ray of light travels from the spotlight to the actor.
(i) Which line shows the ray? Give the correct letter.
…………
1 mark
(ii) How long does the light take to travel from the spotlight to the actor?
about a hundred millionth of a second
about a tenth of a second
about a second
about ten seconds

1 mark
(b) The actor’s voice sounds different to the people in the front and back rows of
the audience.
(i) How does the actor’s voice sound different to a person in the back row?
……………………………………….……………………………………….
……………………………………….……………………………………….
1 mark
(ii) Complete the sentence with longer, shorter or exactly the same.
When the actor is at the back of the stage, the time his voice
takes to reach the audience is .…………………………… .

1 mark
Maximum 4 marks
Q24.
The diagram below shows the shapes and positions of five glass objects.
Harriet put a square of black card on top of each glass object.
She shone a ray of red light onto each object.

The diagrams below show the rays of light going under the cards and coming out again.
Which object is under each card? Write the correct letter below each diagram.
One has been done for you.
4 marks

Maximum 4 marks
Q25.
When white light is shone through a glass prism the light bends and splits into the colours
of the spectrum.
(a) (i) What word describes the bending of light as it enters and leaves glass?
……………………………..………
1 mark
(ii) What word describes the splitting of light into the colours of the spectrum?
……………………………..………
1 mark
(b) Some leaves from a buttercup plant were ground up in a solvent and filtered to give
a green solution of chlorophyll. A glass container of this green solution was put in
the rays of coloured light.

What change in the spectrum would you see on the screen?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
2 marks
(c) Why is it necessary to grind up the buttercup leaves to release the chlorophyll from
the cells?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
1 mark
(d) Buttercup plants grow mainly in open fields. Dog’s Mercury is a plant which grows
mainly in woodland. The graph shows how the rate of photosynthesis in these two
plants changes as the light intensity changes.
Why do Dog’s Mercury plants grow better than buttercups in woodland?
Use the graph to help you.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
1 mark
Maximum 6 marks
Q26.
A rocket was fired above a seaside town to call out the lifeboat crew.
The rocket exploded, giving out light and sound at the same time.
(a) Lisa was outside the town. She saw the flash of the rocket exploding and heard the
bang.
(i) Which sentence is true?

She heard the bang first.
She saw the flash first.
She heard the bang and saw the flash at the same time.
1 mark
(ii) Give the reason for your answer.
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) Some people were nearer to the rocket than Lisa. How did the sound seem to
them?
It was quieter.
It was louder.
It was higher pitched.
It was lower pitched.

1 mark
Maximum 3 marks
Q27.
Sophie places a coin at the bottom of an empty mug. She cannot see the coin with her
eye in the position shown.

(a) Sophie fills the mug with water. Her head is in the same position as before, but now
she can see part of the coin.
Draw a ray of light on the diagram to show how Sophie can see part of the coin.
Use a ruler.
Draw an arrow on the ray to show its direction.
3 marks
(b) Sophie pours some concentrated blackcurrant juice into the water.
The blackcurrant drink acts like a red filter and makes the coin look red.
Explain how a red filter works.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
2 marks
Maximum 5 marks
Q28.
The diagram shows a lamp and a piece of cardboard. The piece of cardboard has a hole
in it. Light from the lamp passes through the hole and forms a bright spot on a wall.

(a) (i) Which point on the wall, A B, C, D or E, is lit up by the lamp?
......................
1 mark
(ii) Explain why the other points on the wall are not lit up by the lamp.
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) A piece of clear green plastic is placed over the hole.

What is the colour of the light which shines on the wall?
............................................……
1 mark
(c) The diagram shows a ray of light from a lamp hitting a mirror.
Which arrow, P, Q, R or S, shows the reflected ray?
......................
1 mark
Maximum 4 marks
Q29.
Speed cameras are used to detect motorists who break the speed limit. A number of lines
2 m apart are painted on the road. As a speeding car crosses the painted lines, the
camera takes two photographs, 0.5 s apart.
(a) (i) How far did the car move between the two photographs?
Give the correct unit.
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) How fast is the car in the photographs moving?
............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................... m/s
1 mark
(b) It takes 0.0002 s to take each photograph.

How far does the car move while the speed camera is taking one photograph?
......................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................… m
1 mark
(c) The speed camera gives out bright flashes to provide enough light for the
photographs.
How does the light from the flash get back to the camera to produce the
photographs?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 4 marks
Q30.
The human eye detects red light, blue light and green light. A combination of red, green
and blue light is seen as white. We ‘see’ other colours when different combinations of red,
blue and green enter the eye. This is shown in the table.

light entering colour ‘seen’ by
the eye the eye
no light black
red red
blue blue
green green
red + blue magenta
blue + green cyan
red + green yellow
red + blue + green white
(a) Some magenta paint is illuminated by a combination of red, green and blue light.
Explain why the paint appears magenta.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
2 marks
(b) A mixture of cyan paint and yellow paint appears green in a combination of
red + blue + green light. Explain what happens to:
(i) the red light? .......................................................................................

1 mark
(ii) the blue light? .....................................................................................
1 mark
(iii) the green light? ...................................................................................
1 mark
(c) Most colours of paint can be obtained by mixing different combinations of cyan,
magenta and yellow paints.
What combination of these paints makes:
(i) blue paint?
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) red paint?
............................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 7 marks
Q31.
A man was hammering nails into a wooden fence post.
The drawing shows the hammer just before it hit a nail.
(a) The hammer hit the nail. What is the direction of the force of the hammer on
the nail?
Draw an arrow on the diagram to show this.
1 mark
(b) What effect did this force have on the nail?
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
(c) How did the speed of the hammer change when the hammer hit the nail?
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
(d) The hammer hit the nail again. The hammer was moving faster this time.
The size of the force of the hammer on the nail was different.
In what way was it different?
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
(e) Mark could see the man mending the fence. The man was at the other end of
a large field. Mark saw the man hit a nail with the hammer. One second later
he heard the sound.
Why did Mark hear the sound after he saw the hammer hit the nail?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
(f) Mark walked half way across the field, nearer to the man. Again he saw the
hammer hit a nail, then heard the sound.
This time, how long was the gap between seeing and hearing the hammer hit
the nail?

longer than one second
one second
less than one second
there was no gap

1 mark
Maximum 6 marks
Q32.
James’s coin has rolled under a cupboard. It is dark under the cupboard, and he cannot
see the coin even though the light is on.
The diagram shows his problem.
(a) Explain why a shadow forms under the cupboard.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) James uses a mirror to shine light from the light bulb onto the coin.
He holds the mirror so that it touches the floor at point X.
(i) The symbol for a mirror is

Copy the symbol onto the diagram at point X to show the correct angle
for the mirror.
1 mark
(ii) On the diagram, draw the ray of light from the bulb to the coin.
Draw an arrow on the ray to show which way the light is travelling.
Use a ruler.
2 marks
(iii) Use the correct word to complete the sentence.
At the mirror, the light is ......................................................................

1 mark
Maximum 5 marks
Q33.
(a) The diagram below shows a ray of red light entering a glass block.
(i) Most of the light goes into the glass block, but some does not.
What happens to the light which does not go into the glass block?
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) As the light goes into the glass block, it changes direction.
What is the name of this effect?
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) The diagram below shows white light passing through a prism and forming a
spectrum on a white screen.

The spectrum contains light of all colours. Red is at one end of the spectrum.
Write blue, green and violet below in the order of the spectrum.

1 mark
(c) A pupil puts a green filter in the ray of white light. What happens to the
spectrum on the screen?
The whole spectrum turns green.

The green part of the spectrum disappears, but

the other colours stay the same.

The green part of the spectrum stays the same,

but the other colours disappear.

The whole spectrum disappears.

1 mark
Maximum 4 marks
Q34.
(a) Diagram 1 shows a light bulb X, a piece of card and a white screen. Two light rays
have been drawn from the bulb to the screen.

diagram 1
Five points, A, B, C, D and E, have been labelled on the screen.

