CALCULUS 2

4. Multiple Integrals
(Chapter 15)

Nguyễn Anh Tú

natu@hcmiu.edu.vn
 Contents

1 Double Integrals

2 Triple Integrals

3 Cylindrical Coordinates

4 Spherical Coordinates
Multiple Integrals

• The integral of a function of several variables is called a

multiple integral. In this chapter we extend the idea of a
definite integral to double and triple integrals of functions of
two or three variables.
• We will see that polar coordinates are useful in computing
double integrals over some types of regions; cylindrical
coordinates and spherical coordinates greatly simplify the
computation of triple integrals over certain commonly
occurring solid regions.
Multiple Integrals

• In this section, we study integration of functions f (x, y )

of two variables. An integral of f (x, y ) is called a double
integral.
• We will restrict our attention to the simplest case in
which the region of integration is a rectangle.
 Section 1

Double Integrals
Double Integrals
Suppose f (x, y ) ≥ 0 on the closed rectangle

R = [a, b] × [c, d] = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 | a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d}.

The graph of f is a surface

with equation z = f (x, y ).
Let S be the solid that lies
above R and under the graph
of f :

S = {(x, y , z) ∈ R3 | 0 ≤ z ≤ f (x, y ), (x, y ) ∈ R}.

Question: How to find the volume of S?

Double Integrals

Step 1: Divide the rectangle R into subrectangles.

Divide the interval [a, b] into m subintervals [xi−1 , xi ] of equal
width ∆x = (b − a)/m and dividing [c, d] into n subintervals
[yj−1 , yj ] of equal width ∆y = (d − c)/n.
By drawing lines parallel to the coordinate axes through the
endpoints of these subintervals we obtain mn subrectangles

Rij = [xi−1 , xi ] × [yj−1 , yj ]

= (x, y ) ∈ R2 | xi−1 ≤ x ≤ xi , yj−1 ≤ y ≤ yj


each with area ∆Aij = ∆xi ∆yj .

Double Integrals
Step 2: Choose a sample point (xij , yij ) in each Rij . Then we
approximate the part of S that lies above each Rij by a thin
rectangular box (or “column”) with base Rij and height
f (xij , yij ).
Double Integrals
The volume of each box is

f (xij , yij )∆Aij .

Summing up, we get an approximation for the volume of S:

m X
X n
V ≈ f (xij , yij )∆Aij .
i=1 j=1

Our intuition tells us that the approximation becomes better

as m and n become larger. So
m X
X n
V = lim f (xij , yij )∆Aij .
m,n→∞
i=1 j=1
Double Integrals

Pm Pn
∆Vij and V ≈ i=1 j=1 ∆Vij .
Double Integrals
Definition 1.1
The double integral of f over the rectangle R is
ZZ m X
X n
f (x, y )dA = lim f (xij , yij )∆Aij (1)
R m,n→∞
i=1 j=1

if this limit exists.

A function is called integrable if the limit in (1) exists.

A volume can be written as a double integral: If f (x, y ) ≥ 0,

then the volume V of the solid that lies above the rectangle R
and below the surface z = f (x, y ) is
ZZ
V = f (x, y )dA
R
Double Integrals
Note: Recall that
m X
X n
lim f (xij , yij )∆Aij = L
m,n→∞
i=1 j=1

iff for every number  > 0, there is an integer N (depending

on ) such that
 
 Xm X n 
L − f (xij , yij )∆A < 
 
 
i=1 j=1

if m, n ≥ N, regardless of the choice of sample points (xij , yij ).

Example 1.1 If f (x, y ) = C is a constant function, then
ZZ
CdA = C · Area(R).
R
Double Integrals

Suppose that f is a function of two variables that is integrable

on the rectangle R = [a, b] × [c, d].
We use the notation
Z d
f (x, y )dy
c

to mean that x is held fixed and f (x, y ) is integrated with

respect
R d to y from y = c to y = d.
Now c f (x, y )dy is a number that depends on the value of x,
so it defines a function of x:
Z d
A(x) = f (x, y )dy .
c
Double Integrals
• If we now integrate the function A(x) with respect to x
from x = a to x = b, we get
Z b Z b Z d 
A(x)dx = f (x, y )dy dx. (2)
a a c

The integral on the right side of Equation (2) is called an

iterated integral.
• Usually the brackets are omitted. Thus
Z bZ d Z b Z d
f (x, y )dydx or dx f (x, y )dy .
a c a c

means that we first integrate with respect to y from

y = c to y = d and then with respect to x from x = a to
x = b.
Double Integrals

Similarly, the iterated integral

Z d Z b Z dZ b
dy f (x, y )dx = f (x, y )dxdy
c a c a
Z d Z b 
= f (x, y )dx dy
c a

means that we first integrate with respect to x (holding y

fixed) from x = a to x = b and then we integrate the resulting
function of y with respect to y from y = c to y = d.
Example 1.2 Evaluate the iterated integrals.
R3R2
(a) 0 1 x 2 ydydx
R2R3
(b) 1 0 x 2 ydxdy .
Double Integrals
Suppose f is continuous and positive on

R = [a, b] × [c, d].

