Republic of the Philippines

Cagayan State University

CARIG CAMPUS
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ChE DEPARTMENT

Appendix A
EVALUATION OF FILM HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

WITHOUT PHASE CHANGE

1. Fluids Inside Tubes, Parallel to Heat Transfer Area

a. Turbulent Flow: NRe > 10,000
i. Sider-Tate Equation {0.7 < NPr < 700; L/D> 60]
𝜇
𝑁𝑁𝑢 = 0.023 𝑁𝑅𝑒 0.8 𝑁𝑃𝑟1/3 (𝜇 )0.14----Eq’n 10-50/p.10-16HB
𝑤
Fluid properties are based on bulk or mean fluid temperature
µw is based on Tw (wall temperature)

ii. Gases at Ordinary Pressure and Temperature

𝑁𝑃𝑟 = 0.78 ; 𝜇 = 1.76 𝑥10−5 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
𝑉 0.8
ℎ = 𝑏𝐶𝑝 𝜌 0.8 𝐷0.2 -----------------------------Eq’n 10-53/p.10-17HB
b = 3.04 x 10-3 (SI) 0r 1.44 x 10-2 (US Customary)
Cp = J/kg-K or Btu/lboF
ρ = kg/m3 or lb/ft3
A. FORCED V = m/s or ft/hr
CONVECTION D = m or ft

iii. Air at atmospheric Pressure

𝑉 0.8
ℎ = 𝑏 𝐷0.2 ------------------------------------Eq’n 10.54/p.10-17HB
𝑏 = 3.52 (𝑆𝐼)0𝑟 4.35 𝑥10−4 (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ)

iv. Water between 5oC – 104oC (40oF – 220oF)

𝑉 0.8
SI(t in oC): ℎ = 1057(1.352 + 0.02𝑡) ( )-Eq’n 10-55a/p.10-17HB
𝐷0.2
𝑉 0.8
English(t in oF): ℎ = 0.13(1 + 0.011𝑡) ( )-Eq’n 10-55b/p.10-17HB
𝐷0.2

v. Organic Liquids with Cp = 2092 J/kgK or 0.5 BTU/lboF

k = 0.14 W/mK or 0.08 BTU/hr-ft-oF
µ = 1 cP
ρ = 810 kg/m3 or 50 lb/ft3

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 𝑉 0.8
ℎ=𝑏 -----------------------------------------------Eq’n 10-56/p.10-17HB
𝐷 0.2
𝑏= 423 (𝑆𝐼)0𝑟 5.22 𝑥10−2 (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ)
Note: Equations i-v are for L/D>60
vi. Correction for entrance Effects (L/D < 60)
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1 + (𝐷 + 𝐿)0.7 ------Eq’n 12-35/p.305MSH

b. Laminar flow (NRe < 2100)

i. NGz > 100 (Horizontal Tube)
1/3 µ
𝑁𝑁𝑢 = 1.86𝑁𝐺𝑧 (𝜇 )0.14--------------------Eq’n 10-40/p.10-15HB
𝑤
ii. NGz < 100 (Horizontal Tube)
0.085𝑁𝐺𝑧 𝜇
𝑁𝑁𝑢 = 3.66 + 2 (𝜇 )0.14------Eq’n 10-39/p.10-15HB
3 ] 𝑤
[1+0.047𝑁𝐺𝑧
iii. Annuli
0.45 0.5 𝐷𝑒 𝐷 𝜇 0.14 0.05
𝑁𝑁𝑢 = 1.02𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑃𝑟 ( )0.4 ( 2)0.8 ( ) 𝑁𝐺𝑟 ---Eq’n 10-41/p.10-15HB
𝐿 𝐷1 𝜇𝑤
iv. Parallel plates/ Rectangular Duct
1
3
𝑁𝑁𝑢 = 1.85𝑁𝐺𝑧

c. Transition Flow (2100 < NRe < 10000)

Use of j factor:
2
𝜇 𝐷 −2/3
𝑗ℎ = 𝑁𝑆𝑡 𝑁𝑃𝑟 (𝜇 )0.14 = 1.86( 𝐿 )1/3 𝑁𝑅𝑒 -----Eq’n 12-64/p.316 MSH
3
𝑤
See also:
Figure 12-3/p.316MSH; App.C-5/p.723Foust; Fig.10-8/p.10-16HB