Give the letter of one point which is in shadow.
............................................................
1 mark
(b) Bulb Y is added. Diagram 2 shows two light rays from each bulb.
diagram 2
Look at diagram 2.
(i) Which point on the screen will be in the darkest shadow?
Give the letter. ..................................

1 mark
(ii) Give the letter of one point on the screen which will be lit up by both bulbs.
...........................................................
1 mark
(iii) Which point on the screen will be lit up by bulb X only?
Give the letter. ..................................

1 mark
(c) Bulb Y is connected in parallel with bulb X. Draw a circuit diagram below to
show how the two bulbs and the battery are connected.

1 mark
Maximum 5 marks
Q35.
On 11th August 1999 there will be an eclipse. The shadow of the Moon will pass over part
of the Earth.
(a) The diagram below shows the Moon, the Moon’s shadow and the Earth.
not to scale
On the diagram, draw an arrow pointing towards where the Sun must be.
1 mark
(b) At about midday the Moon’s shadow will pass over Cornwall in England.
Where, in the sky, is the Sun at midday?
towards the North
towards the West
towards the East
towards the South

1 mark
(c) The map shows the shape of the Moon’s shadow and the path it will take
across Cornwall.
The Moon’s shadow will take about 2 minutes to move across a house in Falmouth.
It will take less than 2 minutes to move across a house in Padstow.
Explain why it will take less time for the Moon’s shadow to move across a
house in Padstow than to move across one in Falmouth.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
(d) Why does the Moon’s shadow move over the surface of the Earth?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 4 marks
Q36.
(a) The diagram shows a ray of light reflecting several times between two
parallel mirrors.

(i) What relationship is there between the angle of incidence for the first
reflection and the angle of reflection for the last reflection?
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) At each reflection there is a small loss in the intensity of the light.
Suggest one reason why there is a small loss in the intensity of light
when it is reflected.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) In the diagram below, the angle of incidence has changed, but the mirrors are
in the same positions.
State how this change in the angle of incidence would affect the intensity of
the emergent ray. Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
(c) The two mirrors are now moved so that they are at exactly 30° to each other.
The incident ray is parallel to one of the mirrors.

Draw the path of the ray of light on the diagram. Use a ruler and a protractor.
Label the emergent ray and draw an arrow to show its direction.
2 marks
Maximum 5 marks
Q37.
Light shines onto a ball. Naomi is looking at the ball.
(a) Describe how light from the lamp lights up the ball and makes it visible to Naomi.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
2 marks
(b) (i) Naomi uses different colours of light and different coloured balls.
Complete the table to show the colours that the balls appear to Naomi.

2 marks
(ii) Why does a black object appear black in any light?
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(c) Choose from the following terms to complete the sentences below.
less than equal to greater than
At a plane mirror, the angle of incidence is ..................................
the angle of reflection. The distance from the object to the mirror is
................................ the apparent distance from the mirror to the image.

2 marks
(d) A beam of white light shines onto a sheet of white paper. An identical beam of
light shines onto a mirror. The light is scattered from the paper and reflected from
the mirror.
Describe how scattering by paper and reflection by a mirror are different from
each other.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
2 marks
Maximum 9 marks
Q38.
The diagram shows a lighthouse on a rock.
It is night-time and there are boats at A, B, C, D and E.
(a) On which boat, A, B, C, D or E, would the light from the lighthouse be brightest?
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) Each boat makes a shadow on the water.
(i) Draw a cross (X) on the diagram to show where the shadow of boat A will be.
1 mark
(ii) Explain why the shadow forms there.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(c) The weather changes and the fog horn on the lighthouse makes a loud sound.
On which boat, A, B, C, D or E, would the sound of the fog horn be quietest?
..........................................................................................................................
1 mark
(d) Inside the lighthouse there is a powerful lamp and some mirrors.
The diagram shows the lamp and a mirror. A ray of light from the lamp is shown.
Carefully draw the ray which is reflected from the mirror. Use a ruler.

2 marks
Maximum 6 marks
Q39.
Satellites can sometimes be seen in the night sky. They look like stars slowly moving
across the sky.
(a) We can see stars because they are light sources. They give out their own light.
Satellites do not give out their own light. Explain why satellites can be seen in the
clear night sky.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
2 marks
(b) Sometimes a satellite suddenly stops being visible. However, you can usually see it
again in another part of the sky later the same night. This can happen when there
are no clouds in the sky and the satellite is overhead.
Why does the satellite suddenly stop being visible?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
(c) Give one use of satellites in orbit around the Earth.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 4 marks
Q40.
The diagram shows rays of light coming from a point source, reflecting in a plane mirror,
and entering a person's eye. The person sees an image of the light source at a point
behind the mirror.
(a) On the diagram, draw construction lines to find the position where the image
appears. Label the image I.
1 mark
(b) (i) The person moves further away from the mirror.
How does this affect the position of the image relative to the mirror?
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) The point source of light is moved closer to the mirror, How does this affect the
position of the image?
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
The diagram shows two rays of light coming from a small fish in some water. The rays
enter a person's eye.

(c) The person sees an image of the fish under the water.
On the diagram, draw construction lines to find the position of the image.
Label the image I.
1 mark
(d) In some parts of the world, people catch fish using spears.
When they see the image of a fish in the water, where should they aim?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 5 marks
Q41.
It is night-time and the desk lamp is on. Light shines onto the key.
(a) (i) Draw one ray of light on the diagram to show the light shining from the lamp
onto the key. Use a ruler.
Put an arrow on the ray to show the direction of the light.
2 marks
(ii) There is a patch of light on the wall. This light has been reflected from
the key. Draw a reflected ray of light on the diagram.
Use a ruler.
1 mark
(b) There is a dark shadow on the table beside the mug.

Explain how this shadow is formed.
....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 4 marks
Q42.
(a) Aisha drops a stone into a pond. She hears the sound and she watches ripples
spreading out across the pond.
Sound, ripples on water, and light travel at different speeds.
(i) Which travels fastest: sound or ripples on water or light?
...........................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) Which travels most slowly: sound or ripples on water or light?
...........................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) Which sentence about sound is correct?

Sound cannot travel through air.
Sound cannot travel through stone.

Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
Sound cannot travel through water.

1 mark
Maximum 3 marks
Q43.
David lives in Britain. He sees that the Sun seems to move across the sky.
(a) Where does the Sun rise in the morning?

in the north in the south
in the west in the east

1 mark
(b) (i) At what time of day is the Sun highest in the sky?
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) In which direction will David see the Sun when it is highest in the sky?
towards the north towards the south
towards the west towards the east

1 mark
(c) Where does the Sun set in the evening?

in the north in the south
in the west in the east

1 mark
(d) Explain why the Sun seems to move across the sky.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
1 mark
(e) Light from the Sun takes about 8 minutes to get to the Earth.
How long does light from other stars take to get to the Earth?
more than 8 minutes
8 minutes
less than 8 minutes
zero minutes
1 mark
Maximum 6 marks
Q44.
A ray of blue light falls on a glass prism as shown in the diagram.
(a) On the diagram, draw the path of the blue ray through the prism and from the
prism to the screen. Use a ruler.
2 marks
(b) The blue ray is replaced by a ray of white light.
(i) What would you now see on the screen?
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
A red filter is placed between the prism and the screen.
(ii) What would you now see on the screen?
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(iii) Explain how the red filter causes the change.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 5 marks
Q45.
The diagram shows a regular hexagonal glass prism. A ray of light passes through the
centre of the hexagon.
(a) The diagram below shows the same prism in a different position.
The ray of light is aimed at the centre of the hexagon.
Complete the ray as it passes through the prism and show its direction when it
emerges. Use a ruler.
2 marks

(b) A ray of light is aimed at the centre of the hexagonal prism, which is slowly
rotating.
Describe how the spot of light on the screen moves:
(i) as point A approaches the incident ray;
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) as point A crosses the incident ray;
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(iii) as the prism continues rotating until it reaches the position shown in part (a)
above.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 5 marks
Q46.
Shadow puppets are sometimes used in children’s shows.
(a) Where will the shadow of the puppet’s foot be on the screen?

