Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jang Yub Ol 2018
Jang Yub Ol 2018
Algal Research
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/algal
a
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
b
National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong-Luang, Pathumthani
12120, Thailand
Keywords: Microalgae are cultured for their useful chemicals, but their development is restricted by the costs and diffi-
Microalgae culties of harvesting them. New composites, magnetic-cationic cassava starch, were successfully developed to
Separation facilitate harvesting. Compared to naked magnetic particles, the composites exhibited higher potential for algal
Cationic cassava starch cell recovery. In addition, harvest capacity through the composites was positively related to the degree of ca-
Composite
tionic substitution (DS) in modified cassava starch. The application of 500 mg L−1 composites with DS
Magnetic harvesting
value ≥ 0.76 to recover 1 g L−1 Chlorella sp. TISTR8236 (1.67 ± 0.01 g-dry cell weight g-composites−1) from
medium broth at pH 9.5 was significantly (p ≤ 0.005) > 98% effective. The separation efficiency of this com-
posite for 1 g L−1 algal biomass was evaluated under different composite doses (200 to 800 mg L−1) and pH
levels (4 to 10). Ninety-five percent of the algal cell separation efficiency of the magnetic and 0.76 DS cationic
starch composite was recorded, when applied to the 300 mg L−1 composite to harvest 1 g L−1 Chlorella sp.
TISTR8236 at pH 10 within 2 min. The adsorption isotherm fit the Langmuir model. In addition, desorption of
algal cells was conducted by adjustment of the pH of the culture medium. The highest desorption (9.69%) was
recorded at pH 12. These composite magnetic-cationic cassava starch particles were shown to be a new ad-
sorption material for algal cell harvesting. This alternative composite for magnetic separation may represent an
effective method for saving time and energy in algal industrial processing.
1. Introduction advantages of magnetic separation are that it is simple, fast, and in-
expensive with no energy and chemicals requirements, which makes it
Microalgae are a valuable natural source of beneficial pigments, an energy efficient and cost effective technique [5,8]. However, simple
protein, lipids and compounds that have wide applications including naked magnetic particles have the problems of particle oxidation and
nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, biofuel, food and feed additives [1–3]. low electrostatic interaction between the negative charge of algal cell
However, large-scale production of microalgae requires a high invest- surfaces and the neutral charge of the magnetic particle surface, re-
ment cost for cultivation, harvesting, extraction and purification pro- sulting in the requirement of a high dosage of magnetic particles [9].
cesses. The harvesting cost of microalgae is 20–30% of the total pro- Coating the particles with a polymer reduces contact with oxygen. In
duction cost, which is accounted for by the high energy and time addition, giving the coated polymer a positive charge was shown to
consumption in biomass separation because of their small size (3–30 μm enhance the efficiency of algal biomass harvesting [10].
diameter), low density (< 1 g L−1) and colloidal stability [1,3–5]. A Coating naked magnetite surfaces with polymers to make magnetic
major contribution to the use of microalgae would be improved har- composites before the adhesion of algal cell is called the “immobilized-
vesting. on” strategy, which was shown to achieve higher efficiency than the
Magnetic separation is a promising technique that has been used for “attached-to” approach, where cells are coated with a polymer and are
biomass collection for both marine and freshwater microalgae [6]. The subsequently attached by naked magnetics [4,5]. Electrostatic interac-
principle of magnetic separation is the application of magnetic particles tion between polymers and algae was a main factor that affected the
to attach to microalgae cells and subsequently separate the biomass performance of harvesting efficiency [5]. Synthetic polymers that have
from the liquid culture medium via an external magnetic bar [7]. The been used include poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) [11,12],
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: supenyac@tu.ac.th (S. Chittapun).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2018.09.027
Received 3 April 2018; Received in revised form 10 September 2018; Accepted 26 September 2018
Available online 05 October 2018
2211-9264/ © 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.
