Topics

• Fluid statics: forces applied by fluids at rest, there are no shear stress and
only normal pressure present
Fluid statics Hydrostatics-> Fluid is liquid
Hydrostatics
•Pressure (absolute, gauge pressure)
CE2201 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
•Pressure at a point, pressure variation with
Dr. B. M. L. A. Basnayake
depth
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
•Pressure measuring devices
University of Ruhuna •Hydrostatic forces on submerged bodies
•Buoyant force on submerged and floating
E2015Batch-2016
bodies
•Stability of submerged and floating bodies

Pressure Pressure
• Pressure: Normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area Principles described by Blaise Pascal
𝐹
𝑃= 1. Pressure acts uniformly in all directions 2. Pressure acts perpendicular to the boundary
𝐴 on a small fluid volume
Unit: N/m2, Pa (Pascal)
1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 105 𝑃𝑎
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101325 𝑃𝑎

• Absolute pressure : Actual pressure at a point

• Gauge pressure: Pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure

Gauge pressure = Absolute pressure- Atmospheric pressure

Direction of fluid pressure on boundaries

1
Pressure variation with depth Pressure variation
Free surface open to
Consider a cylindrical fluid element dV having cross sectional area dA and length ds in any s 𝜕𝑝 atmospheric pressure
direction inclined at an angle 𝜽 to horizontal = −𝜌𝑔; 𝑝 = 𝑝 𝑧
𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑝
𝑝 𝑑𝐴 − 𝑝 + . 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝐴 = ρg dV Sin𝜃 In a static fluid constant pressure Interface between liquids
𝜕𝑠
(𝑝 + (𝜕𝑝/𝜕𝑠). 𝑑𝑠 )𝑑𝐴 surfaces and constant density
𝜕𝑝 surfaces are horizontal.
− . 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝐴 = ρg dV Sin𝜃
𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑝
= −ρgSin𝜃
θ 𝜕𝑠 In an incompressible fluid (𝜌𝑔 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑝 = 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
𝑝. 𝑑𝐴 When 𝜃 = 0; , =0 = −𝜌𝑔
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 Pressure in a static fluid increases 𝜕𝑧
ρg dV
vertically downwards and remains
𝝏𝒑 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
When 𝜃 = 90°; = −𝝆𝒈 constant horizontally.
𝝏𝒛

• For fluids at rest, pressure does not change in the horizontal direction 𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑐 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑧𝑐 − 𝑧1 = 𝑝𝑐 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1

• Pressure increases with depth due to ‘extra weight’ on deeper layers 𝑝0 = 𝑝𝑐 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑧𝑐 − 𝑧𝑜 = 𝑝𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ0

Pressure variation in incompressible liquid Manometers

𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑑𝑝 • Equating the pressure in the same liquid horizontally
1 𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
= −𝜌𝑔 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝑆 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑝1 = 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = − 𝜌𝑔 𝑑𝑧
1 * Measure both positive and
negative gauge pressures
H 2 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = −𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔𝐻 U tube manometer Inclined manometer
• Relation between the height of a
column of liquid and the
In gauge pressure 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔𝐻 pressure at its base
𝑃 𝑝1 + 𝜌1 𝑔 ℎ + 𝑎 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌1 𝑔𝑎 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ
𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 ℎ =
As a pressure head 𝐻 = 𝜌𝑔
𝜌𝑔
*For measuring small gauge pressures
of static liquids simple piezometer
Differential manometer
tubes may be adequate

2
 Micromanometer Example
The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multi-fluid
𝑦 manometer. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝐴 𝑔 ℎ + ∆𝑧 + 𝜌𝐵 𝑔 𝑧 − ∆𝑧 +
2 pressure is 85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1= 0.1 m, h2=0.2 m, and h3=0.35
𝑦
= 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝐴 𝑔 ℎ − ∆𝑧 + 𝜌𝐵 𝑔 𝑧 + ∆𝑧 − + 𝜌𝑐 𝑔𝑦 m. Take the densities of water, oil, and mercury to be 1000 kg/m3, 850 kg/m3, and 13,600
2 kg/m3, respectively.