1 mark
(b) How is the shadow of the puppet formed?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
(c) When the light is turned on, the shadow and the brightly lit part of the screen can be
seen immediately.
What does this tell you about the speed of light?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 3 marks
Q47.
A white box of photographic paper has written on it, in large red letters:

(a) The box of paper is in a photographic darkroom where the only light is from a red
lamp.
(i) What colour does the white box appear?
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) What colour does the red writing appear?
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) The red lamp is now switched off and a green lamp is switched on.
(i) What colour does the red writing appear in green light?
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) Explain why the writing appears to be this colour.
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 4 marks
Q48.
Two mirrors at 90° to each other always reflect a ray of light back parallel to the incident
ray.
(a) (i) In the diagram below, a ray of light strikes mirror 1 at an angle of 45°.
Complete the diagram to show how the mirrors reflect the ray.
Use a ruler and a protractor.

1 mark
(ii) In the next diagram, a ray of light strikes mirror 1 at a different angle.
Complete the diagram to show how the mirrors reflect the ray.
Use a ruler and a protractor.

1 mark
(b) Bicycles must have a reflector fixed to the rear mudguard or to the seat.
The diagram shows part of a bicycle reflector and an incident ray of light. The light
passes through the flat surface and is reflected from the small ‘mirrors’.
(i) In which direction is the ray of light reflected?
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) At night, car drivers can easily see bicycle reflectors in the beam from their
headlights.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(iii) Why is a plane mirror not suitable as a bicycle reflector?
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 5 marks
Q49.
A spinning mirror can be used to measure the speed of light. The experiment is shown
below.

Ray 1 is incident on the spinning mirror.
Ray 2 is the reflection of ray 1 from the spinning mirror.
Ray 3 is the reflection of ray 2 from a small fixed mirror 2.0 m away. It travels back
along the same path as ray 2.
(a) Describe how the small fixed mirror is positioned so that the light is reflected back
along the same path.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
When ray 3 reaches the spinning mirror, it is again reflected to form ray 4. Its path is very
close to ray 1 and therefore it has not been drawn on the diagram. Much less light travels
along ray 4 than along ray 1.
(b) Suggest one reason why less light travels along ray 4 than along ray 1.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
Ray 4 does not travel back along exactly the same path as ray 1 because the spinning
mirror has moved between the two reflections.
(c) The spinning mirror rotates 40 times per second.
(i) How long does it take to turn through an angle of 1°?

Give the correct units.
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) The mirror is found to have turned through an angle of 0.0002° between the
two reflections. What is the time interval between the reflections? Give the
correct units.
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(d) The distance between the fixed mirror and the spinning mirror is 2.0 m. What value
does this experiment give for the speed of light? Show your working and give the
correct units.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
2 marks
Maximum 6 marks
Q50.
It is a sunny day. Alika is using the sunlight to signal to Sarah.
(a) What simple object could Alika use to send bright flashes of sunlight to
Sarah?
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
(b) What does this object do to the rays of the sun?
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 2 marks
Q51.
The drawing shows a torch.

(a) The torch is switched on but does not work.

Tick three things which could be wrong.
there is no battery the glass is broken
the plastic case is broken the switch is broken
the bulb is broken the battery is cold

3 marks
The beam of light from another torch is shone onto a mirror.
The drawing below shows this.
(b) The light beam is reflected from the mirror.
Which line, A, B, C or D, shows its direction? ..............................................

1 mark
Maximum 4 marks
Q52.
The diagram shows a firework rocket.

(a) Three forces act as the rocket flies through the air.
Which arrows show the directions of these three forces?
.............................. .............................. ..............................

3 marks
(b) When there is no fuel left, the rocket falls to the ground.
(i) Give the name of the force which pulls it down.
............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii) Give the name of the force which acts against the motion of the rocket.
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(c) Another rocket was sent high into the air. It exploded with a loud bang and a
bright flash of light.
Put a tick in the box by the correct statement.

the bright flash of light was seen first

the loud bang was heard first

the flash of light was seen and the bang

was heard at the same time
1 mark
Give a reason for your answer.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 7 marks
Q53.
A pupil is observing the behaviour of a woodpecker. He uses a periscope to look over a
wall at a tree, and waits for the bird to land on the trunk.
The pupil can only watch one part of the tree trunk at a time.
(a) Tick the box to show the point on the tree trunk which he can see using the
periscope in the position shown.
point A
point B
point C
point D
point E
1 mark
(b) Draw the path of the ray of light to show how the pupil sees this point. Use a
ruler. Show the direction of the ray of light.
3 marks
(c) What should the pupil do to the periscope to watch point C?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 5 marks
Q54.
(a) Fill in the table about receptors. The first answer has been done for you.

RECEPTORS IN THE SENSITIVE TO
Eyes Light
Skin
Sound
Tongue
(3)
(b) Describe, in as much detail as you can, how information is transmitted from light
receptors in the retina to the brain.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q55.
The drawing below shows a light-sensitive (receptor) cell from the eye. The structures
labelled A, B and C, can be found in most animal cells.
(a) Name the structures labelled A, B and C.
A .................................................................................
B .................................................................................
C .................................................................................
(3)
(b) Describe, as fully as you can, what happens in the nervous system when this
receptor cell is stimulated by light.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q56.
(a) Light waves transfer energy.
(i) Complete the following sentence.
The oscillations producing a light wave are ........................................................
to the direction of the energy transfer by the light wave.

(1)
(ii) The apparatus in the diagram shows that light waves transfer energy.
Describe how switching the desk lamp on and off shows that light waves
transfer energy.
You do not need to describe the energy transfers.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(b) A student holds a wrist watch in front of a plane mirror. The student can see an
image of the wrist watch in the mirror.
The diagram shows the position of the wrist watch and the mirror.
Draw a ray diagram showing how the image of the wrist watch is formed.
Mark the position of the image.

(4)
(c) The image of the wrist watch seen by the student is virtual.
What is a virtual image?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q57.
(a) Water waves are transverse waves. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
(i) Explain the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave.
You may include labelled diagrams in your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Name one type of wave that may be either transverse or longitudinal.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The diagram shows water waves in a ripple tank moving towards a gap in a barrier.
The water waves diffract as they pass through the gap.
Complete the diagram to show the diffracted water waves.

(1)
(c) A television is switched on inside a room. A person outside the room can hear the
television, but only when the door is open.
When the door is open, the person can hear the sound but cannot see the
television.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Mark schemes
Q1.
(a) •
true false

for all four correct, award two marks

for any two or three correct, award one mark
for one correct answer, award no marks
if more than one box is ticked in any row, do not give credit
for that row
2 (L6)
(b) (i) •

award one mark for approximately equal angles of incidence
and reflection at mirror 1
award one mark for a continuous ray that is reflected off
mirror 1 and mirror 2
both rays are required for the mark rays must been drawn
as straight lines
ignore any arrows
2 (L7)
(ii) • rays ‘i’ and ‘r’ correctly labelled on diagram as shown above
both rays, correctly labelled, are required for the mark
1 (L7)
(c) any two from
• white light is a mixture of colours
• the red book absorbs all of the colours of light except red
accept ‘the other colours are absorbed’
• only red light is reflected

