GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT
- Denotes the attainment of size by virtue of growth and architectural style by the
concomitant process of morphogenesis
- Has three interrelated aspects, namely: growth, differentiation and
organization

GROWTH
- Is an irreversible time change generally accompanied by an increase in size,
weight or mass.
DEVELOPMENT
DIFFERENTIATION
- Is the outward sign of selective gene action, the reflection of change in cell’s
biochemical program as a consequence of the release of information encoded in
one-dimensional sequences

ORGANIZATION
- Orientation and integration of the differentiated cells in space together with
regulated growth with the consequent attainment of form and structure of the
complete organism.
DEVELOPMENT
CORRELATION
- Regulatory effect exerted by one plant on the growth and development in
another plant

ENDOGENOUS RHYTHM
- Recurring events or oscillations with properties not directly reflecting
environmental fluctuations
a. Annual – reoccur every year
b. Lunar – reoccur every new moon
c. Circadian – reoccur every 24 hours
PLANT MOVEMENTS
- May exhibit movement of some organs in response to environmental stimuli.

THREE STEPS IN PLAN MOVEMENTS

1. Perception – involves recognition of the environmental stimulus by the plant
2. Transduction – involves biochemical and biophysical changes which occur in
response to perceived stimulus.
3. Response – shows the changes in the organ affected by the perceived stimulus
PLANT MOVEMENTS
TWO CATEGORIES OF PLANT MOVEMENTS