Amount of liquid B on each side remains constant

𝑦
𝑎1 ∆𝑧 = 𝑎2
2

𝑎2 𝑎2 A B C
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝑔𝑦 𝜌𝐶 − 𝜌𝐵 1 − − 𝜌𝐴
𝑎1 𝑎1
𝑎2 ≪ 𝑎1
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝜌𝐶 − 𝜌𝐵 𝑔𝑦 D E

When 𝜌𝐶 , 𝜌𝐵 are closely similar a reasonable value of y

can be achieved for a small pressure difference

Pressure variation in a variable density fluid Barometer

240𝑔 • Atmospheric pressure is measured
ℎ = 760 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑡 0°𝐶
𝑑𝑝 • Atmospheric pressure is referred to as the
= 𝜌𝑔
𝑑𝑧 barometric pressure
𝜌 = 800 + 30ℎ1/2 𝜌 = 𝜌(𝑧) • Atmospheric pressure can be measured by
3600𝑔
inverting a mercury-filled tube into a mercury
container that is open to the atmosphere
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
(Evangelista Torricelli )
7200𝑔

3
Pressure variation in gasses Hydrostatic force on a submerged surface
• For gases 𝜌 = 𝜌 𝑝, 𝑇 Linear decrease of temperature with z
Perfect gas equation 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑎𝑧; 𝑇 = 𝑇0 , 𝑧 = 0
𝑝=𝑝 𝑧
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑔
= −𝜌𝑔 = −𝑝𝑔/𝑅𝑇 =− 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑝 𝑑𝐴 Varies in magnitude and direction over
𝑑𝑧 𝑝 𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑎𝑧) the surface
Temperature of the gas is constant 𝑝2 𝑔 𝑇0 − 𝑎𝑧2 Resultant force
𝑑𝑝 𝑔 ln = ln 𝒅𝑭
=− 𝑑𝑧 𝑝1 𝑎𝑅 𝑇0 − 𝑎𝑧1 𝒑
𝑝 𝑅𝑇 𝐹= 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑝 𝑑𝐴
𝒅𝑨 𝐴
Integrate from (z1,p1) to (z2,p2) 𝑝2 𝑇2
𝑔/𝑎𝑅
= Centre of pressure: the point on the surface through which the
𝑝2 𝑔 𝑝1 𝑇1 resultant force acts 𝑃 ≡ 𝑋𝑝 , 𝑌𝑝
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 𝑧 − 𝑧1 As 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇
𝑝1 𝑅𝑇 2
𝑝2 𝜌2 𝑇2
= Line of action of F
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡; 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 𝑝1 𝜌1 𝑇1
𝑔
−1 𝐹𝑋𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑝 𝑑𝐴
𝜌2 𝑇2 𝑎𝑅 𝐹𝑌𝑝 = 𝑦 𝑝 𝑑𝐴
𝑝2 𝜌2 𝑔 = 𝐴 𝐴
= = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝜌1 𝑇1
𝑝1 𝜌1 𝑅𝑇 2

Hydrostatic force on submerged plane surface Hydrostatic force

• Consider an inclined plane surface completely submerged in a liquid
𝐹𝑅 = 𝑝 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑝0 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝐴

= 𝑝0 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 First moment of
area

Y- coordinate of the centroid of the area 𝑦𝑐

1
𝑦c = 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝐴

𝐹𝑅 = 𝑝0 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
= Pressure at the centroid of the surface x Area

𝐼𝑓𝑝0 = 0; 𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

4
Pressure prism method Center of pressure
𝐹𝑅 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦 𝑝 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
Volume of the pressure prism = 𝐴
𝑃 𝑑𝐴
= 𝑦 𝑝𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝐴
𝐴

𝐹𝑅 = Volume of the pressure prism = 𝑝𝑜 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴

𝐴 𝐴
𝐹𝑅 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑝𝑜 𝐴𝑦𝑐 + 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐼𝑥𝑥,𝑜