‘red light is reflected’ is insufficient
2 (L7)
(d) •
red green black
red filter
green filter
both ticks are required for the mark

if more than one tick is placed in any row, award no mark
1 (L7)
[8]
Q2.
(a) (i) • a continuous straight line from the lamp to the screen and from
the screen to George’s eye
1 (L5)
• angle of incidence approximately equal to the angle of reflection
accept a reflection anywhere between the dotted lines

on the laptop screen
1 (L5)
• arrows in the correct direction on the incident and reflected ray
accept one arrow on a continuous ray showing reflection
1 (L5)
(ii) the reflected ray or the light image misses George’s eyes
accept ‘the ray of light is reflected at a different angle’
accept ‘it moves down’
‘the lamp is not shining in his eye’s is insufficient
do not accept responses referring to scattering
‘it changes’ is insufficient
do not accept ‘the ray of light is reflected above his eye’
1 (L6)
(b) from electrical energy to sound energy

both answers are required for the mark
answers must be in the correct order
1 (L5)
[5]
Q3.
(a) (i) any one from
• weight
accept ‘gravity’
• gravitational force

1 (L4)
(ii) the rope or elastic

accept ‘bungee’
do not accept ‘air resistance’
accept ‘upward force’
do not accept ‘upthrust’
accept ‘tension’
1 (L3)
(b) less than

1 (L3)
(c) (i) any one from
• light travels faster than sound

accept ‘light travels faster’
‘light is fast’ is insufficient
• sound travels slower than light

accept ‘sound travels slower’
‘sound is slow’ is insufficient
accept ‘light is faster than sound’
‘light travels before sound’ is insufficient
1 (L4)
(ii) louder
1 (L3)
(iii) eardrum
accept ‘drum’
accept ‘hammer’ or ‘anvil’ or ‘stirrup’
accept ‘small bones’
accept ‘ossicles’
1 (L3)
[6]
Q4.
(a) refraction or refracting
1 (L6)
(b) • a ray bending towards the normal at the first surface
accept a ray that is within the shaded area
both sections of the ray must be straight and continuous
ignore any arrows
• an emerging ray bending away from the normal at the second surface

accept an emerging ray that is within the shaded area
the emergent ray does not have to be parallel to the incident
ray
2 (L7)
(c) • a continuous straight line for ray D

ignore any arrows
ignore any reflected rays
• a continuous ray F that bends away from the normal

accept a ray drawn within the shaded area
do not accept an emergent ray that does not refract
2 (L7)
[5]
Q5.
(a) (i) •

accept a switch drawn and labelled A marked
on any part of the circuit highlighted
do not accept a switch at either function
the switch must be labelled for the mark
1 (L5)
(ii) •

accept a switch drawn and labelled B marked
on any part of the circuit highlighted
do not accept a switch at either junction
the switch must be labelled for the mark
1 (L5)
(b) • they are absorbed

accept ‘they are blocked or
filtered out’
‘they are filtered’ is insufficient
1 (L6)
(c) • chemical

1 (L6)
• electrical
1 (L5)
• light
1 (L5)
• thermal
‘heat’ is insufficient as the question asks for
a word from the box
1 (L5)
[7]
Q6.
(a) • a straight line from the snail to the surface and
from the surface to the fish
the line must reach the fish within the tolerance
shown below the ray must be continuous
ignore an incident ray towards the snail
ignore rays refracted at the surface
1 (L5)
• the angle of incidence should be approximately

equal to the angle of reflection
the line must reach the surface of the
water within the tolerance shown below
1 (L6)
• arrow pointing towards the fish or away from the snail
accept a single arrow in the correct direction
on either the incident or the reflected ray
if two arrows are drawn, they must both be
in the correct direction

1 (L5)
(b) (i) • a ray from the snail to Andrew’s eye bending at the surface
both parts of the ray must be straight and
must slope upwards and to the right
the ray must be continuous
ignore any incident rays drawn towards the snail
the ray must bend further away from the normal
at the surface as it goes from water to air
1 (L6)
• an arrow pointing towards Andrew on any part of the ray

if two arrows are drawn, they must both be in the
correct direction

1 (L6)
(ii) • refraction

1 (L6)
[6]
Q7.
(a) • 65
it is different from the angle of incidence or all the others are the same
accept ‘number 4’ or ‘the fourth’
accept ‘it is not 60°’ or ‘it should be 60°’
accept ‘the angle of reflection and the angle
of incidence should be the same’
accept ‘it is 5° out’
accept ‘they are not the same’
both the answer and the correct explanation
are required for the mark
award a mark for ‘60°’ if the explanation is correct
‘they go up in tens’ is insufficient
‘it does not fit the pattern’ is insufficient
1 (L5)
(b) (i) • a number from 30 to 32

1 (L5)
(ii) • greater than

accept ‘greater’ or ‘bigger’
1 (L5)
(c)

accept a continuous straight line that bends away from the
normal
accept a line without an arrow
The ray need not be parallel to the incident ray
1 (L6)
[4]
Q8.
(a) (i) • only red light passes through the filter
accept ‘the other colours are filtered out
or absorbed’
‘red light passes through’ is insufficient
a mark for this answer may be awarded in either a i
or a ii provided there is no contradiction
1 (L7)
• the ball reflects red light

accept ‘white objects reflect all colours’
1 (L7)
(ii) black
accept ‘you cannot see it’
1 (L7)
any one from

• the green ball does not reflect red light or the light that
passes through the filter
• the ball absorbs red light

accept ‘no green light reaches the ball’
1 (L7)
(b) two red spots

accept ‘red black red’
‘two spots’ is insufficient
‘red spots’ is insufficient
do not accept ‘only red light’
1 (L7)
[5]
Q9.
(a) any one from
• loud sounds can damage hearing

accept ‘they could damage his hearing’
• to protect his ears

accept ‘loud sounds can damage the ear’
• loud sounds can burst the eardrum

accept ‘it could make him deaf’
accept ‘they are very loud’
‘they are loud’ is insufficient as
‘loud’ is given in the question
1 (L3)
(b) any one from
• the further the sound travels the quieter it gets

accept ‘the sound or energy spreads out’
• she was furthest away

accept ‘she was further away’ or ‘she was far away’
accept ‘some of the sound is absorbed’
1 (L3)
(c) any one from
• the speed of light is greater than the speed of sound

accept ‘sound travels more slowly’

accept ‘light gets there before sound’
1 (L4)
(d) (i) • light

1 (L3)
(ii) • sound

1 (L3)
(e) gravity
accept ‘weight’
1 (L4)
[6]
Q10.
(a) • Light travels in straight lines.
if more than one box is ticked, award no mark
1 (L3)
(b)

accept a continuous line drawn across card A
and reaching card B
award a mark for a straight line from the existing ray
passing through the hole in card A and reaching card B
the ray must not go beyond card B
1 (L3)
(c)

award one mark for a continuous straight line that
reflects off the mirror
award one mark for an angle of reflection approximately
equal to the angle of incidence
award one mark for a correct arrow on the reflected ray
3 (L4)
(d) Add another battery.

1 (L3)
[6]
Q11.
(a) (i)

1 (L3)
(ii) It is reflected
accept ‘it reflects’
accept ‘it bounces off’
1 (L4)
(b) (i) • bulb

accept ‘lamp’ or ‘light’
1 (L3)
• battery or cells

accept ‘cell’
1 (L3)
• switch
1
(ii) a series circuit drawn with the correct symbols such as

accept ‘ ‘ for ‘ ‘
accept ‘ ‘ or ‘ ‘
accept curved wires
1 (L4)
[6]
Q12.
(a) (i) A and C
answers may be in either order
1 (L6)
(ii) any one from
• B
• D
1 (L6)
(b) any one from
• not all the light is reflected
• some of the light is refracted
• some of the light is absorbed
• light is scattered by the glass

accept ‘it splits into two rays’ or ‘it splits’
1 (L6)
[3]
Q13.
(a) the angles of incidence and reflection must be equal
1 (L5)
the ray must be continuous and straight with an arrow

in the correct direction

accept one arrow in the correct direction on either
the incident or the reflected ray
the ray must hit the screen in the middle 2 cm
1 (L5)
(b) (i) any one from
• sound waves travel to the window or glass

accept ‘sound travels to the window’
• vibrations pass through the air
• sound waves or vibrations hit the window

accept ‘sound hits the window’
1 (L5)
(ii) the beam will vibrate or move or jump about