2. Fluids Outside Tubes Normal to Heat Transfer Area

a. Single cylinder
i. Air: See Figure 12-6/p.332MSH
ii. Liquids
ℎ𝑜 𝐷𝑜 𝐶𝑝 𝜇𝑓 −0.3 𝐷 𝐺
[ 𝑘 ] = 0.35 + 0.56( 𝜇𝑜 )0.52 ----Eq’n 12-70/p.321MSH
𝑘𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
𝑇𝑏 +𝑇𝑤
Subscript f refers to properties based on 𝑇𝑓 =
2
iii. Ulsamer Equation (0.1 < NRe < 10,000)
ℎ𝑜 𝐷𝑜 𝐶𝑝 𝜇𝑓 𝑚 𝐷𝑜 𝐺 𝑛
= 𝐾[ ] ( )
𝑘𝑓 𝑘𝑓 𝜇𝑓
NRe K m n
0.1 – 50 0.91 0.31 0.385
50 – 10,000 0.60 0.31 0.5

iv. Hilpert Equation for Thermocouple

1
ℎ𝑜 𝐷𝑜 𝑛 3
= 1.12𝐵𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑃𝑟
𝑘

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 NRE B n
1- 4 0.891 0.33
5 - 400 0.821 0.385
401 – 4000 0.615 0.466
4001 – 40000 0.174 0.618
40001 – 250000 0.0239 0.805

b. Bank of Tubes at least 10 Rows Deep

i. NRe > 3000
0.6 1/3
𝑁𝑁𝑢 = 𝑎𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑃𝑟 --------------------------Eq’n 10-71/ p.10-18HB
ℎ𝑜 𝐷𝑜
𝑁𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘
𝐷𝑜 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝑤
𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = minimun 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑁𝑐 (𝑝 − 𝐷𝑜 )𝐿
𝑁𝑐 = number of clearance spaces
𝑝 = pitch
System a
Triangular pitch, no leakage 0.33
Triangular pitch, normal leakage 0.198
Square pitch, no leakage 0.26
Square pitch, normal leakage 0.156

ii. NRe < 3000

ℎ𝑜 2/3 𝑎
𝑁𝑃𝑟 = 𝑚 ------------------------Eq’n 10-72/p.10-18HB
𝐶𝑝 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑁𝑅𝑒

NRe m Pitch Leakage a

100 - 3000 0.492 Triangular None 0.695
Triangular Normal 0.416
Square None 0.548
Square Normal 0.328
1-100 0.59 Triangular None 1.086
Triangular Normal 0.65
Square None 0.855
Square Normal 0.513

iii. General Equation for Gases

1/3 0.6
𝐶𝑝 𝑘 2/3 𝜌0.6 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
ℎ=𝑏 --------------------Eq’n 10-73/p.10-18HB
𝜇0.267𝐷𝑜0.4
b = 0.33 (SI) or b = 0.261 (English)
iv. Gases at Ordinary T and P
0.6
𝐶𝑝 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥
ℎ=𝑏 ---------------------------------Eq’n 10-74/p.10-18HB
𝐷𝑜0.4
b = 4.82 x 10-3 (SI) or b = 0.109 (English)

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 v. Air at atmospheric pressure
𝑉 0.6
𝑚𝑎𝑥
ℎ = 𝑏 𝐷𝑜 0.4 ------------------------------------Eq’n 10-75/p.10-19HB

b = 5.33 (SI) or b = 5.44 x 10-3 (English)

vi. Water between 7oC to 104oC (40oF to 220oF)
0.6
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
SI (t in oC): ℎ = 986(1.21 + 0.0121𝑡) ------Eq’n 10-76a/p.10-19HB
𝐷𝑜0.4
0.6
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
English (t in oF): ℎ = 1.01( 1 − 0.0067𝑡) ----Eq’n 10-76a/p.10-19HB
𝐷𝑜0.4
vii. Organic Liquids
Cp = 2.22 kJ/kg-K or 0.53 BTU/lb-oF
k = 0.14 W/m-K or 0.08 BTU/hr-ftoF
µ = 1.0 cP
ρ = 810 kg/m3 or 5o lb.ft3
0.6
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
ℎ=𝑏 ------------------------------------Eq’n 10-77/p.10-19HB
𝐷𝑜0.4
b = 400 (SI) or b = 0.408 (English)
Note: Equations in (iii) to (vii) are based on No Leakage and Triangular Pitch
Corrections are 0.6 for Normal Leakage and 0.79 for Square Pitch