Then the volume of the solid that lies above R and under the
surface z = f (x, y ) is
ZZ
V = f (x, y )dxdy .
R

But we have another formula

Z b
V = A(x)dx
a

where A(x) is the area of a cross-section of S in the plane

through x perpendicular to the x-axis,
Double Integrals
Z d
A(x) = f (x, y )dy ,
c

where x is held fixed and f (x, y ) is integrated with respect to

y from y = c to y = d. Hence
Z b Z b Z d 
V = A(x)dx = f (x, y )dy dx.
a a c
Double Integrals

A similar argument shows that

Z d Z b  Z d Z b
V = f (x, y )dx dy = f (x, y )dxdy
c a c a
Double Integrals

Thus,
ZZ Z d Z b
V = f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dxdy
R c a
Z bZ d
= f (x, y )dydx
a c

or we can also write

ZZ Z d Z b
V = f (x, y )dA = dy f (x, y )dx
R c a
Z b Z d
= dx f (x, y )dy .
a c
Double Integrals
Theorem 1.1 (Fubini’s Theorem)
• If f is continuous on the rectangle
R = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 | a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d},
then
ZZ Z b Z d
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dydx
R a c
Z d Z b
= f (x, y )dxdy
c a

• In the special case where f (x, y ) = g (x)h(y ) and

R = [a, b] × [c, d] then
ZZ Z b  Z d 
g (x)h(y )dA = g (x)dx × h(y )dy
R a c
Double Integrals

RR
Example 1.3 Evaluate the double integral R
f (x, y )dA
for
f (x, y ) = 1 − 6x 2 y
and
R = {(x, y )| 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1}.
RR
Answer: R f (x, y )dA = 4.
Example 1.4 Calculate
Z 2 Z π/2
e x cos ydydx.
0 0

Answer: e 2 − 1.
Double Integrals - General Regions
Let f (x, y ) be a function defined on a region D. We suppose
that D is a bounded region, which means that D can be
enclosed in a rectangular region R.
Then we define a new function F with domain R by
(
f (x, y ) if (x, y ) ∈ D,
F (x, y ) =
0 if (x, y ) ∈ R but not in D.
Double Integrals - General Regions

Definition 2.1
If F is integrable over R, then we define the double integral
f
of over D by
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dA = F (x, y )dA
D R

where
(
f (x, y ) if (x, y ) ∈ D,
F (x, y ) =
0 if (x, y ) ∈ R but not in D.
Properties of Double Integrals
Theorem 2.2
Assume that f and g are integrable over D and c is a
constant. Then
RR
(a) D f (x, y )dA = 0 if D has zero area.
RR
(b) If f (x, y ) ≥ 0 on D, then D f (x, y )dA is the volume of
the solid lying vertically above D and below the surface
z = f (x, y ).
RR
(c) D 1dA = Area(D).
(d)
ZZ ZZ ZZ
 
f (x, y ) + g (x, y ) dA = f (x, y )dA + g (x, y )dA.
D D D

(e) ZZ ZZ
cf (x, y )dA = c f (x, y )dA.
D D
Double Integrals - General Regions
Theorem 2.2 (cont’d)
(f) If f (x, y ) ≥ g (x, y ) for all (x, y ) in D, then
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dA ≥ g (x, y )dA.
D D

(g) If m ≤ f (x, y ) ≤ M for all (x, y ) ∈ D, then

ZZ
m area(D) ≤ f (x, y )dA ≤ M area(D).
D

(h) Z Z  ZZ
 

 f (x, y )dA ≤ |f (x, y )|dA.
D D
Double Integrals - General Regions
Theorem 2.2 (cont’d)
(i) If D is the union of domains D1 , D2 , . . . , DN that do not
overlap except possibly on boundary curves, then

ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dA + · · · + f (x, y )dA.
D D1 DN
Double Integrals - General Regions
A plane region D is said to be of Type I if it lies between the
graphs of two continuous functions of x, that is,
D = {(x, y )| a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}
where g1 and g2 are continuous on [a, b].
Double Integrals - General Regions

Theorem 2.3
If f is continuous on a region

D = {(x, y )| a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}

where g1 (x) and g2 (x) are continuous on [a, b], then

ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y )dA = dx f (x, y )dy
D a g1 (x)
Double Integrals - General Regions
RR
Example 2.1 Evaluate D (x + 2y )dA, where D is the
region bounded by the parabolas y = 2x 2 and y = x 2 + 1.

