eae ag ee Section 1 Writing and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS ‘Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section, DIRECTIONS Each postage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you will con sider how the passage migh! be revised to improve the exprestion of ideas. For other questions, ‘you wil consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence siructre, usoge, © punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by one or more graphics (such os < table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising ond editing decisions. ‘Some questions wil direct you to an underlined portion of « passage. Other questions will direct you 10 0 location in a passage or ask you to think about the passoge as o whole. After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively improves the qualiy of writing in the passage or that makes the passege conform tothe conventions of Standard Writen English. Many question include © "NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you thnk the best choice isto leave the relevant portion ofthe passoge os itis.‘Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. Who Really Owns American Media? In this era of blogging, news websites and personal- ized Twitter feeds, most ofus believe that we have more choice than ever WMfin how we get our news, But unless you're particularly if apt about the world ofournal- {sm, you might be surprised to learn how few choices we really have ‘Thirty years ago, 50 different corporations owned 90% of the American broadeastand nes Just large conglomerates EM have the same control. ‘ovee thatinedia, whichis stil! 90%, These huge corpo. rations have successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress media, Today, to loosen or dismantle federal antitrust regulations. “These regulations were designed to prevent any one corporation from driving out EM their competition and controlling public discourse. The debate on this issue centers on the balance between liberties and govern. ‘mental interference. Some argue that a corporation's freedom to acquire media and voice its opinion trumps any right che public may have to diverse potats of view. Will the other argument would be that our constitu: tional freedom of the press requires regulation in order to maintain a free market of ideas and an informed citizenry, A) NO CHANGE B) with getting ©) ofthe way we get D) ofgetting A) NOCHANGE B) acute ©) sawy D) comprehensive Becs A) NOCHANGE B) control that same 90% of all media C) control the same medi all 90% of it D) arein the same 90% control ofall media A) NO CHANGE B) the competition they have © itscompetition D) it'scomperition A) NOCHANGE 1B) Others argue ©) Others would argue D) AnotherbeingAccording to data from 2007, the American media docs not quite looklike America. Although fully 39% of the American population was minority, [Ef only 3.2% ‘of American broadcast levision ouslets were con: ‘rolled by minorities. (One potent antidote Ff regarding media consoli- dation js the Internot. ET With some research, itreveals smany resources for the curious and intelligent media consumer to hear informed voices from awide variety of perspectives. HSS Which of the following best represents the informa- tion from Figure 1? A) NO CHANGE B) only 3.2% of the minority population controlled American broadcast television outlets ‘only 3.2% ofthe American population included sinorities in control of broadcast television outlets 9 D) only 3.2% of American broadcast television, stations were watched by minorities A) NOCHANGE B) about 9 D) a A ») Q D) against 0 NO CHANGE, Iewill reveal with some research Some research will reveal ‘With some research, it will reveal ‘MINORITY REPRESENTATION IN BROADCAST TELEVISION — OO US. Population 2007 African American Hispanic American Bj ‘sian American Other Minority CI White Non-Minority USS. Media Ownership 2007 Population Media Ownership 13.0% 06% 15.0% 1a8 a8 9x, 19% oan. 65.0% 960% Source: FreepressHel authough the Web abounds with gossip. parti ‘ang conspiracy theorists on the fringe, the careful viewer can also find thoughtful analysis and lized debate ofthe Issues. Sites like ProPublica, FactCheck.org, and NPR provide in-depth, nonproft, public supported journalism thats ess influenced by any corporate or political agenda. HV therefore, sensationalism sels, and the media conglomerates have mastered the art. As the frst great American media mogul, William Randolph Hearst, sd, “Ifyou want the public in sufficient numbers, construct a highway, Advertising is that highway: Without large advertising and lobbying