K. Jangyubol et al. Algal Research 35 (2018) 561–568
562
K. Jangyubol et al. Algal Research 35 (2018) 561–568
Recovery capacity =
(C 0 Ct ) V cassava starch and composites were analyzed by using Fourier trans-
m (3) form infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Perkin Elmer SPECTRUM GX FTIR
where C0 is the concentration of microalgae in the culture medium System) via the KBr disc technique. The preparation of pellets was
before harvesting (g L−1), Ct is the concentration of supernatant after carried out by mixing a few milligrams of the starch or the composite
harvesting (g L−1), V is the volume of microalgal cultures used for sample with 200 mg of potassium bromide. The mixture was placed into
harvesting (L), and m is the amount of composites used for harvesting a pellet-forming die to make a transparent pellet and was placed in a
(g). sample holder in FTIR spectroscopy. Spectra were obtained between the
wavelength ranging from 400 and 4000 cm−1, 64 times per sample
with a resolution of 4.
2.4. Adsorption isotherm
The size distribution of naked magnetic particles and composites
examined by using Malven Mastersizer 3000 (Malvern, UK) in the size
Among the mathematical models used for the description of ad-
range of 0.01 to 3500 μm. A sample of 1 mL was dispersed into 20 mL
sorption isotherms, the Langmuir and Freundlich models are the most
distilled water. To make the solution homogeneous, the stirring rate
popular due to their reasonable accuracy and relative simplicity [8]. To
was set at 1200 rpm. The particle size distribution was determined by
quantitatively evaluate the adsorption ability of magnetic composites
laser diffraction method. The emitted laser beam was scattered onto the
for Chlorella sp., the adsorption isotherms were tested at the particle
particles in the suspensions and the detectors measured the intensity of
dosage of 500 mg L−1 with different biomass concentration (0.2 to
the light scattered on the particles to categorize their size.
2 g L−1).
The zeta potential measurements of Chlorella sp., naked magnetic
The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich
particles and composites were measured in the model environments at
models. The linear forms of the Langmuir isotherm and the Freundlich
25 °C using the Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern, UK) fitted by size and the
isotherm are shown in Eqs. (4) and (5), respectively.
zeta potential folded capillary cell (DTS1070). This cell is used for
Ce 1 Ce measurements of aqueous-based samples. A total of 0.05 g sample was
= +
Qe QmKL Qm (4) suspended in 30 mL distilled water and was placed in a test chamber.
The pH of sample suspension was adjusted from 2 to 10 using a 0.1 M
1
logQe = logKF + logCe NaOH and 0.1 M HCl solution. The zeta potential measurement was
n (5)
applied under a field of 12 v, and all measurements were converted into
where Ce is equilibrium concentration of the microalgal cells in the zeta potentials using the Smoluchowski equation.
solution (g L−1), Qe is the amount of microalgal cells adsorbed per unit
weight of composites (g-DCW g-composites−1), Qm is the maximum 2.7. Data analysis
adsorption capacity (g-DCW g-composites−1), KL is the Langmuir ad-
sorption equilibrium constant (L g−1), KF is the physical constants of All experiments were performed in three replications and the results
the Freundlich adsorption isotherm indicating the adsorption capacity were presented as the mean values ± standard deviation. One way
(g-DCW g-composites−1) and n is Freundlich constants, respectively. analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also carried out to evaluate differ-
ences among the treatments of algal harvesting efficiency, recovery
2.5. Desorption of algal cells capacity and detachment efficiency at p level of 0.05. Tukey's HSD test
was applied for multiple comparisons of each treatment when sig-
After harvesting microalgal cells at pH 10 by composites nificant (p ≤ 0.05).