32
Answer: 15
.
Double Integrals - General Regions

A plane regions which can be expressed as

D = {(x, y )| c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y ) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y )}

where h1 and h2 are continuous, is called a region of type II.

Double Integrals - General Regions

Theorem 2.4
If f is continuous on a region

D = {(x, y )| c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y ) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y )}

where h1 (x) and h2 (x) are continuous on [a, b], then

ZZ Z d Z h2 (y )
f (x, y )dA = dy f (x, y )dx
D c h1 (y )
Double Integrals - General Regions
Example 2.2 Find the volume of the solid that lies under
the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 and above the region D in the
xy -plane bounded by the line y = 2x and the parabola y = x 2 .
Solution D can be written as a type II region:
n y √ o
D = (x, y )| 0 ≤ y ≤ 4, ≤x ≤ y .
2
Double Integrals - General Regions

Therefore
ZZ
V = (x 2 + y 2 )dA
D
Z 4 Z √y
= (x 2 + y 2 )dxdy
0 y /2
Z 4 x3 x=√y
2
= +y x  dy

0 3 x=y /2
4  y 3/2
y3 y3 
Z
= − + y 5/2 −
dy
0 3 24 2
2 5/2 2 7/2 13 4 4 216
= y + y − y  = .
15 7 96 0 35
Double Integrals - General Regions

Example 2.3 Find the volume of the solid bounded by the

plane z = 0 and the elliptical paraboloid z = 1 − 4x 2 − y 2 .
Answer: V = π4 .

FIGURE 2.7
Double Integrals - General Regions

RR
Example 2.4 Evaluate D xydA where D is the region
bounded by the line y = x − 1 and the parabola y 2 = 2x + 6.

Answer: 36.
Double Integrals - General Regions

Example 2.5 Evaluate

ZZ
2
e y dA
D

where D is the region bounded by the lines y = 2, x = 0, and

y = x/2.
Answer: e 4 − 1.
Polar Coordinates
Recall that the polar coordinates (r , θ) of a point are related
to the rectangular coordinates (x, y ) by the equations

r2 = x2 + y2 x = r cos θ y = r sin θ

FIGURE 3.1
Polar Coordinates
Integrals Polar Coordinates
If f is continuous on a polar rectangle R given by
0 ≤ a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, where 0 ≤ β − α ≤ 2π, then
ZZ Z β Z b
f (x, y )dA = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ
R α a

Note: dA is replaced by rdrdθ.

Polar Coordinates

Theorem 3.2
If f is continuous on a polar region of the form

D = {(r , θ)| α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ)}

then
ZZ Z β Z h2 (θ)
f (x, y )dA = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ
D α h1 (θ)
Polar Coordinates

Example 3.1 Find the limits of integration for integrating

f (x, y ) over the region D that lies inside the cardioid
r = 1 + cos θ and outside the circle r = 1.

FIGURE 3.3 Region lies inside the cardioid

r = 1 + cos θ and outside the circle r = 1.
Polar Coordinates

Example 3.2 Use a double integral to find the area

enclosed by one loop of the four-leaved rose r = cos 2θ.
Polar Coordinates
Solution A loop is given by the region
n π π o
D = (r , θ) : − ≤ θ ≤ , 0 ≤ r ≤ cos 2θ .
4 4
So the area of one loop of the four-leaved rose is
ZZ Z π/4 Z cos 2θ
A= dA = rdrdθ
D −π/4 0
π/4
1 π/4
  
1
Z r =cos 2θ
Z
2
= r  dθ = cos2 2θdθ
2 −π/4 r =0 2 −π/4
Z π/4
1 1  1 π/4
= (1 + cos 4θ)dθ = θ + sin 4θ 

4 −π/4 4 4 −π/4
π
= (square units).
8
Polar Coordinates

Example 3.3 Find the volume of the solid that lies under
the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 , above the xy -plane, and inside the
cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 2x.
Polar Coordinates

Solution In polar coordinates, the boundary circle becomes

r 2 = 2r cos θ or r = 2 cos θ. Thus the disk D is given by
n π π o
D = (r , θ)| − ≤ θ ≤ , 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 cos θ .
2 2
Polar Coordinates

Therefore,
ZZ Z π/2 Z 2 cos θ
2 2
V = (x + y )dA = r 2 rdrdθ
D −π/2 0
π/2 Z π/2
1 4 2 cos θ
Z
= r  drdθ = 4 cos4 θdθ
−π/2 4 0 −π/2
Z π/2 Z π/2
=8 cos4 θdθ = 2 (1 + cos 2θ)2 dθ
0 0
Z π/2
 1 
=2 1 + 2 cos 2θ + (1 + cos 4θ) dθ
0 2
3 1 π/2 3π
= 2 θ + sin 2θ + sin 4θ  = .

