Fundamentals of Power Transcript

The Fundamentals of Power
Transcript
Slide 1
Welcome to the Fundamentals of Power.
Slide 2
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normal play of the course. Click the Notes tab to read a transcript of the narration.
Slide 3
At the completion of this course, you will be able to:
Identify basic electricity concepts
Describe electrical power and its generation
Differentiate between various power usages in a data center
Define power factor
Recognize the importance of electrical safety measures in a data center, and
Identify potential problem areas in the data center
Slide 4
Power is a primary resource within the data center. Many instances of equipment failure, downtime,
software and data corruption, are the result of power problems. Sensitive components within today’s servers
require power that is free of interruption or distortion. Fortunately, the consequences of large-scale power
incidents are well documented. Across all business sectors, an estimated $104 billion to $164 billion per
year are lost due to power disruptions with another $15 billion to $24 billion per year in losses attributed to
secondary power quality problems.
The Fundamentals of Power Page |1
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It is imperative that servers are isolated from utility power failures, surges, and other potential electrical
problems. The building in which a data center is located could have a mixture of power requirements: air
conditioners, elevators, office equipment, desktop computers, and kitchen area microwaves and
refrigerators. It is important to provide a separate, dedicated power source and power infrastructure for the
data center.
This course will explore the topic of power, and how it is utilized within the data center. Let’s begin by
refreshing ourselves with definitions of some basic electrical terms.
Slide 5
The Volt is a unit of measurement of potential difference or electrical pressure between two points. If the two
points are connected together, they form a circuit and current will flow.
An Ampere measures the amount of electrical current flowing through a circuit during a specific time interval.
The Ohm is the unit of measurement which describes the amount of resistance electricity encounters as it
flows through a circuit.
Slide 6
Hertz is the unit of frequency measurement. One complete cycle of change in voltage direction per second
is equal to one Hertz (Hz).
Alternating Current, or AC, is constantly being reversed back and forth through an electrical circuit. Power
supplied to a building by a nearby utility is an example of AC power.
Direct Current, or DC, is electrical current that only flows in one direction. The power supplied by a battery is
one example of a DC power source.
To fully demonstrate how all of these terms relate to one another, let’s compare the flow of electricity
through a power cable to the flow of water through a garden hose.
Slide 7
Let’s use a typical garden hose as an illustration for how electricity can work. Water will flow through the
hose at a slow rate, or a fast rate, depending on how far the faucet is opened. Water pressure (equivalent to
voltage) usually remains constant whether the faucet is opened or closed. Current is controlled by the faucet
position (resistance). The faucet is either more open or less open at any given time. The current can also be
controlled by an increase or loss of water pressure (voltage). The amount of water that moves through a
hose in gallons, or liters, per second can be compared to the quantity of electrons that flow per second
through a conductor as measured in amperes.
Slide 8
Our garden hose analogy can also help to explain resistance. Consider a garden hose which is partially
restricted by a large rock. The weight of the rock will slow the flow of water in the garden hose. We can say
that the restricted garden hose has more resistance to water flow than does an unrestricted garden hose. If
we want to get more water out of the hose, we would need to turn up the water pressure at the faucet. The
same is true of electricity. Materials with low resistance let electricity flow easily. Materials with higher
resistance require more voltage to make the electricity flow.
Slide 9
When discussing the concept of power, it is important to understand the term, electrical load. The load is the
sum of the various pieces of equipment in a data center which consume and are supplied with electrical
power. A typical data center load would consist of computers, networking equipment, cooling equipment,
power distribution equipment and all equipment supported by the electrical infrastructure.
We will now address some of the differences between AC and DC power.
Slide 10
As mentioned in our section on key terms, Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) are two forms
of power. Let’s begin to explore the ways in which each is utilized.
When the direction of current flowing in a circuit constantly reverses direction, it is known as Alternating
Current (AC). The electrical current coming into your home is an example of alternating current. Alternating
Current, which comes from the utility company is switched back and forth approximately 60 times each
second, measured as 60 Hertz. This measurement is called the frequency. The utility determines the
frequency for the AC power that reaches the data center. In the US, frequency is set at 60 Hertz (Hz). In
other countries, 50 Hz is more common.
AC power is a combination of voltage and current. AC voltage at a generating station is stepped up via high
voltage transformers to voltage levels that enable power to be distributed over long distances with minimal
loss of energy.
Slide 11
Direct Current (DC) has several applications in the typical data center, most commonly in telecom
equipment where banks of batteries supply power at 48 Volts DC or in battery systems supporting
uninterruptible power supplies, which can be at potentials over 500 Volts DC. However, whether the supply
is available from banks of batteries, or from DC generators, DC systems are not practical in data centers
because of heavy resistive losses and the large cable sizes required to power information technology
equipment. Almost all data center equipment is designed for the local nominal AC supply voltages.