(DS = 0.76), an aqueous solution (pH 2 to 12) was added for detach-
ment. Microalgae were separated from the magnetic composites 3. Results and discussion
through electrostatic repulsion generated by pH and vortexed in a
mixer for 2 min. The composites were harvested by a permanent mag- 3.1. Characteristics of naked magnetic particles and composites
netic bar, and the optical density of supernatant containing drifting
microalgae was examined using a spectrophotometer at 750 nm. The magnetic (Fe3O4) composites were generated by introducing
The detaching efficiency was determined by the concentration of cationic cassava starch onto the surface of Fe3O4 particles by means of
microalgae both before and after detaching, which can be calculated by electrostatic interaction. The adsorption bands of FTIR at 1654 cm−1
using the following Eq. (6). presented amine NeH stretching vibrations, which confirmed the pre-
ODf sence of the cationic group in the composites. However, the bands of
Detaching efficiency (%) = × 100% FTIR at 1654 cm−1 were also observed in spectra (a) of Fig. 1, which
ODi (6)
was the FTIR spectra of naked magnetic particles. This could have been
where ODi is the optical density (ODi) of initial culture and ODf is the caused of the residual ammonium ion (NH4+), since the ammonium ion
OD of supernatant liquid after the magnetic composites with micro- is used in naked magnetic particle preparation. A similar result was
algae were removed by the permanent magnet. reported by Hu et al. [13].
The bands at 1154 cm−1 and 1028 cm−1 were attributed to the CeO
2.6. Analytical methods bond stretching vibration of the anhydroglucose units (Fig. 1), as pre-
viously reported by Wang et al. [17]. The absorption peak at
The determination of nitrogen content in cationic cassava starch 3400 cm−1 corresponded to OeH stretching as a result of hydrogen
was examined by the CHN element analyzer. A sample of 0.1 g cationic bonding involving the hydroxyl groups on the starch molecules. Com-
starch was placed in a combustion tube and combusted at ~1000 °C pared to the spectra of naked magnetic particles, those of the compo-
under helium gas and a high purity of oxygen environment. During the sites were observed, as the band at approximately 3400 cm−1 was more
combustion process, nitrogen was converted to oxides of nitrogen and pronounced and broader. The strong adsorption band at 584 cm−1 was
nitrogen gas. The gasses were then passed through copper and the assigned to FeeO adsorption, which was observed from magnetic
oxides of nitrogen were converted to N2. The N2 was separated in a composites coated with polyethyleneimine [13]. The FTIR data con-
chromatographic column and was detected by a thermal conductivity firmed the crosslink between modified cationic cassava starch and the
detector (TCD). magnetic particles.
To determine the surface structure, the infrared spectrum was The size distribution of naked magnetic particles and composites is
measured. Naked magnetic particles and native and modified cationic shown in Fig. 2. Uncoated particles synthesized from this study varied
563
K. Jangyubol et al. Algal Research 35 (2018) 561–568
Fig. 3. Harvesting efficiency of Chlorella sp. from the algal culture medium by
Fig. 1. FTIR spectra of naked magnetic particles (a), composite-cationic starch varying naked magnetic particles from 200 to 800 mg L−1 at pH 9.5. (The let-
at DS = 0.22 (b), composite-cationic starch at DS = 0.76 (c), cationic cassava ters (a, b, c, d, e) are significantly different from each other (one way ANOVA
starch DS = 0.22 (d) and cationic cassava starch DS = 0.76) (e). and Turkey's HSD, p ≤ 0.05)).
564
K. Jangyubol et al. Algal Research 35 (2018) 561–568
Table 1
Harvesting efficiency of Chlorella sp. by 500 mg L−1 composite with different DS value at pH 9.5.
Degree of substitution (DS) Zeta potential (mV) Harvesting Recovery capacity
efficiency (%)1 (g-DCW g-composites−1)1
1
The values are represented in terms of the mean ± standard deviation (SD); the values in the same column with different superscript letters are
significantly different (one way ANOVA and Turkey's HSD, p ≤ 0.05)).
result that a high separation efficiency was obtained. The high algal cell
harvesting efficiency of this study were recorded from the composite
with DS ≥0.76, which was a higher, different value of the zeta po-
tential between composites and algal cells than in the composite with
DS < 0.76 (Fig. 4).
Table 2
Harvesting efficiency of Chlorella sp. from the algal culture medium by varying
pH 4 to 10 using magnetic composites (DS = 0.76) at 500 mg L−1.
pH Harvesting efficiency (%)1 Recovery capacity (g-DCW g-composites−1)1
1
The values are represented in terms of the mean ± standard deviation
(SD); the values in the same column with different superscript letters are sig- Fig. 5. Zeta potential of magnetic composites and Chlorella sp. (● Chlorella sp.;
nificantly different (p ≤ 0.05). ○ magnetic particles; ▼ composites (DS = 0.76).
