Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 9 1 A;[1]

The mark schemes, suggested answers and 2 D;[1]

comments that appear in this CD-ROM were written
by the author(s). In examinations, the way marks 3 A;[1]
would be awarded to answers like these may be
different. 4 C;[1]

Notes about mark schemes 5 C; [1]

A or accept indicates an alternative acceptable 6 B; [1]

answer.
7 a i A  squamous epithelial cell;
R = reject. This indicates a possible answer that
should be rejected. B  red blood cell;
C  endothelial cell; [3]
; The bold semi-colon indicates the award of 1 mark.
ii D  (blood) plasma;[1]
/ This indicates an alternative answer for the same b Award 2 marks for the correct answer. If
mark. The alternatives may be separated from the answer is incorrect, award 1 mark for the
rest of the answer by commas. correct working.
( ) Text in brackets is not required for the mark. distance of scale bar is 15 mm
Underlining This is used to indicate essential 15 mm = 10 µm
word(s) that must be used to get the mark. X–Y distance measured on page is 43 mm
43 ÷ 15 × 10 = 29 µm [2]
AW means ‘alternative wording’. It is used to c (very) large number forming a large surface
indicate that a different wording is acceptable area;
provided the essential meaning is the same, and is squamous epithelial cells are very thin to give
used where students’ responses are likely to vary short diffusion distance;
more than usual. surrounded by capillaries so well supplied
AVP means ‘additional valid point’. This means with blood;
accept any additional points given by the student capillaries are very close so short diffusion
that are not in the mark scheme, provided they are distance;
relevant. But accept only as many additional points well ventilated so air constantly refreshed;
as indicated by the bold semi-colons, e.g. AVP;; maintains concentration gradients for oxygen
means award a maximum of 2 extra marks. and carbon dioxide; [max. 4]
[Total: 10]
ORA means ‘or reverse argument’ and is used when
the same idea could be expressed in the reverse 8 a i P – ciliated epithelial cell;
way. For example: ‘activity increases between pH
R – goblet cell; [2]
2 and pH 5 ORA’ means accept ‘activity decreases
between pH 5 and pH 2’. ii S – cilium / cilia;
T – mitochondrion;
max. This indicates the maximum number of marks
that can be given. U – Golgi body;
W – nucleolus; [4]
b i T / mitochondria, provide, energy / ATP;
for movement of cilia; [2]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

ii U / Golgi apparatus, packages proteins into b breathing / ventilation;

vesicles; introduces, fresh air / atmospheric air;
for secretion; [2] removes, stale air / air rich in carbon dioxide;
 [3]
c Award 2 marks for the correct answer. If
answer is incorrect, award 1 mark for the c increase
correct working. depth of breathing;
length of cell P on page = 73 mm = 73 000 µm rate of breathing;
magnification = ×750 expansion of alveoli to give a larger surface
actual length = 73 000 ÷ 750 = 97 µm [2] area;
diameter of airways; [max. 3]
d cell P – cilia beat / move back and forth;
[Total: 10]
move mucus;
upwards / towards throat; 11

a tar stimulates, goblet cells / mucous glands,
cell R – secretes mucus; to secrete more mucus;
mucus traps, dust / bacteria / viruses / pollen; paralyses / destroys, cilia;
prevents entry to, alveoli / gas exchange mucus not moved up the, bronchioles /
surface; [max. 4] bronchi / trachea / airways;
[Total: 16] mucus accumulates in the airways;
bacteria multiply within the airways;
9 a
(leads to) chronic bronchitis;
Structure Trachea Respiratory tar contains, carcinogens / named
bronchiole
carcinogen; e.g. benzpyrene
smooth muscle cells ✔ ✘ (tar) settles on bronchial, epithelial cells /
epithelium;
ciliated epithelial cells ✔ ✔
mutation(s) / change to DNA;
mucous glands ✔ ✘ growth of tumour;
bronchial carcinoma / lung cancer; [max. 8]
cartilage ✔ ✘
b nicotine:
elastic fibres ✔ ✔ increases heart rate;
Award 1 mark for each row [5] increases blood pressure;
increases chance of blood clotting /
b mucus secreted; promotes thrombosis;
by mucous glands (in the trachea) / goblet decreased flow of blood to, extremities /
cells (in trachea and bronchi); fingers / toes; [max. 3]
bacteria / viruses / pathogens, stick to mucus; carbon monoxide:
cilia move mucus, upwards / towards throat; combines (irreversibly) with haemoglobin;
mucus and pathogens swallowed; forms carboxyhaemoglobin;
destroyed by acid in stomach; reduces oxygen carrying capacity of,
macrophages / phagocytes, in the alveoli; haemoglobin / blood;
engulf and digest any pathogens; [max. 5] damages lining of arteries;
[Total: 10]
promotes atherosclerosis; [max. 3]
[Total: 14]
10
a oxygen diffuses down its concentration
gradient; 12

a fewer alveoli;
from alveolar air into red blood cells; larger air spaces;
carbon dioxide diffuses down its fewer capillaries;
concentration gradient; scar tissue in, bronchioles / bronchi;
from, red blood cells / plasma, to alveolar air; few / no, cilia;
across epithelial cells of alveolus and few / no, goblet cells;
endothelium of capillary; [max. 4] enlarged mucous glands;

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

enlarged smooth muscle;

may be pre-cancerous / cancerous cells;
tumour / bronchial carcinoma; [max. 4]
b i difficulty breathing / breathlessness;
wheezing;
tiredness;
not able to do (much) exercise; [4]
ii small(er) surface area for gas exchange;
less oxygen absorbed;
poor oxygenation of the blood;
bronchi / bronchioles / airways, blocked by
mucus;
increased resistance to flow of air; [max. 3]
[Total: 11]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014