2 8 0 2
 Section 2

Triple Integrals
Triple Integrals

Problem: Find the triple integral of f (x, y , z) on a

rectangular box

E = {(x, y , z)| a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d, r ≤ z ≤ s}.

The first step is to divide E into sub-boxes. We divide [a, b]

into m subintervals, divide [c, d] into n subintervals, [r , s] into
p subintervals. The planes through the endpoints of these
subintervals parallel to the coordinate planes divide the box
into mnp sub-boxes

Eijk = [xi−1 , xi ] × [yj−1 , yj ] × [zk−1 , zk ].

Triple Integrals

Each sub-box Eijk has volume ∆Vijk = ∆xi ∆yj ∆zk . Then we
form the triple Riemann sum
m X p
n X
X
∗ ∗ ∗
f (xijk , yijk , zijk )∆Vijk ,
i=1 j=1 k=1

∗ ∗ ∗
where the sample point (xijk , yijk , zijk ) is in Eijk .
Triple Integrals

Definition 5.1
The triple integral of f over the rectangle E is
ZZZ
V = f (x, y , z)dV
E
m X p
n X
X
∗ ∗ ∗
= lim f (xijk , yijk , zijk )∆Vijk
m,n,p→∞
i=1 j=1 k=1

if this limit exists.

The triple integral always exists if f is continuous.
Triple Integrals

Theorem 5.1 (Fubini’s Theorem)

If f is continuous on the rectangular box

E = [a, b] × [c, d] × [r , s],

then
ZZZ Z b Z d Z s
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dxdydz
E a c r

Note There are five other possible orders in which we can

integrate, all of which give the same value.
Triple Integrals
A solid region E is said to be of type 1 if it lies between the
graphs of two continuous functions of x and y :

E = (x, y , z)| (x, y ) ∈ D, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )
where D is the projection of E onto the xy -plane.

Then
ZZZ ZZ  Z u2 (x,y ) 
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dz dA (3)
E D u1 (x,y )
Triple Integrals
In particular, if the projection of E onto the xy -plane is a type
I plane region,

D = (x, y , z)| a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)

then

E = (x, y , z)| a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x),

u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )

and Equation (3) becomes

ZZZ Z bZ g2 (x)Z u2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z)dV= f (x, y , z)dzdydx
E a g1 (x) u1 (x,y )
Triple Integrals

If D is a type II plane region then


E = (x, y , z)| c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y ) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y ),

u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )

and Equation (3) becomes

ZZZ Z dZ h2 (y )Z u2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z)dV= f (x, y , z)dzdxdy
E c h1 (y ) u1 (x,y )
Triple Integrals

Example 4.1 Evaluate

ZZZ
I = (x + y + z)dV ,
E

where E is bounded by the coordinate planes

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and the plane x + y + z = 1.
Answer: I = 18 .
Triple Integrals
A solid region E is of type 2 if it is of the form

E = (x, y , z)| (y , z) ∈ D, u1 (y , z) ≤ x ≤ u2 (y , z)
where D is the projection of E onto the yz-plane.

Then
ZZZ ZZ  Z u2 (y ,z) 
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dx dA
E D u1 (y ,z)
Triple Integrals
Finally, a type 3 region is of the form

E = (x, y , z)| (x, z) ∈ D, u1 (x, z) ≤ y ≤ u2 (x, z)
where D is the projection of E onto the yz-plane.