1. Tropic movements (tropisms) – direction of the environmental stimulus

determined the direction of the movement.
a. Phototropism – response to light
b. Gravitropism – response to gravity
c. Solar tracking – flat blade of the leaf is always at nearly right angle to the sun
throughout the day
PLANT MOVEMENTS
TWO CATEGORIES OF PLANT MOVEMENTS
2. Nastic Movements – movement maybe triggered by an internal timing
mechanism (biologic clock) and the direction of the stimulus may not be determine
the direction of movement.
a. Hyponasty – bending up of leaves
b. Epinasty – bending down of leaves
c. Nyctinasty – folding some leaves in response to light which usually
assumes a rhythmic pattern because of its interaction with biological clock
d. Hydro nasty – the folding and rolling of leaves in water
e. Thigmonasty – response to touch or mechanical stress
f. Seismonasty – response to shaking without contact to the organism
CROP ADAPTATION
1. Morphological adaptation - Exemplified the presence of metamorphosed or
specialized organs which performs non-typical functions. Example: pneumatophores
or modified roots of certain trees growing in marshes which serves as “breathing”
organs.
2. Physiological adaptation – exemplified by the closing of stomates of many
bromeliads during the day to help conserve water as well as the abscission of leaves
in deciduous plants to reduce the evaporative surface area therby conserving
moisture and lowering of compensation point.
3. Biochemical adaptation – biochemical changes with some bearing on certain survival
mechanisms such as the increase in proline and abscisic acid and osmolytes in plants
during the period of moisture stress to regulate increased water-holding capacity of
tissues for moisture as well as stomatal closure to conserve water
P L A N T G R OW T H R E G U L AT I O N
PHYTOHORMONES
- Organic substances other than vitamins and nutrients which are active in every
minute amounts.
- Formed in certain parts of the plant and which are usually are translocated to
other sites where they promote, inhibit, or otherwise modify physiological,
biochemical and/or morphological processes.
- In general, PGRs are promotive at relatively low concentrations but become
inhibitory at relatively higher concentrations
- Endogenous PGRs are called plant hormones or phytohormones
PHYTOHORMONES
1. Auxin
- Generic term applied to growth regulators with the special capacity to promote
cell elongation
- Naturally occurring auxins are the indole-auxins represented by indole-3-acetic
acid (IAA)
- IAA is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan primarily in active-growing
tissues. It also produced in mature leaves and root tips, although at much lower
concentrations
PHYTOHORMONES
1. Auxin
Effects
- Promotes cell enlargement and cell division in the cambium in tissue culture
- Stimulates differentiation of phloem and xylem
- Stimulates root initiation in cuttings
- Induces ethylene biosynthesis at supra-optimal concentration
- Mediated the tropic bending responses of shoots and roots to gravity, light and touch
- Promotes apical dominance
- Delays leaf senescence and leaf and fruit abscission
- Promotes fruit setting and fruit development in some plants
- Can also delay fruit ripening but may promote flowering in some pants
- Induces femaleness in dioecious flowers
- Induction of parthenocarpic (seedless) fruit development
- Popularly used as herbicides
PHYTOHORMONES
2. Gibberellic acid (GA)
- Belong to a family of compounds based on the ent-gibberellane structure
- Gas are synthesized from mevalonic acid in elongating shoots, young leaves of
developing apical buds, developing seeds and fruits, and apical regions of the
roots
- The major conduit for the non-polar transport of Gas is the phloem.
PHYTOHORMONES
2. Gibberellic acid (GA)
Effects:
- Stimulates stem elongation (may reverse physiological and genetic dwarfism in
plants)
- Promotes bolting (rapid elongation of floral stem) in long day plants
- Induces germination of seeds that normally require a cold treatment
(stratification) of light (positively photoblastic seeds)
- Stimulates de novo synthesis of 𝛼 – amylase in germinating cereal grains
- Promotes fruit set and fruit growth in some fruits (ex. Grapes)
- Induces maleness in dioecous flowers of some species
PHYTOHORMONES
3. Cytokinin (CK)
- Adenine derivatives which have the capacity to induce cell division in tissue
culture
- The most common CK base in plants is zeatin, the first natural CK which was
isolated from corn endosperm
- Synthesized through the biochemical modification of adenine
- The major site of CK biosynthesis is the rot apical meristem although seeds
(embryo) and developing leaves have been shown to produce significant
amounts of CK as well
- CK produced in the roots is transported to the upper organs via xylem.
PHYTOHORMONES
3. Cytokinin (CK)
Effects:
- Regulates morphogenesis in cultured tissues (in synergy with auxin)
- Releases lateral buds from apical dominance
- Delays leaf senescence
- Promotes cotyledon and leaf expansion
- Promotes nutrient mobilization
- Enhances stomatal opening in some species
- Enhances accumulation of chlorophyll as it promotes the conversion of etioplasts
in chloroplast
PHYTOHORMONES
4. Ethylene
- Only phytohormone occurring in gas state
- It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon synthesized from the amino acid methionine
(primary precursor) in many tissues in response to stress
- Ethylene does not seem to be essential for normal vegetative growth but it is the
only hydrocarbon with a pronounced effect on plants
- Synthesized in most tissues in response to senescence and stresses
- Being a gas, ethylene moves by diffusion from the site of biosynthesis
PHYTOHORMONES
4. Ethylene
Effects:
- Promotes ripening of climacteric fruits
- Induces epinasty
- Induces lateral cell expansion
- Formation of adventitious roots
- Induces flowering in pineapple and other bromeliads
- Enhances flower, fruit and leaf senescence
- Induces femaleness in dioecious flowers of some species
- Promotes shoot and root growth differentiation
- Releases tissues/organs from dormancy
- Promotes leaf and fruit abscission
- Enhances flower opening in some species
PHYTOHORMONES
5. Abscisic acid (ABA)
- Synthesized from mevalonic acid in mature leaves particularly in response to
water stress. Seeds are also rich in ABA which may be imported from the leaves
or synthesized in situ.
- ABA is exported from leaves in the phloem. There are some evidences that ABA
may circulate to the roots in the phloem and then return to the shoots in the
xylem
PHYTOHORMONES
5. Abscisic acid (ABA)
Effects:
- Counteracts the effect of gibberellins on a-amylase synthesis in germinating
cereal grains
- Enhances stomatal closure (eg., during water stress)
- Promotes leaf senescence
- Promotes storage protein synthesis in seeds
- Induces transport of photosynthates towards developing seeds and its
subsequent uptake by growing embryos
- Induces and/or maintains dormancy in seeds and buds
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