565
K. Jangyubol et al. Algal Research 35 (2018) 561–568
Table 3
Algal cell harvesting by magnetic separation.
Microalgae Agent Dosage (mg L−1) pH Reaction time Harvesting efficiency Reference
(min) (%)
increase, which enhanced the harvesting efficiency. A harvesting effi- DS = 0.76 under the optimum pH level. Moreover, the adsorption iso-
ciency > 95%, was observed at pH 9 and 10 (Table 2). therm between the composites and the algal cell should be determined.
The electrostatic attraction of algal cells and separator agent were
varied according to the algal species, agent types and pH. The high cell
3.2.4. Influence of the dosage of 0.76 DS composite under optimum pH
separation efficiencies of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Nannochloropsis maritima
The harvesting efficiency increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) by in-
and N. oceanica were reported to achieve neutral and alkaline pH
creasing the dosage of magnetic composites, and it reached > 95%
(pH ≥ 7) (Table 3). Harvesting of C. ellipsoidea using Fe3O4 nano-
when the magnetic composites dosage rose to 400 mg L−1 at pH 10. The
particles accomplished the highest harvesting efficiency (> 98%) at
recovery capacity of the magnetic-cationic cassava starch composites at
pH 7 [8]. The increase in pH to alkaline condition (pH 8) led to a de-
pH 10 rose to 4.69 ± 0.01 g-DCW g-composites−1 of 200 mg L−1 do-
crease in the required dosage of magnetic particles for achieving a high
sage (Table 4). The harvesting efficiency increased as the dosage of
algal harvesting efficiency of N. maritima [9]. Alternatively, the high
magnetic composites increased until the highest harvesting efficiency
harvesting efficiency of Botryococcus braunii and Chlorella vulgaris can
value was reached. This relationship is mainly due to the ratio of the
be successful at lower pH levels. Harvesting of Chlorella ellipsoidea using
algal cells and the magnetic composites. At a low particle dosage, the
Fe3O4-PEI nanocomposites and C. vulgaris using iron oxide magnetic
magnetic particles cannot completely adsorb the algal cells, and the
microparticles achieved the highest harvesting efficiency of 97% [13]
algal cells cannot adsorb sufficient magnetic particles and cannot be
and 95% [14] at pH 4. There were increased or decreased pH values of
completely harvested by the external magnetic field due to the in-
solutions that affected the attraction force between algal cells and
sufficient magnetic force. At the optimal dosage, the quantity of the
composites [9,14]. Therefore, pH was an important factor that affected
magnetic composites was sufficient to interact with the algal cells and
the protonation/deprotonation of composite and microalgal surfaces
provided sufficient magnetic force to collect algal cells completely by
and consequently affected the algal cell harvesting efficiency [13].
an external magnetic field and the maximum harvesting efficiency was
Moreover, increasing the medium pH to 11 by adding 0.5 M NaOH can
achieved.