budgets, these sonpartisan [if instances ofjoucnalism will have = difficute ime competing withthe big boys ae “The author wants to introduce this sentence with a representation of modern media that contrasts with, the ideal of “civilized debate.” Does this introduc tion accomplish this task? A) Yes, because it suggests that controversi ‘matters are ignored in modern media. B) Yes, because it refers to relatively unsophisticated modes of conversation. ©) No, because itfocuses on entertainment rather than any examination of issues. D) No, because itrefers to hypothetical situations. rather than zeal ones. A) NO CHANGE B) still ©) Lastly D) Insummary A) NO CHANGE B) patterns: ©) receptacles D) repositoriesQuestions 12-22 are based on the following passage. ‘The Dangers of Superstition Have you ever knocked on wood to dodge a jinx Do you avoid stepping on cracks inthe sidewalk? Do you feel uneasy about the number 13? Most of us realize that these [FA rituals. which are based on ancient and discredited beliefs, but we can't s0 easily rid our minds of superstitious thinking, Every culeure has ts own superstitions beliefs, BR and now anthropologists and psychologists are beginning to understand why. Ourbrains constantly work to find cause-and effect patterns inthe world. When something strange happens that we can't explain, or seems to BUY colid. against what we alzeady believe, we get an uncom- fortsble feeling known as “cognitive dissonance." We reflexively fill this gap in knowledge with the explana- Hons that are most easily available to us. axe willful beings surrounded by other willful beings, and every conscious moment of our lives is filled with asense of “agency,” ET thatis: intentionalaction. ‘Therefore, we imagine tiny beings living in wood, or vaporous spirits roaming the clouds that do strange or harmaful things when we displease them. Willful agency is our “default” explanation. 4) B) 9 ») HS a 3) a D) 4) B) ° D) a 3) » 16) a 3) 9 D) rituals, that are based on rituals have been based on rituals are based on NO CHANGE for while NO CHANGE contradict disengage {go away from NO CHANGE Because we We Sowe NO CHANGE thats, Intentional action, which is what intentional action is which is: intentional action[i Ourbeains ae creative, (2 They can design buildings, compose music, ana EEcan formulate selentitc theories. [] But this creativity is sometimes hardto discipline, and so we are susceptible to strange houghts and superstitions] Manyrofthes, like blessing people when they sneeze, are harmless ifnot aquatnt. 6] 1n 2014, villagers in Nigeria brought gost into a police station, accusing of being a witeh that had attempted to steal a car and then changed into a goat. A) NO CHANGE B) also can formulate ©) have formulated D) formulate See “The author is considering adding the following sen- tence to this paragraph. Others are sad and bizarre, such as the bellef in shape-shifting, Where should it be placed? ‘A) before sentence 2 B) before sentence 3 ©) before sentence 4 D) before sentence 5‘Aithough superstitious explanations relieve our cognitive dissonance, FEJitmight also lead to tragedy 11.2014, people in Paraguay and Tanzania were killed because locals accused them of witchcraft. superstitious parents have even beaten or disowned. sheizawn children because their strange behavior is attributed to demonic possession, Superstitions are also not harmless when they impede the pursuit of science, placing obstacles in the way of medical and techno- logical breakthroughs that can improve the human, condition. Rituals intended to help your favorite football tearm score, like danciog or wearing your hat backward, are fun and innocuous. They ETH substitute a craving in our brains for control over situations that otherwise mystify us. EY 4) NOCHANGE B) itcan ©) theyean D) they would A) NOCHANGE B) Some superstitious parents, believing that any strange behavior s a sign of demonic possession, have even beaten or disowned the ‘own children, ©) Even beating or disowning thelr own children, many superstitious parents attribute their strange behavior to demonic possession. D) Some superstitious parents, believing that thelr strange behavior isa sign of demonic possession, have even beaten or disowned their own children. A) NOCHANGE B) discharge © exempt D) satisty Which coneludingsentence would be most in keeping, with the content and tone ofthe passage asa whole? A) However, feeling like we have control over a situation is not always the same as understanding it 2B) ‘They represent some of humanity's greatest accomplishments, and have inspired some of, our greatest works of art. ©) Centuries