MATH A- Fundamentals of Mathematics La Carlota City College

Week 1
Module 1 . NUMERATION SYSTEM

1.1 Numeration System

A means of denoting the numbers in symbols which are in accordance with specified rules and is not
directly involved with the properties of the number thy represented.
A numeral is a symbol or name used to represent the idea of a number.

1.2 Roman Numerals

The ancient Romans used symbol to name numbers. The basic symbols are in the form of selected
letters of the alphabet.

ROMAN
NUMERALS I V X L C D M

Hindu Arabic 1 5 10 50 100 500 1 000

Numerals

The Roman system used the principle of addition and subtraction, the principle of repetition and in
some extent the principle of multiplication.

Rules in reading or writing in Roman Numerals:

1. The values are added when numeral are repeated. A numeral cannot be more than three times.
XX means 10 + 10 = 20
III means 1 + 1 + 1 = 3

Numerals like V, L, D are not repeated.

2. The values are added when a symbol of greater value precede a symbol of lesser value.
XVI means 10 + 5 + 1 = 16
MDXVI means 1 000 + 500 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 1 516

3. The values are subtracted when a symbol of greater value follow a symbol of lesser value.
XC means 100 – 10 = 90
CD means 500 – 100 = 400

The numerals which can be written to the left of numerals of greater value are I, X,
and C.

4. The values are multiplied by 1000 when a bar is written above a symbol or group of symbols.
V́I means 6 x 1 000 = 6 000
X́ means 10 x 1 000 = 10 000
V́ D means 5 x 1 000 + 500
5 000 + 500 = 5 500
 1.3 Decimal Numerals – Hindu Arabic Numerals

Features of the Decimal Numerals

1. The symbols used are called digits. They are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
2. The prefix deci which means 10 is used.
3. The place of a symbol in a numeral gives the size of the group that symbol
represents.
4. Zero is placeholder. It is used to fill positions which would otherwise be empty.

Place Value Chart

BILLIONS MILLIONS THOUSANDS ONES/UNITS

Hundreds

Hundreds
Tens

Ones

Hundreds

Tens

Ones

Tens

Ones

Hundreds

Tens

Ones
1011 1010 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100

Ones , thousands, millions, and billions are period names:

Big numbers are separated into groups of three digits called period. A comma is used
to separate the periods.

5, 2 4 3
ones
tens
hundreds
thousand

5 thousands ( 5 x 103 ) = 5, 000

2 hundreds ( 2 x 10 2 ) = 200
4 tens ( 4 x 101 ) = 40
0
3 ones ( 3 x 10 ) = 3
5, 243

5, 243 Five thousand two hundred forty-three.

MATH A- Fundamentals of Mathematics La Carlota City College

 Week 2
1.4 Egyptian Numerals

The Egyptian had developed their own system of writing numerals. Just to get familiar
with their symbols, here they are written below.

In writing Egyptian Numerals, the order of the symbols does not affect the value of the
numerals. Each of the symbols can be written as many as 9 times.

Examples:
MATH A- Fundamentals of Mathematics La Carlota City College

Week 3
1.5 Other Numeral System

Our numeral system uses base 10, but other bases have been used in writing numbers. While
some count by groups of five, others count by groups of two and other bases lower than 10.

The table below shows bases other than 10.

BASE PLACE PLACE PLACE PLACE PLACE PLACE

5 4 3 2 1 0
10 105 104 103 102 101 100
5 55 54 53 52 51 50
2 25 24 23 22 21 20

Base 2 Numerals
Base 2 numerals change to Base 10

1. 1 1 0 1(2)

1 x 20 = 1 x 1 = 1

0 x 21 = 0 x 2 = 0

1 x 22 = 1 x 4 = 4

1 x 23 = 1 x 8 = 8
 13
1101 (2) = 13

Base 10 changed to base 2 numerals

6 3 1 0

2 13 2 6 2 3 2 1
12 6 2 0

1 0 1 1

Copy the remainder backward 1101 (2)