accept ‘scatter’ for vibrate
accept ‘it would go to other places in the room’
accept ‘it would go in different directions’
accept ‘it shakes’ or ‘it wobbles’
do not accept ‘it is blurred’
‘it goes in a different direction’ is insufficient
1 (L5)
(c) B
1 (L6)
[5]
Q14.
(a) any one from
• sound travels more slowly than light

accept ‘sound travels slower’
accept ‘light is faster than sound’
do not accept ‘light travels fast’ or ‘sound travels slow’
do not accept ‘light travels before sound’
1 (L4)
(b) (i) a bar halfway between 8 and 10 seconds

the top of the bar must be in the middle third between
8 and 10
1 (L3)
(ii) C
accept ‘3.0’
1 (L3)
(iii) any one from
• the storm became closer then moved further away

accept ‘the storm passed over’ or ‘it passed by’
• towards then away from Omar

accept ‘at Flash A Omar was closer and at Flash F
Omar was further’
• the distance decreased then increased

accept ‘it increased’
accept ‘it went further away’
1 (L4)
[4]
Q15.
(a) gravitational pull of the Sun or the Sun’s gravity
accept ‘gravity’
accept ‘weight’
1 (L5)
(b) any two from
• its average speed is lower

accept ‘its speed is slower’ or ‘it travels more slowly’
• for most of its orbit the Sun’s gravity is less

accept ‘the pull of the Sun is weaker’ or ‘gravity is less’
• its orbit is longer

accept ‘it travels further’ or ‘the orbit is bigger’
• for most of its orbit it is further from the Sun

accept ‘it is further from the Sun’ or ‘further away’
2 (L6)
(c) (i) light from the Sun

1 (L6)
reflects off Pluto and Neptune or the planets or them

accept for two marks ‘sunlight reflects off them’
award the second mark only for ‘the Sun reflects off the
planets’
1
(ii) any one from
• it is smaller
accept ‘it is small’
• it reflects less light
• it absorbs more light

accept ‘it is darker and smaller’
do not accept ‘it is further away ( from the Earth) ‘
or ‘it is further from the Sun’
do not accept ‘it is darker’
1 (L6)
[6]
Q16.
(a) B
1 (L5)
(b) (i)
a continuous straight line from Joan’s motor bike to the glass,

and then from the glass to Nadia’s head
the incident ray and the reflected ray must touch the
glass at the same point
1 (L5)
angle of incidence must be approximately equal to the angle

of reflection
the incident ray must hit the mirror within the tolerance
shown
1 (L5)
an arrow pointing away from Joan’s motor bike on either

section of the ray
1 (L5)
(ii) any one from
• traffic coming round the bend or at the junction will be seen
• Nadia or Joan or you can see round the bend

1 (L5)
[5]
Q17.
(a) any one from
• white light is a mixture of colours
• white light contains green light

1 (L7)
the green light passes through

accept for two marks ‘all the other colours are absorbed
or filtered out’
accept for two marks ‘only the green light passes through’
1
(b) (i) red

because red light passes through the filter
both the colour and explanation are required for the mark
1 (L7)
(ii) black
accept ‘she cannot see it’
1 (L7)
any one from
• because red light will not pass through
• a green filter absorbs red light

accept ‘only green light passes through’
1
[5]
Q18.
(a) (i) a straight line from the torch to the mirror
1 (L3)
(ii) a straight ray which reflects off the mirror with the angle of
reflection approximately equal to the angle of incidence
do not accept dotted lines
the incident ray must be continuous with the reflected ray
1 (L3)
an arrow on either the incident ray or the

reflected ray pointing in the correct direction
1 (L3)
(b) the eye

accept any named part of the eye
1 (L4)
[4]
Q19.
(a) (i) Answers must refer to the colour of light and the correct filter.
• only red light passes through the red filter

accept ‘the green light is absorbed
or stopped or filtered out by the red filter’
accept ‘red light is filtered by the red filter’
1 (L7)
• the red light is absorbed or stopped by the green filter

accept ‘only green light can pass through the green filter’
1 (L7)
(ii) a circle of red light

accept ‘red light’
1 (L7)
(b) (i) red

do not accept ‘dark red’ or ‘brownish red’
or ‘greeny red’
1 (L7)
(ii) the green light is absorbed

1 (L7)
the red light is scattered

accept ‘the red light is reflected’
accept for both of the explanation marks ‘only the red
light is reflected’ or ‘all except the red light is absorbed’
1 (L7)
[6]
Q20.
(a) (i) any two from
• light from the Sun

do not accept ‘light from the Sun and stars’
• reflected from the moons’ surfaces

do not accept ‘the Sun reflects off the surface’
• travels from the moons to the eyes

accept ‘they reflect sunlight’ for both marks
2 (L6)
(ii) any one from
• they reflect different amounts of light

accept ‘they have different albedos’
accept ‘some are dark’ or ‘they are different colours’
• they are not the same size

accept ‘one could be partly in the shadow of Jupiter
or another moon’
1 (L7)
(b) 0.68
the unit is not required for the mark
accept answers from 0.65 to 0.70
1 (L7)
(c) the Sun

planets
1 (L6)
[5]
Q21.
(a) one mark for the ray bending the correct way at the first surface and
passing through the prisms in a straight line
1
one mark for the ray emerging parallel to incoming ray

ray must emerge from the lower edge
1
(b) (i) blue in centre

1
any one from
• spectrum spreading out from centre in both directions

do not accept ‘rainbow’
• red at the top and bottom

1
(ii) green in the centre

1
magenta at the top and bottom

1
[6]
Q22.
(a) it is reflected
accept ‘it is scattered’
accept ‘it reflects or bounces off’
1 (L5)
(b) one mark is for a ray from the headlamp to the light-coloured clothes
and from them to the driver’s eye
both parts of the ray are required
accept small discontinuities in the ray
accept rays which are almost straight but
which have not been drawn with a ruler
do not accept dotted lines
1 (L5)
• one mark is for accurately drawing the correct ray

this is a dependent mark do not award this mark unless
the first mark was also awarded
the ray must touch the headlamp, touch the cyclist’s clothes,
and touch the driver’s eye the ray must be continuous
both parts of the ray must be drawn with a ruler
1 (L5)
• an arrow showing that the light enters the eye or leaves the headlamp
accept a correct arrow on an incomplete line
1 (L5)
(c) it is absorbed
accept ‘it absorbs’
accept ‘most is absorbed’
accept ‘it is not reflected’
accept ‘only some is reflected’
1 (L5)
[5]
Q23.
(a) (i) B
1 (L3)
(ii) about a hundred millionth of a second

1 (L4)
(b) (i) quieter

accept ‘softer’ or ‘fainter’
accept ‘they cannot hear him’
do not accept ‘lower’
1 (L3)
(ii) longer
accept ‘more’
1 (L3)
[4]
Q24.
(a) Q
accept a drawing of the correct object
1 (L6)
(b) P
accept ‘R’
1 (L6)
(c) S
1 (L6)
(d) R
1 (L6)
[4]
Q25.
(a) (i) refraction
1 (L6)
(ii) dispersion
1 (L7)
(b) One mark is for what would be seen on the screen.

The second mark is for the explanation.
• only the green part would be seen

accept ‘only the green’
1 (L7)
• other colours are absorbed or removed by the green solution

accept ‘only green can go through’
1 (L7)
(c) any one from
• to break down the cell walls
• to break open the cells
• because the green substance is inside the cells or chloroplasts

accept ‘to break up the chloroplasts’
accept ‘to break down the cuticle’
do not accept ‘to break them down’
1 (L7)
(d) A comparison between the rate of photosynthesis in Dog’s Mercury

and buttercup must be made.
any one from
• Dog’s Mercury has a higher rate of photosynthesis than buttercups

in low light
accept ‘Dog’s Mercury has a higher rate of photosynthesis
in low light’
accept ‘it can photosynthesise better than buttercups in the
shade’
accept ‘Dog’s Mercury can make more food in the shade’
do not accept ‘it can photosynthesise in the dark’
• buttercups have a lower rate of photosynthesis than Dog’s Mercury in low light
accept ‘buttercups have a lower rate of photosynthesis in
lower light’
• buttercups reach their maximum rate of photosynthesis at higher light intensities
• Dog’s Mercury reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis at lower light
intensities
1 (L7)
[6]
Q26.
(a) (i) She saw the flash first.
if more than one box is ticked award no mark
1
(ii) any one from

accept ‘the flash travelled faster than the bang’
• sound travels more slowly than light

accept ‘the bang travelled more slowly than the flash’
do not accept ‘the flash or light travels very fast’
do not accept ‘sound takes time to travel’
1
(b) It was louder.