induce C. vulgaris flocculation and had been considered to be a poten-
tially useful method to preconcentrate freshwater microalgal biomass
during separation processes [23]. In contrast to Chlorococcum nivale, 3.3. Adsorption isotherm
Chlorococcum ellipsoideum and Scenedesmus sp., decreasing the pH of the
growth medium to 4 by adding 01. M HNO3 resulted in 90% floccula- The influence of the pH, over the range of 4 to 10 on the harvesting
tion efficiencies with a high cell concentration of 1 g L−1 [25]. In this efficiency was studied at a dosage of 500 mg L−1 magnetic composites
study, the flocculation of C. vulgaris could also be observed when 0.1 M under initial microalgal concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 2 g L−1 by
NaOH was added into a suspension and the pH reached 12. By in- concentrating or diluting the algal medium with BG-11 medium at the
creasing the pH, high pH induced the flocculation might have caused an growth stage of 24 days. The experimental data were fitted by the
increase in the negative surface charge [26]. Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm, and the fitted parameters
According to the results, the harvesting efficiency in the pH range of of two models along with the correlation coefficients (R2) were calcu-
4 to 10 was above 88%, which was due to the strong charge of the lated. The results indicated that pH played an important role in the
cationic composite. Therefore, pH 10 was chosen for next experiment to process of magnetic separation. The Langmuir model had a better fit
study the harvesting efficiency of the dosage of the composite with with the adsorption process compared to the Freundlich model
(Table 5). The Langmuir model demonstrated that the adsorption of the
magnetic composites (DS = 0.76) onto the algal cells gave monolayer
Table 4 coverage, and magnetic composites had limited adsorption to the
Harvesting efficiency of Chlorella sp. from algal culture medium by varying
magnetic composites (DS = 0.76) from 200 to 800 mg L−1 at pH 10. Table 5
Dosage Harvesting efficiency Recovery capacity
Model parameters for harvesting of Chlorella sp. by magnetic composites
(mg L−1) (%)1 (g-DCW g-composites−1)1 (DS = 0.76) at different pH levels.
pH Langmuir isotherm Freundlich isotherm
200 93.77 ± 0.26f 4.69 ± 0.01a
300 94.96 ± 0.43e 3.17 ± 0.01b
qm(g g−1) KL R2 KF n R2
400 96.38 ± 0.20d 2.41 ± 0.00c
500 97.74 ± 0.35c 1.95 ± 0.01d 4 1.33 22.51 0.998 1.32 4.94 0.840
600 98.36 ± 0.10bc 1.64 ± 0.00e 5 1.27 19.88 0.998 1.25 4.78 0.841
700 98.70 ± 0.10ab 1.41 ± 0.00f 6 1.26 16.23 0.992 1.23 4.05 0.808
800 99.15 ± 0.17a 1.24 ± 0.00g 7 1.35 11.09 0.989 1.26 4.05 0.734
1
8 1.32 16.29 0.998 1.28 4.35 0.799
The values are represented in term of mean ± standard deviation (SD); the 9 1.33 21.30 0.997 1.32 4.77 0.777
values in the same column with different superscript letters are significantly 10 1.37 25.43 0.998 1.37 5.09 0.787
different (p ≤ 0.05).
566
K. Jangyubol et al. Algal Research 35 (2018) 561–568
Table 6 algal biomass from the algal culture system, because the organic sub-
Detachment efficiency of Chlorella sp. from magnetic stances secreted from the algal cell during cultivation may be compe-
composites (DS = 0.76) at pH 2 to 12. titive with composites or alter pH condition. Moreover, the low de-
pH Detaching efficiency (%)1 taching performance is a disadvantage, as it may limit an application of
the harvested algal cells. Nevertheless, the algal biomass with the
2 3.73 ± 0.08bc composite can be an alternatively raw material for biofuel production.
3 2.62 ± 0.32cd
4 0.01 ± 0.92e
5 3.14 ± 0.47bcd Authors' contributions
6 4.05 ± 1.05bc
7 4.52 ± 0.71bc Kanthida Jangyubol: Literature review, Design of the research out-
8 2.68 ± 0.64cd
line, Design of research tools, Analysis of data, Interpretation of the
9 1.13 ± 0.53de
10 0.00 ± 0.00e
data analysis, Drafting of the article (first draft), Revising the draft of
11 5.27 ± 1.38b the article (second draft).
12 9.69 ± 1.28a Kittiwut Kasemwong: Conception of the project, Design of the re-
1
search outline, Design of research tools, Decision on the data analysis
The values are represented in terms of the method, Interpretation of the data analysis.
mean ± standard deviation (SD); the values in the
Theppanya Charoenrat: Design of the research outline, Design of
same column with different superscript letters are sig-
research tools, Decision on the data analysis method, Interpretation of
nificantly different (p ≤ 0.05).
the data analysis, Revising the draft of the article (second draft), Final
approval of the article (final draft).
surface of the magnetic composite-coated algal cells due to the elec-
Supenya Chittapun: Conception of the project, Literature review,
trostatic force avoiding multilayer adsorption. The electrostatic repul-
Design of the research outline, Design of research tools, Decision on the
sion among the algal cells also prevented them from aggregating into
data analysis method, Analysis of data, Interpretation of the data ana-
large particles. The maximum adsorption capacity, Qm, in this case was
lysis, Revising the draft of the article (second draft), Final approval of
calculated as 1.37 g g−1.
the article (final draft).