Now that we have discussed the forms of current, let’s compare single-phase and 3-phase power.
Slide 12
Two common forms of AC power provided to data centers are single phase and 3-phase power. Single-
phase power has only one basic power waveform, while 3-phase power has three basic power waveforms
that are offset from each other by 120º.
When AC power comes into a building as a single voltage source, it is referred to as single phase. If the
power comes into the building utilizing three voltage sources, or three phases, or three hot wires, with
accompanying neutrals and grounds, it is referred to as 3-phase power.
Slide 13
Single phase electricity is usually distributed to residential and small commercial customers. The single
phase implies that power comes in with only one hot wire, along with accompanying neutral and ground.
Generating and distributing 3-phase power is more economical than distributing single phase power. Since
the size of the wire affects the amount of current that can pass, it also determines the amount of power that
can be delivered. If a large amount of power were distributed as a single phase, huge heavy transmission
wires would be needed and it would be nearly impossible to suspend them from a pole. It is much more
economical to distribute AC power using 3-phase voltage sources.
Next, let’s talk about 120/240 and 208 volt configurations.
Slide 14
120 Volts and 240 Volts AC are the most common single phase voltages supplied to residential customers.
Single phase 240 Volts tends to supply larger domestic appliances, such as clothes dryers, electric cooking
stoves, and water heaters. Single phase 120 Volts is also available in some data centers. Many IT devices,
including computer monitors and individual desktop computers accept 120 Volts. 3-phase 208 Volts power
usually supports commercial environments, including most data centers.
(Please note: In many countries, such as in parts of Europe and Asia, voltages such as 220-240V
and 400V are also common.)
Next, we'll explore the concept of watts and volt-amps.
Slide 15
The Watt measures the real power drawn by the load equipment, and is used as a measurement of both
power and heat generated by the equipment. Wattage rating is typically stamped on the nameplate of the
load equipment. However, the nameplate rating is rarely the same as the measured wattage in IT
equipment. Many data centers have metering available on UPS or power distribution units (PDU), or even
on rack mounted power strips all of which allow accurate recording of power at the site.
Slide 16
The Volt-Amps (VA) rating, or apparent power, represents the maximum load that the device in question can
draw. It is the product of the applied AC voltage times the current drawn by the device. VA is used in sizing
and specifying wire sizes, circuit breakers, switchgear, transformers and general power distribution
equipment. VA ratings represent the maximum power capable of being drawn by the equipment. VA ratings
are always greater than or equal to the watt rating of the equipment.
The significance of the difference between Watts and Volt-Amps is that power supplies, wiring, and circuit
breakers may need to be rated to handle more current and more power than what may be expected.
Slide 17
The terms Watts (W) and Volt-Amps (VA) are often used interchangeably when discussing load sizing for
power infrastructure components, such as UPS devices. These terms are however, not the same. The key
to understanding the relationship between Watts and VA is the Power Factor. Watts represent real power
and Volt Amps represent apparent power.
The power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power. Power factor can be expressed as a number
between 0 and 1 or as a %. If a given UPS has a watts rating of 8 and a VA rating of 10, then its power
factor is .8 (or 80%). A UPS with a power factor of .8 is more efficient than a UPS with a power factor of .7.
Next, we will look at one type of electronic switching power supply: Power Factor Corrected.
Slide 18
Power Factor Corrected power supplies were introduced in the mid-1990s and have the characteristic that
Watt and VA ratings are equal. That is they have a power factor of nearly 1. Power Factor Correction is
simply a method of offsetting inefficiencies created by electrical loads.
All large computing equipment such as servers, routers, switches, drive arrays made after 1996 use the
Power Factor Corrected power supply. Personal computers, small hubs and personal computer accessories
can have a power factor of less than 1.
For a small UPS designed for computer loads which only have a VA rating, it is appropriate to assume that
the Watt rating of the UPS is 60% of the published VA rating.
For larger UPS systems, it is becoming common to focus on the Watt rating of the UPS. State-of-the-art
larger UPS systems are rated for unity power factor. In other words they are designed so that their capacity
in kVA is the same as in kW.
Next, let’s discuss plugs and receptacles.
Slide 19
Many different types of power plugs are used throughout the world. Two of the more common plug
standards in data centers are: the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard, which is based
in Switzerland, but used globally; and the National Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standard,
which is commonly used in North America.
Most plugs in the data center have three prongs and the receptacles are designed to accept these three
prong configurations. In the US, a typical 3-prong plug consists of two flat prongs and one rounded prong.
The larger of the flat prongs is the neutral, the smaller of the two flat prongs is the hot, and the rounded
prong on the bottom is the ground.
The most common plug/receptacle combination for IT equipment is of an IEC design. These receptacles are
often designed in a recessed fashion for safety reasons. The design helps to prevent a person from
touching the pins when they are live.
Also common are plugs and receptacles of the twist lock variety. The plug is twisted to lock into the
receptacle. This is particularly useful if you choose to deploy overhead cabling rather than below the raised
floor cabling. With twist lock, the receptacle is less likely to allow gravity and vibration to dislodge it from its