Parallel axis theorem to find the 𝐼𝑥𝑥,𝑜

𝐼𝑥𝑥,𝑜 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥,𝑐 + 𝐴𝑦𝑐 2

𝐹𝑅 = 𝑝0𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐼𝑥𝑥,𝑐 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 +
𝐹𝑅
𝐼𝑓𝑝0 = 0; 𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
2𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑦𝑝 =
1𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

The centroid and the centroidal moments of inertia for some common geometries.
Pressure prism method

1st moment of volume of pressure prism

𝑦 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑦 𝑝𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹 = 𝑦𝑝 𝐹

𝑦 𝑑𝑉
𝑦𝑝 = = 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚
𝑉

5
Special case: A constant pressure 𝑃𝑐 acting on a submerged surface Moments of a triangular area
Resultant force The moment of area of a triangular area with mid points of sides at depth ℎ1, ℎ2,
and ℎ3 below 𝑂𝑥
𝐹= 𝑝 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑃𝑐 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝐴
= 𝑷𝒄 𝑨 𝑥 𝑂
Centre of pressure 𝒉𝟏 𝒉𝟐
𝒉𝟑 1
𝐹𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑑𝐹 = 𝑦𝑃𝑐 𝑑𝐴 1st moment about Ox= 𝐴 ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3
3
𝐴 𝐴

𝑃𝑐 𝐴𝑦𝑝 = 𝑃𝑐 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 1
𝐴
2nd moment about Ox= 𝐴 ℎ1 2 + ℎ2 2 + ℎ3 2
3
𝐴
𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝑦𝑝 = = 𝑦𝑐
𝐴

𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑷 ≡ 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒊𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 (𝑪)

Example 1 Example 2: Method 1

Resultant force Top edge is at 𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘
Top edge at 𝒑 = 𝟎
𝐹= 𝑝 𝑑𝐴
𝑝=0 𝑏 𝐴 𝑝=0
𝑎
= 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝑏𝑑𝑦
0 𝑒 𝑝=0 𝑏 𝑝𝑐 = 𝜌𝑔𝑒
𝑝𝑐 = 𝜌𝑔𝑒 𝑏
𝑑𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎2 /2 𝑭 = 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒊𝒅 × 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝑎
𝑎/2
Centre of pressure 𝑑𝐹 ≡ 𝑑𝐹 +
𝒂 𝑎 𝑎
𝐹𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑑𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝑦 2 𝑏𝑑𝑦 𝑭 = 𝑷𝒄 𝑨
𝐴 𝟎
𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎2 /2 𝑦𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎3 /3
2
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎
3 𝑰𝑶𝑿 𝑎 2 𝑎
𝒚𝒑 = 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎 𝑒 + 𝑦 = 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎2 /2 𝑎 + 𝜌𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑏
𝑨𝒀𝑮 2 𝑝 3 2
𝑰𝑶𝒄 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝟑 /𝟏𝟐 + 𝒃𝒂𝒂𝟐 /𝟒 𝟐
= = = 𝒂
𝑨𝒚𝑮 𝒃𝒂𝒂/𝟐 𝟑 𝑎 3𝑒 + 2𝑎
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 +
3 2𝑒 + 𝑎

6
Example 2: Method 2 Example 2: Pressure prism method
1 2 2 1
2
𝑝=0 1st moment about Ox= 𝐴 ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 2nd moment about Ox= 3 𝐴 ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3
3