The desorption of algal cells had been conducted by an adjustment The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
to the media pH over the range of 2 to 12. The highest detaching ef-
ficiency of 9.69% was recorded at pH 12 (Table 6). Similar results had Statement of informed consent, human/animal rights
previously been reported by Seo et al. [28] who demonstrated that the
detachment between microalgae and BaFe12O19 was successfully No conflicts, informed consent, or human or animal rights are ap-
achieved at pH 12 and the large particle size on the detaching perfor- plicable.
mance was up to 85%. However, the desorption of algal cells in this
work has low efficiency. Two procedures of algal magnetic particle Acknowledgments
aggregate processing reported by Xu et al. [8] consisted of the de-
magnetization of algal cells before the processing or extraction of ag- This research did not receive any specific grant from funding
gregated biomass without the detachment of magnetic particle. agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The study
Choosing any procedure is based upon the characteristic of algal species was conducted under the jurisdiction of the Department of
and desired products [4]. Products applied in medical aspects must be Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat
high-purity and uncontaminated by magnetic particles; therefore, de- University. The Department of Biotechnology and the Department of
magnetization of algal cells before extraction and purification is a good Chemistry, the Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat
choice, whereas extraction of hydrocarbon from algal cells as B. braunii University and Nano Agro and Food Innovation (NAF) of National
is not influenced by the existence of magnetic particles [8]. Therefore, Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC) supported the facilitation of
aggregated biomass should be process. According to the results of this equipment. We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Anthony Keith Thompson
study, with less desorption than 10%, algal biomass aggregated with for critically editing the manuscript.
magnetic-cationic cassava starch can be further used as a biomass for
lipid extraction. Appendix A. Supplementary data
567
K. Jangyubol et al. Algal Research 35 (2018) 561–568
polyacrylamide, Bioresour. Technol. 198 (2015) 789–796. [17] P.X. Wang, W. Xiu, D. Xue, K. Xu, Y. Tan, X. Du, W. Li, Preparation and char-
[6] M. Cerff, M. Morweiser, R. Dillschneider, A. Michel, K. Menzel, C. Posten, acterization of cationic corn starch with a high degree of substitution in
Harvesting fresh water and marine algae by magnetic separation: screening of se- dioxane–THF–water media, Carbohydr. Res. 344 (2009) 851–855.
paration parameters and high gradient magnetic filtration, Bioresour. Technol. 118 [18] S. Pal, D. Mal, R.P. Singh, Cationic starch: an effective flocculating agent,
(2012) 289–295. Carbohydr. Polym. 59 (2005) 417–423.
[7] S.K. Wang, F. Wang, Y.R. Hu, A.R. Stiles, C. Guo, C.Z. Liu, Magnetic flocculant for [19] M. Mikhaylova, D.K. Kim, N. Bobrysheva, M. Osmolowsky, V. Semenov,
high efficiency harvesting of microalgal cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) T. Tsakalakos, M. Muhammed, Superpaeamagnetism of magnetite nanoparticles:
109–115. dependence on surface modification, Langmuir 20 (6) (2004) 2472–2477.
[8] L. Xu, C. Guo, F. Wang, S. Zheng, C.Z. Liu, A simple and rapid harvesting method for [20] R. Kavalianuskaite, R. Klimaviciute, A. Zemaitaitis, Factors influencing production
microalgae by in situ magnetic separation, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) of cationic starches, Carbohydr. Polym. 73 (2008) 665–675.