plug.
Let’s discuss IEC and NEMA plugs in greater detail.
Slide 20
Among the most common IEC plugs found in data centers are: the IEC-320-C13 and IEC-320-C14, which
are rated over a range from 100 to 240 Volts AC, and a current of about 10 Amps; the IEC-320-C19 and
IEC-320-C20, which are rated over a range from 100 to 240 Volts AC, and a current range of about 16 to 20
Amps.
Also common are the IEC 309 series of 208 Volt single phase Russell Stoll connectors. The IEC 309 2P3W
208V, 20A for example, is rated at 20 Amps, and the IEC 309 2P3W 208V, 30A is rated at 30 Amps. Clues
to the makeup of the plug can be determined by analyzing the name of the plug. In the case of the IEC 309
2P3W 208V, 30A , for example, the letter “P” identifies the number of poles, the letter “W” identifies the
number of wires. “V” identifies volts and “A” designates the current in amperes.
Receptacles are installed in rack-mounted power strips as well as on power whips, and those plugs are
most commonly attached to power cords on IT equipment.
(Please note: In many countries, such as in parts of Europe and Asia, voltages such as 220-240V and
400V are also common.)
Slide 21
There many examples of NEMA standard plug types. Each NEMA plug and receptacle type follows a
naming convention. For example, a common plug type may read “L5-15P”.
If the code begins with the letter L, the plug or receptacle locks. If the code does not begin with a letter, the
plug or receptacle does not lock. In this example, the plug locks. The first number can be a digit between 1
and 24, where 3 and 4 are never used. That number represents a certain combination of voltage, number of
poles, number of wires, and whether it is a grounding type plug or not. In this example, the plug is a Number
5 plug. The number after the hyphen indicates the
amperage rating. In this example, the number after the hyphen is 15, which means the plug is rated to
handle 15 Amps. The final letter, being a “P”, indicates that the device is, indeed, a plug. If the device was a
receptacle, the final letter would be an “R”.
Now that we have learned what we need to know about plugs and receptacles, let’s explore some common
areas where power failures can occur.
Slide 22
According to M Technology, Inc., an expert in the field of Probabilistic Risk Assessment, the most common
areas of power system failure in data center electrical infrastructure are: the power distribution unit (PDU)
and its respective circuit breakers at 30%, all other circuit breakers at 40%, UPS failure at 20%, and balance
of system at 10%.
We will now discuss the topic of circuit breakers and their importance in the data center.
Slide 23
A circuit breaker is a piece of equipment, or a type of switch, that is designed to protect electrical equipment
from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Circuit breakers are designed to trip at a given current
level. Unlike fuses and switches, circuit breakers can be reset. Large circuit breakers have adjustable trip
mechanisms, while smaller circuit breakers, designed for branch circuits, have their trip levels internally
preset according to their electrical current rating.
As mentioned earlier, in the data center’s electrical infrastructure, most failures can be traced back to the
circuit breaker. Circuit breakers can fail in a number of ways: failure to close; failure to open under fault
conditions; spurious trip, where a breaker opens with no fault; and failure to operate with the time-current
specifications of the unit.
Slide 24
Circuit breakers are designed to interrupt excessive current flow and come in a wide range of sizes. The
number of times they trip or switch should be monitored as most have a rated lifetime of 1-10 fault current
interruptions.
Slide 25
If you trace the path of power into your data center, from the utility through the transformer and UPS down
to the load, you will see that there are multiple breaker types all along the way. Some are bigger breakers
(600 amps or greater) and some are the commodity type of breakers, such as branch circuit and PDU
breakers. Circuit breaker coordination is important. The breaker closest to the fault should open faster than
the circuit breakers upstream. Since the bigger breakers are often located upstream, the fault could
potentially affect most of the building instead of just part of the building, if the breakers are not properly
coordinated.
Coordination of breakers is complicated and must be done carefully. Both the rating and speed of breakers
must be considered. It is recommended that data center staffs consult with electricians who are well versed
in this area.
Let’s discuss two popular circuit breaker types that may be found in IT equipment: thermal circuit breakers
and magnetic circuit breakers.
The Fundamentals of Power P a g e | 10
Slide 26
Increasing current raises the temperature inside a thermal circuit breaker. If the current is too high, the
thermal circuit breaker gets hot enough to trip the circuit breaker. A common thermal circuit breaker uses a
bimetallic strip to trip the breaker. A bimetallic strip sandwiches two different metals together. Current flows
through the bimetallic strip, and causes it to heat. Because one metal expands faster than the other metal
as the temperature rises, the strip bends. If the current is too high, the metal strip bends enough to break
the contact in the electric circuit.
Slide 27
A magnetic circuit breaker uses an electromagnetic coil to pull a switch when a circuit carries too much
current. As current increases, the electromagnetic coil pulls with greater force against the spring that keeps
the switch closed. When the current is too high for the circuit, the force from the electromagnetic coil
overcomes the force of the spring, and forces the switch contact to break the circuit.
These two breaker types can also combined into another type of breaker, called a thermal-magnetic circuit
breaker.
Slide 28
Circuit breakers are designed to be either fast acting or slow acting. A circuit breaker may need to switch
short circuit currents as high as 15 times its rated current. A 30 Amp breaker, for example, may need to
switch, in an emergency, 450 or more Amps of current.
Slide 29