1
[3]
Q27.
(a) one mark for a ray from coin to eye, bending at the surface of the water,
and not passing through the mug
both parts of the ray must slope upwards to the left
accept small discontinuities in the ray accept rays
which are almost straight but which may have not
been drawn with a ruler
1
one mark for accurately drawing the correct ray

do not award this mark unless the first mark was also
awarded the ray must touch the coin, touch the pupil
of the eye, and must be continuous
both parts of the ray must be drawn with a ruler
1
one mark for an arrow showing that the light enters the eye
1
(b) red light passes through

answers may be in either order accept ‘the filter
or drink does not affect the red light’
do not accept ‘it reflects red light’
1
the other colours are absorbed

accept ‘only the red light passes through the filter’
or ‘every colour except red is absorbed’ for both marks
do not accept ‘the light turns red’
1
[5]
Q28.
(a) (i) B
1
(ii) any one from

• light travels in straight lines
• light will not pass through the cardboard
accept ‘the cardboard blocks the light’
or ‘the cardboard is opaque’
• they are in the shadow of the cardboard
do not accept ‘they are in the shadow’
1
(b) green
1
(c) Q
1
[4]
Q29.
(a) (i) 16 m
unit required for the mark
1
(ii) 32
consequential marking applies
accept answer to(a)(i) ÷ 0.5
1
(b) 0.0064
accept ‘6.4 mm’ or ‘0.64 cm’ consequential marking applies
accept answer to (a)(ii) × 0.0002 s
1
(c) it is scattered from the car or the road or the lines

accept ‘it is reflected’ or ‘it bounces off
1
[4]
Q30.
Answers may be in either order
(a) it absorbs the green light

accept ‘the green light is not reflected’
1
it scatters the red and the blue light

both colours are required for the mark
accept ‘it reflects the red and the blue light’
accept ‘the eye receives only red and blue light’
accept ‘it reflects only the red and the blue light’
or ‘it absorbs only the green light’ for both marks
1
(b) (i) it is absorbed by the cyan paint

do not accept ‘it is absorbed’
1
(ii) it is absorbed by the yellow paint

do not accept ‘it is absorbed’
1
(iii) it is scattered or reflected by both paints
accept ‘it is scattered or reflected’
1
(c) (i) cyan and magenta

colours may be in either order
1
(ii) magenta and yellow

colours may be in either order
1
[7]
Q31.
(a) arrow pointing downwards
the arrow may be drawn anywhere on the drawing.
1 (L3)
(b) it moved it downwards

accept ‘it flattened the head’ or ‘it bent it’
or ‘it heated it up’
or ‘drove it into the wood’ or ‘it moved it’
1 (L3)
(c) it got less or it slowed down

accept ‘it stopped’ or ‘it decelerated’
1 (L3)
(d) it was bigger

1 (L3)
(e) sound travels more slowly than light or light travels faster than sound
accept ‘sound is slower than light’
accept ‘the sound took more time to reach him’
or ‘it took more time to travel’
do not accept ‘the sound took time to reach him’
or ‘it took time to travel’
do not accept ‘sound travels slowly’
or ‘because he was a long way away’
1 (L4)
(f) less than one second

1 (L4)
[6]
Q32.
(a) any one from
• light cannot go through the cupboard
• light cannot bend round the cupboard

accept ‘the cupboard stops or blocks or absorbs the light’
do not accept ‘the cupboard reflects the light’
accept ‘light travels in straight lines’
1 (L4)
(b) (i) mirror symbol is at approximately 45° to the floor

the mirror must slope downwards to the right the hatching
marks must be on the underside of the mirror
do not accept rectangular drawings of a mirror
1 (L4)
(ii) at least one arrow showing the direction of the ray is required
to award both marks
ray from bulb to any part of mirror

1 (L3)
ray from mirror to coin

1 (L3)
(iii) reflected
the ray must be straight and must touch both the bulb
and the mirror the ray need not be vertical
accept a ray drawn to the mirror regardless of
where the mirror has been drawn
the ray must be straight and must touch both the
mirror and the coin
the ray must touch the mirror at the same point as
the ray from the bulb
accept a ray drawn from the mirror regardless
of where the mirror has been drawn
accept ‘reflecting’
do not accept ‘scattered’ or ‘absorbed’
or ‘refracted’ or ‘bounced off’
1 (L3)
[5]
Q33.
(a) (i) any one from
• it is reflected
accept ‘bounces off’
• it is scattered
accept ‘it is absorbed by the air’
do not accept ‘it is absorbed by the glass’
or ‘it is absorbed’ or ‘it goes into the air
1 (L5)
(ii) refraction
1 (L5)
(b) green
blue
violet
all three colours in the correct order are required for the
mark
accept ‘orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet’ in the
correct
order
1 (L5)
(c) The green part of the spectrum stays the same, but the other
colours disappear.
i.e. a tick in the third box if more than one box is ticked,
award no mark
1 (L6)
[4]
Q34.
(a) C or D
accept either C or D indicated on the diagram
1 (L3)
(b) (i) C
1 (L4)
(ii) A or E
accept either A or E indicated on the diagram
1 (L4)
(iii) B
1 (L4)
(c)
or

accept a single cell
accept other recognised symbols for bulbs junction
symbols are not required
1 (L5)
[5]
Q35.
(a) horizontal arrow pointing to the left
the arrow may be drawn anywhere on the diagram
1 (L5)
(b) towards the South

1 (L5)
(c) any one from
• the part of the shadow which passes over Padstow is narrower
• the part of the shadow which passes over Falmouth is wider or bigger
1 (L5)
(d) any one from
• the Moon moves around the Earth
• the Earth spins on its axis

accept ‘the Earth turns or rotates or goes round’
do not accept ‘the Earth moves around the Sun ‘
or ‘the Earth moves’ or ‘the Sun moves’
1 (L5)
[4]
Q36.
(a) (i) they are the same or equal
1
(ii) any one from
• some light is scattered by uneveness of the surface

accept ‘scattering’
• some light is absorbed in the mirror

accept ‘absorption by the mirror’
do not accept ‘absorption in the air’ or ‘absorption’
accept ‘some is internally reflected between the two
surfaces of the glass or mirror’
do not accept ‘not all of the light is reflected’
1
(b) the intensity would be greater because there are fewer reflections
both the effect and the reason are required for the mark
1
(c)

the first mark is for drawing the path of the ray
both parts of the path are required for this mark
the rays must touch the mirrors within the tolerances shown
the second mark is for indicating that the ray emerges along
the same line as the incident ray but in the opposite direction
either the label or the arrow is sufficient
2
[5]
Q37.
(a) the light is scattered by the ball
accept ‘it is scattered or reflected
or bounces off the ball’
1 (L5)
some of the light from the ball enters Naomi’s eye

accept ‘it goes into or gets to her eye’
1
(b) (i)
colour colour the colour
of ball of the the ball
light appears to
Naomi
white red red do not accept ‘pink’ or ‘light red’ 1 (L6)
green white green do not accept ‘light green’ 1 (L6)
(ii) any one from
• it absorbs all the light

accept ‘it absorbs light’
• it does not scatter any light

accept ‘it does not reflect light’
1 (L6)
(c) equal to
1 (L6)
equal to
accept ‘equals’ or ‘the same as’
1 (L6)
(d) one mark is for describing scattering and one mark is for
describing reflection
scattering sends or reflects light in all directions