from now, our rituals may become so elaborate that we would scarcely recognize them as such today, 1D) Without such rituals, we would not feel as connected to the people or the natural world ‘around us.Questions 29-23 are based on the following passage. Skepticism and the Scientific Method ven sclentists sometimes forget how essential skepticism, particularly selfskeptcism, isto the sc entific process. But sclentife skepticism i driven by evidence, notagenda. Today, the feldof climatology seems tohave more than ts share of skeptics, debating PBJ warming planet andthe things that should be done by us about it anything Pll mney are coming from outside ofthe scientific community, many ofthese skeptics couch thelr argu- sents in political terms, Some claim that global warm- Ings partofa partisan “leftwing"plotor a ploy by the sclentific community to ensure funding fr yet another “Chicken Lite” scare. Others suggest that attempts to sce greenhouse gas emissions by changing energy sr land use policies BM] would provide ancedless cost ofthe American taxpayer of tens to hundreds of billions of dolars annually. Some even suggest that they are really prt ofan international consptracy to undermine America’s competitiveness in the global marketplace, NO CHANGE what should be done about a warming planet, if we should ©) what, ifanything, we should do about a ‘warming planet D) the ching we should do about a warming planet, ifwe should 4) NOCHANGE B) While coming ©) Their coming D) Coming NO CHANGE ‘would be needless in costing the American taxpayer ©) would needlessly cost the American taxpayer 1D) isaneedless cost to the American taxpayer ofAtthe same time, others who legitimately ques- tion the data or theories related to climate change are too quickly labeled right-wing “deniers,” even their concems are not motivated by any partisan convictions. In fact, science has, or should have, nothing to do swith ideology. Rather, it Elis a process ofidentifying significant natural phenomena, gathering evidence ‘about those phenomena, and PRM then we must find. ‘he most eliable explanation for that evidence. The preponderance ofthe evidence suggests that the earth is getting warmer, that the effects of that warming will bbe problematic, chat there are things we can do to pre- vent or at east mitigate the worst outcomes, and BB pethans that many of these things. are well worth doing. There i stil plenty of uncertainty about the complex systems that make up our planetary climate, Durwe know enough to be concerned, EB and to. discuss the issue without politicizing it. A) NO CHANGE B) accounts for ©) represents D) symbolizes ESS A) NO CHANGE 8) finding the most reliable explanation for ©) then explaining in the most reliable way D) finding the most reliable way for explaining A) NO CHANGE B) also that many ofthese things perhaps may be ©) many ofthese things perhaps may be D) thatmany of these things may be Bees In the context of the passage as a whole, which of the following completes the sentence most appropriately? A) NOCHANGE B) and to expose the agendas of those who stand. in the way of saving our planet ©) but not enough to risk sacrificing our political ‘oreconomic security D) and to create a strong incentive program t0 transform our national energy policy“The skepties point out, rightly, that setence isn't bout consensus. The fact that 98% of climatologists regard something as true Efi] isn’t the sameasitbeing. ‘cue. Afterall, only centuries ago the majority of physi- cians worldwide believed that linesses were caused not by germs or genetics, Ef but by demons or imbalances tn “humors” {ij Havingan honest and productive conversation about global warming EF requires an educated public. [2] When we, as public citizens, become more informed about the science of climatology, we become less sus- ceptible to political sniping and to “consensus” as an argument. [3] Most important, perhaps, we become better able to make good decisions about the future of our nation and our planet. ERY A) NO CHANGE B) won't make that true ©) would not mean it’s that way ‘tmake itso NO CHANGE Dbutinstead from but from they thought it was by NO CHANGE B) requires the need for ©) requires our being D) require having ‘The author is considering inserting the following. sentence into this paragraph. Furthermore, we become more adept at evalu: ating the facts and theories at the heart of the matter. ‘Where should itbe placed? A) before sentence 1 B) before sentence 2 ©) before sentence 3 D) after sentence 3Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage. ‘The Magic of Bohemia Bohemia isa landlocked country in central