Circuit breakers are designed to trip at 110% of their rated threshold. This allows for normal short term
overloads such as the start up currents in electrical motors. For example, a 20 Amp circuit breaker is not
guaranteed to trip until the current exceeds 22 Amps. Circuit breaker tripping thresholds may vary according
to design specification or safety code requirements. To avoid downtime and unnecessary circuit breaker
tripping, a circuit breaker needs to be sized according to both its rated current and its tripping current.
Trip settings are adjusted so that the circuit breaker in question will trip in a timely fashion on overload and
before the upstream breaker trips.
It is advisable to choose a breaker designed for the characteristics of the load. For example, some breakers
have an “HCAR” rating, which is a rating for heating, cooling and air conditioning applications. Breakers
without this particular rating should not be used for the HVAC systems.
Circuit breakers with delayed action may be needed for heavy electrical loads, such as motors, transformers,
and air conditioners that draw temporarily high surge currents. The circuit breaker needs to be rated high
enough to prevent an electric arc from forming that could jump over the contacts of the switch.
Slide 30
Certain types of circuit breakers are designed to trip a circuit if they detect a small amount of ground current.
These breakers are known as Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI), Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers
(ELCI), or Residual-Current Devices (RCD). Because they are too sensitive to currents, and pose a risk to
availability, GFCI units are not used in data centers; however, they are commonly placed in damp
environments such as swimming pools, bathrooms, kitchens and on construction sites, to protect personnel
from electric shock. Larger data centers use resistor banks to limit possible ground currents to safer levels,
and protect personnel from electric shock.
Next, we’ll discuss why convenience outlets are so important in the data center environment.
Slide 31
A convenience outlet is an outlet which is used for non-computer devices. It is important to provide this
additional resource outlet which can be used for electronic devices that may be necessary for the data
center environment; data center personnel need a place to plug in office equipment or lighting without the
worry of tripping a circuit breaker or taxing the power supply. Installing convenience outlets is a way to
ensure that enough power is provided to supply not only the critical load, but also any additional power that
may be required.
Next, we’ll discuss safety issues such as electrical grounding and ground loops.
Slide 32
Grounding is principally a safety measure to protect against electric shock. The grounded wire is connected
to the exterior of metal cases on appliances to protect against a hot-wire short inside the appliance. If a
short occurs, the ground wire will limit the touch voltage to less than 30 volts and will also provide a return
path for the excessive current to trip the branch circuit breaker. Some wires are considered hot, because
they are not grounded.
Slide 33
Ground loops occur when there is a varying quality of connections to the earth at different points in an
electrical installation. The result is that current may flow in unexpected loops between ground connections.
Ground loops are a potentially hazardous situation. The solution to stopping ground loops is to confirm the
quality of ground connections at all points in an electrical installation.
Now, let’s discuss seven categories of common power problems and their solutions.
Slide 34
Impulsive transients are sudden high peak events that raise the voltage and/or current levels in either a
positive or a negative direction. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and lightning strikes are both examples
impulsive disturbances. Impulsive transients can be very fast, happening as quickly as 5 nanoseconds and
lasting less than 50 nanoseconds.
For example, an ESD may have a peak of over 8000 volts, but last less than 4 billionths of a second. The
transient, however, may still be strong enough to damage sensitive electronic equipment.
An approach to solve the problem of impulsive transients is the utilization of a Transient Voltage Surge
Suppressor (TVSS). A TVSS is a device that either absorbs the transient energy, or short circuits the energy
to ground, before it can reach sensitive equipment.
Slide 35
Motors turning on or off commonly cause oscillatory transients for power systems. The voltage quickly rises
above its normal level, and then gradually fades back to its normal level over several wave cycles.
Slide 36
Interruptions occur when there is a temporary break in the power supplied. There are four types of
interruptions: Instantaneous (0.5 cycles to 30 cycles), Momentary (30 cycles to 2 seconds), Temporary (2
seconds to 2 minutes), and Sustained (longer than 2 minutes). An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can
provide short-term backup power during an interruption.
Slide 37
A sag or dip is a reduction of AC voltage at a given frequency for a duration of 0.5 cycles to 1 minute’s time.
Sags are usually caused by system faults, and are also often the result of switching on loads with heavy
startup currents. Common causes of sags include starting large loads, such as one might see when they
first start up a large air conditioning unit, and remote fault clearing performed by utility equipment. Power
line conditioners and UPSs can compensate for sags or dips.
Slide 38
According to the IEEE, Undervoltage is “… a Root Mean Square (RMS) decrease in the AC voltage, at the
power frequency, for a period of time greater than one minute”. An undervoltage is the result of long-term
problems that create sags. The term “brownout” has been in common usage in describing this problem, but
has been superseded because the term is ambiguous in that it also refers to commercial power delivery
strategy during periods of extended high demand. Undervoltages can create overheating in motors, and can
lead to the failure of non-linear loads such as computer power supply failures. Undervoltages can overheat
a motor or make a power supply fail. Power line conditioners and UPSs can compensate for undervoltages.