𝑒
𝑏 𝟏𝟏
1st moment o𝐟 𝐀𝟏 = 𝟑 𝟐 𝒃𝒂 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 + 𝒆 + 𝒂 + 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐
𝑝=0 Resultant force= Volume of the pressure prism
𝒃𝒂
𝑨𝟐 = 𝟑𝒆 + 𝟐𝒂 𝑏𝑎 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝑒𝑎 + .5𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑎 𝑏 = 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎 𝑒 + 0.5𝑎
𝟔 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝑒 + 𝑎
2 𝑒
𝑎 𝟏𝟏 𝑏
𝑨𝟏 1st moment o𝐟 𝐀𝟐 = 𝒃𝒂 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 + 𝒆 + 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐
𝟑𝟐
𝒃𝒂 2
= 𝟑𝒆 + 𝒂 𝜌𝑔𝑒𝑎 + .5𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝐺 = 0.5𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑎 × 𝑎 + 𝜌𝑔𝑒𝑎 × 0.5𝑎
𝟔 𝑑𝐹 3
𝑎
𝟏𝟏 𝑎 3𝑒 + 2𝑎
𝑏𝑎
3𝑒 2 + 3𝑒𝑎 + 𝑎2 2 moment o𝐟 𝐀𝟏 = 𝟑 𝟐 𝒃𝒂 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 + 𝒆 + 𝒂 + 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐
nd 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝑦𝐺 =
3 2𝑒 + 𝑎
𝑦𝑝 = 3 𝒃𝒂
𝑏𝑎
𝑏𝑎 = 𝟑𝒆𝟐 + 𝟒𝒆𝒂 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 /𝟐
2𝑒 + 𝑎 𝟔 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3𝑒 2 + 3𝑒𝑎 + 𝑎2
2 3
𝟏𝟏
𝑎 3𝑒 + 2𝑎 2 moment o𝐟 𝐀𝟐 = 𝒃𝒂 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 + 𝒆 + 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐
nd 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝟐
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 + 𝒃𝒂
3 2𝑒 + 𝑎 = 𝟑𝒆𝟐 + 𝟐𝒆𝒂 + 𝒂𝟐 /𝟐
𝟔

Example 2: Method of superposition Example 3

𝑝=0 𝑝=0 𝑏 𝑝=0 𝑏 𝑝=0
Vertical gate HJ hinged at H to water tank is just kept closed by a
−
𝑏
𝑒 𝑒 horizontal force P at the lower edge J. Find P when water surface is (a)

𝑎+𝑒 𝑯 at H (b) 0.4 m above H

=
𝑎 1.2 𝑚
0.2 𝑚 0.2 𝑚

𝑷 0.6 𝑚
𝑱
𝒂+𝒆 𝒆
𝑭𝟏 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒃(𝒂 + 𝒆) 𝑭𝟐 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒃𝒆 0.3 𝑚
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝒚𝒑𝟏 = 𝒂+𝒆 𝟐
𝟑 𝒚𝒑𝟐 = 𝒆
𝟑
𝐹𝑦𝑝 = 𝐹1 𝑦𝑝1 − 𝐹2 𝑦𝑝2
𝑎 𝑎+𝑒 2 𝑒 2
𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎 𝑒 + 𝑦 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑏 𝑎+𝑒 𝑎 + 𝑒 − 𝜌𝑔 𝑏𝑒 𝑒
2 𝑝 2 3 2 3
𝑎 3𝑒 + 2𝑎
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 +
3 2𝑒 + 𝑎

7
Example 4 Example 5
𝑝=0
Vertical gate HJ hinged at H to water tank is just kept closed by a
Rectangular gate AB (0.8 m wide, negligible weight)
horizontal force P at the lower edge J. Find P when water surface is
smoothly hinged at A. It is kept closed by a vertical
𝑯 (a) at H force P applied at B.
1𝑚 (b) 0.5 m above H
a) Draw pressure diagram on AB
2𝑚 1𝑚 1𝑚

1𝑚 b)Find force P and horizontal and vertical reactions

𝑷 at the hinge A.
𝑱

Example 6 Hydrostatic forces on curved surfaces

Consider the equilibrium of the element ACB
→ 𝑃 = 𝑅ℎ
And should act on the same line, center of
pressure of CA

AC is the vertical projection of AB

Rv = Weight of the fluid above AB act vertically
through the center of gravity G of ABDE

8
Example 1 Example 2
𝑝=0 Find force per meter width on HJO A sluice gate is in the form of circular arc of radius 6
𝑶 3 m. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the
𝐻𝐽 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
1.5 𝑚 8 resultant force on the gate, and the location with
5𝜌𝑔 JO vertical respect to O
𝑱

𝑭𝑽
𝑭𝑯 ?𝑚
𝛼
4.5𝜌𝑔 𝑹
𝑯
2𝑚

Example 3 Buoyancy
Cylindrical drum gate of width b is hinged at H
𝑝=0 𝑵 a) Find the force on the drum when water surface Consider immersed an object
is at level M
b) Find the force on the drum when water surface Horizontal forces are equal and opposite=>
𝑴 is at N no horizontal force on the body