accept ‘scattered light goes all over the place’
or ‘the light from the paper goes off in lots of rays’
or ‘no image can be seen in the paper’
1 (L6)
reflection sends light in one direction or to one point

accept ‘the light from the mirror is all in one ray or beam’
or ‘reflected light goes at one exact angle’
or ‘an image can be seen in the mirror’
1 (L6)
[9]
Q38.
(a) A
1 (L3)
(b) (i) the centre of a cross (X) drawn in the shaded area between
boats A and B

do not accept the centre of the cross below the water line
or above the shaded area
1 (L3)
(ii) any one from
• light cannot go through the boat

accept ‘the boat is opaque’ or ‘the boat absorbs
or blocks or stops or reflects the light’

accept ‘light cannot bend round the boat’
1 (L4)
(c) E
1 (L3)
(d) the reflected ray touches the incident ray at the surface of the mirror
1 (L4)
a horizontal line as the reflected ray

if the reflected ray has been drawn without using a ruler,
do not award this mark
accept responses in which a normal has been drawn and
the angles of incidence and reflection are approximately
equal, even if the reflected ray is not horizontal.
1 (L4)
[6]
Q39.
(a) they reflect or scatter light
accept ‘light reflects off it’ or ‘light reflects on it’
do not accept ‘light reflects onto it’
or ‘light shines on them’
1 (L5)
from the Sun
1 (L5)
(b) it goes into the shadow of the Earth

accept ‘it is eclipsed’ or ‘it is not in the sunlight’
or ‘it is no longer reflecting the sunlight’
accept ‘it goes into the shadow of the Moon’
or ‘it goes in front of the Moon’
do not accept ‘it goes behind the Moon’
or ‘the Moon gets in the way’
or ‘the satellite tumbles’
1 (L6)
(c) any one from
• weather forecasting
• navigation or position finding
• communications
accept ‘satellite TV’ or ‘TV’ or ‘telephone’ or ‘radio’
• astronomy or looking at the stars
• to take pictures of the Earth

accept ‘spying’ or ‘surveillance’ or ‘to see
changes in the environment or in land-use’
accept ‘for defence’ or ‘as weapons’
1 (L5)
[4]
Q40.
(a)

either the dashed construction lines - - - - or the dotted
lines ......
must be drawn
accept a combination of construction lines and arcs of
circles,
drawn with a compass, which enable the image to be
located correctly construction lines may be dotted, dashed
or continuous
accept a dot instead of the letter I to indicate the position
of the image
award no mark if construction lines are not drawn
or if the position of the image is not very close to the
correct position
1
(b) (i) it is in the same place

accept ‘it does not’
1
(ii) it is closer to the mirror

accept ‘closer to the eye’ or ‘it is closer’
1
(c)

construction lines may be dotted, dashed or continuous
accept a dot instead of the letter I to indicate the position of
the image
award no mark if construction lines are not drawn or if the
position of the image is not very close to the correct position
above the fish
1
(d) below the apparent position of the fish

accept ‘below the image’ or ‘lower in the water’
or ‘below where they see the fish’
accept ‘in front of the image’
do not accept ‘below the fish’
1
[5]
Q41.
(a) (i) the first mark is for a continuous straight line from the
rim of the lamp to the key the line must reach the key
1 (L4)
the second mark is for the arrow on the line

the arrow must point away from the lamp
1 (L4)
(ii) the mark is for a straight line from the key to the patch of light
the line must both touch the key and reach the patch of light

do not accept broken lines
accept the reflected ray drawn from any part of
the key irrespective of the first ray
the reflected ray need not have an arrow
1 (L4)
(b) any one from
• light cannot bend around the mug

accept ‘light travels in straight lines’
• light cannot go through the mug

accept ‘the mug absorbs or scatters the light’
or ‘the mug is opaque’ or ‘the mug is in the way of the light’
do not accept ‘light reflects off the mug’
1 (L4)
[4]
Q42.
(a) (i) light
1 (L4)
(ii) ripples on water or ripples

1 (L4)
(b) Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.

1 (L4)
[3]
Q43.
(a) in the east
1 (L4)
(b) (i) any one from
• 12.00 or twelve o’clock
• 1.00 or one o’clock or 13.00

accept answers between 11.50 and 13.30
to allow for variations between local time and GMT or BST
• midday or noon

do not accept ‘lunch time’
1 (L4)
(ii) towards the south

1 (L4)
(c) in the west

1 (L4)
(d) any one from
• because the Earth rotates or spins

accept ‘because the Earth moves round
or goes round or spins and moves’
• because the Earth turns around its axis

do not accept ‘because the Earth moves’
or ‘because the Earth goes round the Sun’
1 (L4)
(e) more than 8 minutes

1 (L4)
[6]
Q44.
(a) one mark is for a ray which bends to the right when it enters the prism
the ray must be within the limits shown

1 (L6)
one mark is for a ray which bends downwards when it leaves the prism
the ray must be within the limits shown
award no marks if the lines are not straight
1 (L6)
(b) (i) a spectrum

accept ‘all the colours’ or ‘the colours of the rainbow’
do not accept ‘a rainbow’ or ‘colours’
1 (L6)
(ii) a red spot or a red line

accept ‘red light’ or ‘red’ or ‘all the colours
except red would disappear’
do not accept ‘a red screen’
1 (L6)
(iii) it absorbs or stops all the other colours

accept ‘it only lets red light pass’
do not accept ‘it lets red light pass’
1 (L6)
[5]
Q45.
(a)

one mark is for the part of the ray inside the prism,
which should be within the range shown by the dotted lines.
one mark is for the part of the ray to the right of the prism,
which should be parallel to the incident ray disregard any
arrows
2
(b) (i) it moves downwards

accept ‘down’
1
(ii) it jumps back up the screen

‘moves up the screen quickly’
do not accept ‘moves up the screen’
accept ‘disappears or spills and reappears
at the top of the screen’
do not accept ‘disappears’ or splits’
1
(iii) it moves downwards

accept ‘down’
1
[5]
Q46.
(a) C
1 (L4)
(b) any one from
• the puppet stops the light

accept ‘light does not bend round the puppet’
• the light cannot go through the puppet

• the light cannot go round the puppet
do not accept a straight line drawn from the light to
point C unless referred to as part of the explanation
1 (L4)
(c) any one from
• it is very fast
• it is very high

accept ‘it is fast or high’
do not accept ‘faster than sound’
1 (L4)
[3]
Q47.
(a) (i) red
do not accept ‘pink’ or ‘pinky red’
1 (L7)
(ii) red
accept ‘dark red’
1 (L7)
(b) (i) black

do not accept ‘green’ or ‘brown’
or ‘browny black’ or ‘dark colour’
1 (L7)
(ii) any one from
• red ink absorbs green light
• red ink only reflects red light
• no green light is reflected from the ink

accept ‘no light is reflected’
accept ‘there is no red light in green’
do not accept ‘there is no red in green’
1 (L7)
[4]
Q48.
(a) answers should be straight lines which meet mirror 2 with tolerances
indicated by the hatching behind the mirror
(i)

both rays required for the mark
reflections at surfaces of the mirrors positioned within
the range shown with reflected ray parallel to incident ray
disregard any arrows
1 (L7)
(ii)

both rays required for the mark
reflections at surfaces of the mirrors positioned within
the range shown with reflected ray parallel to incident ray
disregard any arrows
1 (L7)
(b) (i) parallel to the incident ray or back towards the source
accept ‘back the same way’
accept correctly drawn rays on the diagram
do not accept ‘reflected back or upwards or to the left’
1 (L7)
(ii) light is reflected back towards car or driver or headlights