Slide 39
A swell, or surge, is the reverse form of a sag, having an increase in AC voltage for a duration of 0.5 cycles
to 1 minute’s time. For swells, high-impedance neutral connections, sudden load reductions, and a single-
phase fault on a 3-phase system are common sources. A swell is also prevalent when large loads are
switched out of a system. Power line conditioners and UPSs can compensate for swells.
Slide 40
According to the IEEE, overvoltage is “an RMS increase in the AC voltage, at the power frequency, for
durations greater than a few seconds. An Overvoltage is common in areas where supply transformer tap
settings are incorrectly set, and where loads have been reduced and commercial power systems continue to
compensate for load changes that are no longer necessary. This is common in seasonal regions where
communities diminish during off-season. Overvoltage conditions can create high current draw and
unnecessary tripping of downstream circuit breakers, as well as overheating and stress on equipment.
Power line conditioners and UPSs can compensate for overvoltage.
Slide 41
Many different causes of waveform distortion exist. DC Offset happens when direct current is added to an
AC power source. DC Offset can damage electrical equipment, such as motors and transformers, by
overheating them.
Harmonic waveforms are another form of waveform distortion. Harmonics appear on the power distribution
system as distorted current. Keep in mind that all equipment that does not have the advantage of modern
harmonic-correction features should be isolated on separate circuits.
Slide 42
Voltage fluctuation is a systematic variation of the voltage waveform or a series of random voltage changes
of small dimensions, namely 95 to 105% of nominal at a low frequency, and generally below 25 Hz. Power
line conditioners and UPSs can compensate for voltage fluctuations.
Slide 43
Frequency variation is extremely rare in stable, utility power systems, especially systems interconnected
through a power grid. Where sites have dedicated standby generators or poor power infrastructure,
frequency variation is more common especially if the generator is heavily loaded. IT equipment is frequency
tolerant, and generally not affected by minor shifts in local generator frequency.
Next, we will follow the path of power distribution in the data center.
Slide 44
Standby Power can be defined as any power source available to the data center that takes over the function
of supplying power when utility power is unavailable.
Two common forms of standby power are mechanical generators that use electromagnetism to produce
electricity, and electrochemical systems which use batteries and fuel cells to generate electrical current.
Mechanical generator systems provide power on large and small scales, for entire cities or for individual use.
Electrochemical generation is typically for smaller or temporary use.
So, how is power distributed in the data center? Let’s explore this concept next.
Slide 45
Electricians often refer to one line diagrams. One line can be very simple to very complex. At a minimum, it
should illustrate the primary electrical components of the electrical system and illustrate how they link and
interact with each other.
This one line lets us see how electrical power is distributed in the data center from a server plug to outlet
strips to Power Distribution Units (PDU) to UPS and bypass to Automatic Transfer Switch to the primary
power source (Utility) to the emergency power source (Generator).
Let’s describe the function of each of these components.
Slide 46
The utility provides the primary electrical power source for the data center. Ideally, multiple utility feeds
should be provided from separate sub-stations or power grids. While not essential, this action will provide
back-up and redundancy.
An emergency, back-up power source, in the form of a generator, can be positioned to bear the load of both
data center components, as well as all essential support equipment, such as air conditioners, in case of
power disruption.
Slide 47
A circuit is a path for electrical current to flow. A branch circuit is one, two, or more circuits whose main
power is connected through the same main switch. Each branch circuit should have its own grounding wire.
All wires must be of the same gauge.
An uninterruptible power supply, or UPS, is a device or system that maintains a continuous supply of electric
power to certain essential equipment that must not be shut down unexpectedly. The UPS equipment is
inserted between a primary power source, such as a commercial utility, and the primary power input of
equipment to be protected, for the purpose of eliminating the effects of a temporary power outage and
transient anomalies.
An automatic transfer switch is a switch that will automatically switch the power supply from one power
source to another, in case of power disruption or bypass mode. For example, if the utility fails, the automatic
transfer switch would immediately switch to UPS or generator power.
Slide 48
A Power Distribution Unit (PDU) is a device that distributes electric power by usually taking high voltage and
amperage and reducing it to more common and useful rates, for example from 220V 30A single phase to
multiple 110V 15A or 110V 20A plugs. It is used in computer data centers and sometimes has features like
remote monitoring, and control, down to plug level. (Please note: In many countries, such as in parts of
Europe and Asia, voltages such as 220-240V and 400V are also common.)
An outlet strip is a strip of sockets which allows multiple devices to be plugged in at one time, and usually
includes a switch to turn all devices on and off. In a few cases, they may even have all outlets individually
switched. Outlet strips are often used when many electrical devices are in close proximity, especially with
audio/video and computer systems.
A server plug is the power plug or other type of electrical connector which mates with a socket or jack, and
in particular, is used with electrical or electronic equipment in the data center.
Slide 49
To summarize, let’s review some of the information that we have covered throughout the course.
Power infrastructure is critical to the uptime of any data center.