Upthrust (buoyancy force)= Weight of fluid

over ACB- Weight of fluid over ADB
𝑯
= Weight of fluid displaced by the body
= 𝜌𝑔𝑉

V- volume of the object

9
Equilibrium of floating bodies Example 1
Forces K Solid triangular prism HJK of uniform thickness b and density
𝜎floats in a liquid of density 𝜌 as shown unsupported with edge
• Upthrust R acting on the centre of the buoyancy H at free surface p=0.
𝑝=0 JH=JK=a, HJK=𝜃 Prove that JK is vertical and 𝜎 = 𝜌𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
• Weight W on the centre of gravity N
H G
For equilibrium;
R and W should be equal and act in the same line B
M
𝜃

Example 2 Example 3
A rectangular prism of thickness 0.2 m and density A rectangular pontoon has a width B of 6 m, a length 𝑙 of 12 m, and a draught D of 1.5 m in fresh water.
M P 𝜎 has cross section shown and floats supported by a Calculate
vertical force P as shown. HM= 0.3 m, HN= 0.4 m. Show a) Weight of the pontoon
0.3 𝑚 34 b) Its draught in sea water
that 𝜎 = 𝜌 c) The load that can be supported by the pontoon in freshwater if the maximum draught permissible is 2
𝑝=0 75
L K m.
G 𝜃 J
H B
0.4 𝑚

10
Stability of floating bodies Stability of floating bodies
M lies above G, a righting moment is
produced
Come back to initial position

A small displacement
is given

G remain same
Floating body in
equilibrium Immersed volume changed, B moved to B’

R and W are not at the same line.

Turning moment 𝑊 𝐺𝑀 𝜃

M- Metacentre
GM- Metacentric height
Equilibrium is stable

Stability of floating bodies Stability of floating bodies

M lies below G, an overturning
moment is produced M coincides G Equilibrium is neutral
Move further

Motion of a ship

Equilibrium is unstable Translational motion: surge, sway, heave

Rotational motion: Roll, Pitch, Yaw

11
Determination of the metacentric height: Experimental Determination of the metacentric height: Theoretical

Measuring angle of tilt 𝜃 caused by moving a load 𝑤 a known distance 𝑥 across the deck For small angle of tilt
𝐵𝐵′
𝐵𝑀 =
Overturning moment= 𝑤𝑥 𝜃

Righting moment = 𝑊 𝐺𝑀 𝜃 Change of centre of buoyancy from B to B’

is due to the change in immersed area AOA’
For equilibrium; and COC’
𝑤𝑥 = 𝑊 𝐺𝑀 𝜃
Taking moment around waterline OO
𝑊
𝑥= 𝐺𝑀 𝜃 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝐴 𝑥𝜃 𝑥 = 𝑅 𝐵𝐵′
𝑤
Cross-section Plan
𝜌𝑔𝜃 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉 𝐵𝐵′

𝜃𝐼 = 𝑉 𝐵𝑀 𝜃
V - immersed volume 𝑩𝑴 = 𝑩𝑮 + 𝑮𝑴
𝑰
𝑩𝑴 = I - Second moment of area of 𝑮𝑴 = 𝑩𝑴 − 𝑩𝑮
𝑽 waterline plane about OO

Example 1 Example 2
River barge 2.4 m wide 4m long with rectangular plan has
A uniform rectangular block of specific gravity 0.6 2.4 𝑚
𝑙 𝑝=0 uniform vertical section as shown. It is loaded with sand.
floats in water. Block has width b height a and length l.
Loaded barge weights 56.5 kN and CG is at center of water
𝑝=0 Show that block is in stable equilibrium if b> 1.2 a. G
0.6 𝑚 line. Find GM and righting moment for 1°.
𝑑
𝑎
0.6 𝑚
𝑏
1.2 𝑚

G
𝑑
B

O B

12