1 (L7)
(iii) light would probably not be reflected back towards car or driver
accept ‘light is reflected in a different direction or away’
do not accept ‘it would dazzle the driver’
1 (L7)
[5]
Q49.
(a) at 90° or at right angles or perpendicular or normal to ray 2
accept ‘the ray’ or ‘ray 3’ for ray 2
1
(b) any one from
• half or some of the light from ray 1 hits the back of the spinning mirror
• most of the light reflected from the spinning mirror misses the
small or fixed mirror
accept ‘some of the light goes in a different direction’
• some light is absorbed at each reflection
• some light is scattered from air particles

accept ‘the beam diverges’ or ‘the light spreads out’
1
(c) (i) 6.9 × 10–5 s

accept ‘l/(360 × 40) s’
accept ‘0.000 069 s’ or ‘69 μs’
the unit is required for the mark
1
(ii) 1.4 × 10–8 s

consequential marking applies in this part of the question
accept 0.0002 × answer to (i)
accept ‘0.000 000 013 s’ because some calculators
do not round up in this mode
1
(d) distance travelled = 4.0 m

accept ‘2 × 2.0 m’
1
speed = 2.9 × 108 m/s or 2.9 × 108 m/s–1

consequential marking applies in this part of the question
accept 4 ÷ answer to (c) (ii), with the correct unit,
for both marks
accept 2 ÷ answer to (c) (ii), with the correct unit,
for the second mark only
accept ‘2.9 × 108 m/s’ or ‘3 × 108 m/s’ for both marks
1
[6]
Q50.
(a) mirror or something shiny
accept ‘reflector’ or ‘her watch’ or any named shiny object
do not accept ‘torch’ or any named light source
1
(b) reflects them

accept ‘bounces the light off’
1
[2]
Q51.
(a) there is no battery
if more than three boxes are ticked deduct
1
the switch is broken

one mark for each incorrectly ticked box;
1
the bulb is broken

minimum mark zero
1
(b) B
if more than one letter is given award no mark
1
[4]
Q52.
(a) A D E
letters may be written in any order if more than three
letters are given deduct one mark for each incorrect letter;
minimum mark zero
3
(b) (i) gravity or weight

1
(ii) air resistance or drag

accept ‘friction’ or ‘wind resistance’
do not accept ‘wind’ or ‘upthrust’
1
(c) the bright flash of light was seen first

1
light travels faster than sound

accept ‘the sound takes longer to reach you
or ‘light travels faster’
do not accept ‘the sound takes time to reach you’
or ‘light travels fast’
1
[7]
Q53.
(a) point E
1
(b) continuous ray from point to eye

accept a ray coming either from point E
or from the answer to (a)
1
straight lines to the mirrors at appropriate angles

reflections must be at the surfaces of the mirrors and lines
must not extend behind the mirrors
the angle between the incident and the reflected rays should
be approximately 90°
this mark may be awarded even if the reflection from the
second mirror to the eye is not given
1
arrow anywhere along ray pointing from tree to eye

1
(c) any one from
• move bottom of periscope towards wall

accept ‘tilt it’ or ‘change the angle’
• make it upright
• lift it higher

accept ‘move it up’ or ‘push periscope
further over the wall’
accept ‘change angle of top mirror’
or ‘change angle of mirrors
do not accept ‘move it’
1
[5]
Q54.
(a) pressure / temperature / hot / cold / touch / pain
ear / cochlea
chemicals / taste / named taste e.g. salt
(reject skin receptors e.g. hot, cold)
for 1 mark each
3
(b) impulses / electrical pulse / electrical signal

(reject information, message, pulse, signal)
via sensory neurones (ignore relay neurone, synapse)
(in) optic nerve
(allow 1 mark for via nerves or neurone if neither second nor third mark scored,
reference to spinal cord disqualified route mark)
for 1 mark each
3
[6]
Q55.
(a) A – cell membrane
B – cytoplasm
C – nucleus
each for 1 mark
3
(b) (nerve) impulse sent along nerve fibre to brain

each for 1 mark
3
[6]
Q56.
(a) (i) perpendicular
accept correct description 1
1
(ii) light off – no / slow rotation

1
light on – fast(er) rotation

accept starts rotating
ignore references to energy transfers
1
(b) one ray drawn from wrist watch and reflected by mirror
accept solid or dashed lines
1
two rays drawn from wrist watch and reflected by mirror with i = r for both rays
judge angles by eye
1
one ray traced back behind mirror

accept solid or dashed lines
1
image in correct position

judged by eye
accept image marked where two reflected rays traced back
cross behind the mirror
1
(c) cannot be formed on a screen

accept image formed behind the mirror
or
rays of light seem to come from it but do not pass through it

1
[8]
Q57.
(a) (i) the oscillation / vibration (causing the wave)
a movement causes the wave is insufficient
1
for a transverse wave is perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

answers given in terms of direction of wave travel and not
energy transfer for both types of wave, score 1 mark for
these two mark points
1
and for a longitudinal wave is parallel to the direction of energy transfer

the marks may be scored by the drawing of two correctly
labelled diagrams ie

two labelled diagrams showing the general form of a
transverse and longitudinal wave gain 1 mark if no other
mark has been awarded eg

1
(ii) mechanical wave
accept specific examples, eg waves on a spring / slinky /
seismic / earthquake waves
accept water waves
do not accept shock waves
1
(b) semicircular waves drawn

judged by eye
do not need to be full semicircles
ignore any rays
1
(c) sound (waves) will diffract (towards the person)

1
or
light (waves) do not diffract (towards the person)
(because) width of door way similar to / less than wavelength of sound (waves)
or
(because) width of doorway much greater than wavelength of light (waves)

a general statement that waves (only) diffract when the width
of a gap is similar to the wavelength of the waves can be
awarded 1 mark
1
[7]

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Q1.

Ann shines a ray of white light at a glass prism.

The light refracts as it enters the prism.

The light refracts as it travels through the prism.

The light disperses as it leaves the prism.

The light forms a spectrum of colours on the screen.

(c) Ann shines the torch at a red book.

Explain why the object looks red in white light.

Draw arrows to show the direction of light.

(b) George listens to music on his headphones.

The useful energy change in the headphones is from ..................................

energy into .................................. energy.

He is attached to one end of an elastic rope.

(b) The next person to do a bungee jump is Jill.

Jill weighs less than Tom.

When Jill jumps, the rope will stretch ...........................................................

it did when Tom jumped.

(c) Jill’s dad watches her doing the bungee jump.

The shout will sound ............................................ to Tom.

The paths of A and B have been drawn.

(a) The circuit diagram for the lamps is drawn below.

The plastic cover acts as a red filter.

(c) Nina replaces the battery with a generator called a dynamo.

As Nina pedals, ..................................... energy in her muscles is

changed to kinetic energy.

When the generator turns, kinetic energy is changed to useful

..................................... energy in the wires. This energy in the wires is

changed to useful ..................................... energy in the bulb.

..................................... energy.

The surface of the water acts like a mirror.

Put arrows on the ray of light.

(b) Andrew is looking at the snail.

Put arrows on the ray of light.

He measured the angle of reflection for different angles of incidence.

angle of reflection (º) 30 40 50 65 70

(a) Which angle of reflection was not measured accurately?

How can you tell this from the table?

(b) James set up a different experiment as shown below.

He measured the angle of refraction for different angles of incidence.

His results are shown in the graph.

(ii) What conclusion could James draw from his graph?

always .......................................................... the angle of refraction.

The white ball appeared red.

What colour did this ball appear?

Explain your answer.

(b) Peter set up a different experiment.

What would Peter see on the screen?

(a) A man lit the fireworks. He wore ear defenders.

(b) A rocket exploded making a loud sound and a bright flash.

chemical electrical heat light sound

gave out ................................... energy.

(e) When the rocket stopped burning it fell to the ground.

(b) Gabby moved card B to one side as shown below.

(c) Gabby used a torch to shine a ray of light towards a mirror.

(d) Gabby built a circuit like the circuit in her torch.

..................................... ..................................... ......................................

(a) (i) Give the letters of the two reflected rays.