Understanding basic power terms helps to better evaluate the interaction between the utility, standby power
equipment and the load.
Failures can occur at various points in the power infrastructure, but special care should be given to the
condition and coordination of circuit breakers.
Numerous power anomalies exist that can impact the uptime of data center equipment.
Understanding the threats and applying practical power solutions such as uninterruptible power supplies
and generators can help to minimize the risk.
Slide 50
Thank you for participating in this course.

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The Fundamentals of Power

The Fundamentals of Power Page |1

The Fundamentals of Power Page |2

We will now address some of the differences between AC and DC power.

The Fundamentals of Power Page |3

The Fundamentals of Power Page |4

Next, let’s talk about 120/240 and 208 volt configurations.

Next, we'll explore the concept of watts and volt-amps.

The Fundamentals of Power Page |5

The Fundamentals of Power Page |6

Next, let’s discuss plugs and receptacles.

The Fundamentals of Power Page |7

Let’s discuss IEC and NEMA plugs in greater detail.

The Fundamentals of Power Page |8

The Fundamentals of Power Page |9

The Fundamentals of Power P a g e | 10

The Fundamentals of Power P a g e | 11

The Fundamentals of Power P a g e | 12

The Fundamentals of Power P a g e | 13

The Fundamentals of Power P a g e | 14

The Fundamentals of Power P a g e | 15

Let’s describe the function of each of these components.

The Fundamentals of Power P a g e | 16

The Fundamentals of Power P a g e | 17

Power infrastructure is critical to the uptime of any data center.

The Fundamentals of Power P a g e | 18

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