10047–10051. [21] M. Dubois, K.A. Gilles, J.K. Hamilton, P.A. Rebers, F. Smith, Colorimetric method
[9] Y.R. Hu, F. Wang, S.K. Wang, C.Z. Liu, C. Guo, Efficient harvesting of marine mi- for determination of sugars and related substances, Anal. Chem. 28 (1956)
croalgae Nannochloropsis maritima using magnetic nanoparticles, Bioresour. 350–356.
Technol. 138 (2013) 387–390. [22] A. Ilavarasi, D. Mubarakali, R. Praveenkumar, E. Baldev, N. Thajuddin,
[10] W. Wu, Q. He, C. Jiang, Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and surface Optimization of various growth media to freshwater microalgae for biomass pro-
functionalization strategies, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 3 (2008) 397–415. duction, Biotechnology 10 (6) (2011) 540–545.
[11] J.K. Lim, D.C. Chieh, S.A. Jalak, P.Y. Toh, N.H. Yasin, B.W. Ng, A.L. Ahmad, Rapid [23] D. Vandamme, I. Foubert, I. Fraeye, B. Meesschaert, K. Muylaert, Flocculation of
magnetophoretic separation of microalgae, Small 8 (2012) 1683–1692. Chlorella vulgaris induced by high pH: role of magnesium and calcium and practical
[12] P.Y. Toh, S.P. Yeap, L.P. Kong, B.W. Ng, D.J.C. Chan, A.L. Ahmad, J.K. Lim, implications, Bioresour. Technol. 105 (2012) 114–119.
Magnetophoretic removal of microalgae from fishpond water: feasibility of high [24] D. Vandamme, I. Foubert, B. Meesschaert, K. Muylaertu, Flocculation of microalgae
gradient and low gradient magnetic separation, Chem. Eng. J. 211–212 (2012) using cationic starch, J. Appl. Phycol. 22 (2010) 525–530.
22–30. [25] J. Liu, Y. Zhu, Y. Tao, Y. Zhang, A. Li, T. Li, M. Sang, C. Zhang, Freshwater mi-
[13] Y.R. Hu, C. Guo, F. Wang, S.K. Wang, F. Pan, C.Z. Liu, Improvement of microalgae croalgae harvested via flocculation induced by pH decrease, Biotechnol. Biofuels 6
harvesting by magnetic nanocomposites coated with polyethylenimine, Chem. Eng. (2013) 98–108.
J. 242 (2014) 341–347. [26] S. Rakesh, S. Saxena, D.W. Dhar, R. Prasanna, A.K. Saxena, Comparative evaluation
[14] G. Prochazkova, N. Podolova, I. Safarik, V. Zachleder, T. Branyik, Physicochemical of inorganic and organic amendments for their flocculation efficiency of selected
approach to freshwater microalgae harvesting with magnetic particles, Colloids microalgae, J. Appl. Phycol. 26 (2014) 399–406.
Surf. B: Biointerfaces 112 (2013) 213–218. [27] E. Boli, M. Savvidou, D. Logothetis, V. Louli, G. Pappa, E. Voutsas, F. Kolisis,
[15] P.Y. Toh, B.W. Ng, C.H. Chong, A.L. Ahmad, J.W. Yang, C.J.C. Derek, J.K. Lim, K. Magoulas, Magnetic harvesting of marine algae Nannochloropsis oceanica, Sep.
Magnetophoretic separation of microalgae: the role of nanoparticles and polymer Sci. Technol. (2017) 1–8.
binder in harvesting biofuel, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 4114–4121. [28] J.Y. Seo, K. Lee, S.Y. Lee, S.G. Jeon, J.G. Na, Y.K. Oh, S.B. Park, Effect of barium
[16] T.T. Dung, T.M. Danh, L.T.M. Hoa, D.M. Chien, N.H. Duc, Structural and magnetic ferrite particle size on detachment efficiency in magnetophoretic harvesting of
properties of starch-coated magnetite nanoparticles, J. Exp. Nanosci. 4 (3) (2009) oleaginous Chlorella sp, Bioresour. Technol. 152 (2014) 562–566.
259–267.
568