c. Correction Factors for Banks Less than 10 Rows Deep

N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TP - 0.73 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.99
SP 0.64 0.80 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.99

1. General Equation
𝑁𝑁𝑢 = 𝑎(𝑁𝐺𝑟 𝑁𝑃𝑟 )𝑚 = 𝑎𝑌𝑚 -----------------Eq’n 10-32b/p.10-13HB

𝐿3 𝜌 2 𝑔𝐵∆𝑇
𝑁𝐺𝑟 =
𝜇2
𝑇 +𝑇
properties based on 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑏 𝑤
2
L = length of vertical/horizontal plate; use Do for cylinders
g = 9.81 m/s2 or 4.17 x 108 ft/hr2
1
𝐵 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑇
𝜌𝑏−𝜌𝑤
B. NATURAL 𝐵= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑠
CONVECTION 𝜌𝑎 ∆𝑡
𝜌𝑏−𝜌𝑤
𝜌𝑎 =
2
∆𝑡 = 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏

2. Air, Water, Organic Liquids

ℎ = 𝑏(∆𝑡)𝑚 𝐿3𝑚−1 -----------------------Eq’n 10-34/p.10-13HB
For cylinders, replace L with Do.
See Table 10-1/ p.10-13 HB for values of a, m and b

3. Common Cases for Air

i. Vertical Plate/ Horizontal Cylinder: Y > 109
b = 1.32 m=¼ SI

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 b = 0.18 m = 1/3 English
ii. Horizontal Plate:
Facing up: b = 0.14 m = 1/3
Facing down: b = 0.18 m = 1/4

WITH PHASE CHANGE (CONDENSATION/ VAPORIZATION)

Fluid properties are based on:

3
𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇ℎ − (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑤 )
4
𝑇ℎ = condensing temperature
4𝛤
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝑤𝑓
𝛤 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝜋𝐷
1. Vertical Tubes
i. NRe < 2100
𝑘𝑓3 𝜌2 𝑔𝜆 1
ℎ = 0.943[ ]4 ---------------------Eq’n 13-12/p.338MSH
∆𝑡𝐿𝜇
Note: for ripples effect, change the constant 0.943 to 1.13
ii. NRe > 2100
2 1
𝜇𝑓 0.4
ℎ𝑖 [ ]3 = 0.0076𝑁𝑅𝑒 --------------Eq’n 13-18/p.339MSH
𝑘𝑓3 𝜌2𝑔
iii. Steam at atmospheric pressure
𝐷
ℎ = 𝑏( )1/3 -----------------------------------Eq’n 10-94/ p.10-21HB
𝑤𝑓
b = 2954 (SI) or 6978 (English)

2. Horizontal Tubes
FILM TYPE 𝑤𝑓
CONDENSATION 𝛤=
2𝐿
i. NRe < 2100 (single)
𝑘𝑓3 𝜌2 𝑔𝜆 1
ℎ = 0.725[ ]4 -----------------------Eq’n 13-14/ p. 338MSH
∆𝑡𝐷𝑜 𝜇
ii. For N tubes in a stack
𝑘𝑓3 𝜌2 𝑔𝜆 1
ℎ = 0.725[ ]4 ----------------------Eq’n 13-17/ p.338MSH
𝑁2/3 ∆𝑡𝐷𝑜 𝜇
iii. N horizontal Tubes
𝑘𝑓3 𝜌2 𝑔𝜆 1
ℎ = 0.725[ ]4 𝑁1/4
∆𝑡𝐷𝑜 𝜇
3. See also Figure 10.9 and 10.10/ p.10-22 HB for specific vapors

Prepared by:
Engr. Mary Jane C. Calagui, PhD

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