EMV europe, and until 1918 they were ruled from Vienna by the Austrian Hapsburgs. Today t Ef segards a major part ofthe modern Czech Republic, and ts largest ct, Prague, serves as the nation’ capital. Bohemia is also another, less clearly defined country, a country ofthe ‘mind. This Bohernia in fact derives from misconcep- tions about the true Bohemia that go backasfaras Shakespeare, BM] designating Bobemia as the land of gypsies and the spiritual habitation of artists. By 1643, when Michael William Balfe's opera ‘The Bohemian Girl premiered in London, the term Bohemian RI would come to mean any wandering or vagabond soul, who need nochave been associated with the arts. The Parisian poet Henry Murger clinched the terms special association with the life of artists In November 1049, a dramatized version of Murger’s Latin Quarter tales was staged n Paris with the ile La Vie de Bohdme. So extraordinarily success- ful EM] did this prove that the stories themselves were published as Seénes de la Viede Boheme. The public's appetite was whetted and a popular cult ofthe gypsy- artist was underway. Murger's volume of tories became the textbook forthe artistic life throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries a 8) dD 4) 3 9 D) a 3) ») a 8) a D) NO CHANGE Europe, until 1918 itwas ruled Europe, which, until 1918, was euled Europe, having been, until 1918, ruled NO CHANGE establishes comprises NO CHANGE who designated Bohemia he had designated Bohemia being designated by him NO CHANGE hhad come to mean, came to have meant had meant NO CHANGE was this proven this was proved this provedBl) wharwas it thar were the basic elements of this Bohemia as it evolved under Murger? To start ‘with, Bohemia belonged to the romantic movements that preached the power of the individual imagination and came to adopt a secular religion of art Like early Christianity it had its true believers and its heathens, “The believers in this ease were the artists themselves, the elect ofthe spirit, touched with the divine power of ‘imagination, while the heathen were the commercial riddle classes who had Ef propagated as a result of Increased commodity production in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. la} To the artists, these were people of no imagina: tion who were only concerned with material things. [2] As Philistines, they seemed inhabita different coun- ‘try from that of the BM Bohemtans: Murger's achieve ‘mentwastodafine, quite persuasively the boundaries ‘of Bohemia in terms ofa particular lifestyle. [3] [n his Bohemia, the production of art was infact ess impor- tant than FP whether one had the capacity for art [a] Marger was also responsible for the term Bohemian ‘becoming inseparably inked with the supposedly ‘unconventional, outlandish behavior of artists, yet itis ‘evident that he did not invent Bohemianism. (5] a) 8) ° D) 0) a 8) D) a » >) 4 8) PD) NO CHANGE What were they that were the basic elements ‘What basic elements were there ‘What were the basic elements NO CHANGE propitiated prospered preempted NO CHANGE Bohemians, Murger had the achievement of defining Bohemians, but Murger’s achievement was in defining Bohemians; but Murger achieved defi NO CHANGE the capacity forart whether one has the capacity for art one’s capacity of artMost ofits ingredients had existed in Paris for atleast 6 Bohemia had been a haven for the polit wo decades before he started wr I rebel and, as the nineteenth century drew to aclose, more than one French observer had seen itas the breeding ‘ground of cynicism, as the source of much potential danger. "Itis quite clear,” Jules Claretie wrote indig- nantly in 1886, “that every country has its Bohemians. But they do not have the influence over the rest of the nation which they do in France—thanks to that poison- ous elementin the French character which fs known as (a blague—or cynicism.” BEY SER SSS OES ‘The author Is considering including the following sentence in this paragraph. ‘Murger can thus be described as a Bohemian of the second generation, Where should it be placed? A) aftersentence 1 B) aftersentence 2 ©) after sentences D) after sentence s ae fhe author were to delete the quotation from Jules Claretie atthe conclusion of this paragraph, the pas- sage would primarily lose A) asanguine view of the late nineteenth-century French eulture B) an scathing perspective on Murger's literary work ©) adire assessment of France's national temperament D) an urgent warning againsta potential immigration problem STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your werk on this section only. Do not turn to any other section of the test.