Then
ZZZ ZZ  Z u2 (x,z) 
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dy dA
E D u1 (x,z)
Triple Integrals
RRR √
Example 4.2 Evaluate E
x 2 + z 2 dV , where E is the
region bounded by the paraboloid y = x 2 + z 2 and the plane
y = 4.
Triple Integrals
Solution The projection D of E onto the xz-plane is the
disk x 2 + z 2 ≤ 4. Since

E = {(x, y , z)| (x, z) ∈ D, x 2 + z 2 ≤ y ≤ 4}.

we have
ZZZ √ ZZ  Z 4 √

x 2 + z 2 dV = x 2 + z 2 dy dA
E x 2 +z 2
Z ZD √
= (4 − x 2 − z 2 ) x 2 + z 2 dA.
D

Using polar coordinates: x = r cos θ, z = r sin θ,

D = {(r , θ)| 0 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}

Triple Integrals

and so
ZZZ √ Z 2π Z 2
x2 + z 2 dV = (4 − r 2 )r · rdrdθ
E
0Z 2π0   Z 2 
2 4
= dθ · (4r − r )dr
0 0
4 1 5 2  128
3
= 2π r − r  = π.
3 5 0 15
 Section 3

Cylindrical Coordinates
Triple Integrals - Cylindrical Coordinates
In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point P in
three-dimensional space is represented by the ordered triple
(r , θ, z), where r and θ are polar coordinates of the projection
of P onto the xy -plane.
To convert from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates, we use
the equations
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ z =z
Triple Integrals - Cylindrical Coordinates
In cylindrical coordinates:
• The equation r = a
describes an entire cylinder
about the z-axis.
• The z-axis is given by
r = 0.
• The equation θ = θ0
describes the plane that
contains the z-axis and
makes an angle θ0 with the
positive x-axis.
• The equation z = z0
describes a plane
perpendicular to the z-axis.
Triple Integrals - Cylindrical Coordinates

Example 5.1 Find a cylindrical coordinate description for

the region D bounded below by the plane z = 0, laterally by
the circular cylinder x 2 + (y − 1)2 = 1, and above by the
paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 .
Triple Integrals - Cylindrical Coordinates
Suppose that

E = (x, y , z)| (x, y ) ∈ D, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )
where D is given in polar coordinates by

D = (r , θ)| α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ) .
Then
ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dV
E
Z β Z h2 (θ) Z u2 (r cos θ,r sin θ)
= f (r cos θ, r sin θ, z)rdzdrdθ
α h1 (θ) u1 (r cos θ,r sin θ)

Note dV is replaced by rdzdrdθ. RRR

Example 5.2 Evaluate the integral Ω
zdV , where Ω is
2 2 2
the region inside the sphere x + y + z = 6 and above the
paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 .
11
ANSWER: 3
π.
 Section 4

Spherical Coordinates
Triple Integrals - Spherical Coordinates

The spherical coordinates (ρ, θ, φ) of a point P in space are

given by the equations
x = ρ sin φ cos θ y = ρ sin φ sin θ z = ρ cos φ
Here 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, and
ρ2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Triple Integrals - Spherical Coordinates
If E is a spherical wedge given by

E = (ρ, θ, φ)| a ≤ ρ ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, c ≤ φ ≤ d

then
ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dV
E
Z Zd Zβ b
= f (ρ sin φ cos θ, ρ sin φ sin θ, ρ cos φ)ρ2 sin φdρdθdφ
c α a

This is the three dimensional analogue of the formula for

integrals in polar coordinates. Note that the part
ρ2 sin φdρdθdφ comes from the approximate volume of small
spherical wedges (see next slide)

ρ2i sin φk ∆ρ∆θ∆φ.

Triple Integrals - Spherical Coordinates
Triple Integrals - Spherical Coordinates

More generally, if E is defined by

θ1 ≤ θ ≤ θ2 , φ1 ≤ φ ≤ φ2 , ρ1 (θ, φ) ≤ ρ ≤ ρ2 (θ, φ)

then we have
ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dV
E
Z θ=θ2Z φ=φ2Z ρ=ρ2 (θ,φ)
= f (ρ sin φ cos θ, ρ sin φ sin θ, ρ cos φ)ρ2 sin φ dρdθdφ
θ=θ1 φ=φ1 ρ=ρ2 (θ,φ)
Triple Integrals - Spherical Coordinates
Example 5.3p Find the volume of the solid that lies above
the cone z = x 2 + y 2 and below the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = z.

Answer: V = π8 .
Triple Integrals - Spherical Coordinates

Solution: The sphere passes through the origin and has

1
center (0, 0, 2 ). The description of the solid in spherical
coordinates is
E = 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π4 , 0 ≤ ρ ≤ cos φ .

The volume of E is
ZZZ Z 2π Z π Z cos φ
4
V = dV = ρ2 sin φdρdφdθ
E 0 0 0
Z 2π Z π
4 1
ρ=cos φ
  
= sin φ ρ3  dφdθ
0 0 3 ρ=0
Z Z π
1 2π 4 π
= sin φ cos3 φdφdθ = · · · = .
3 0 0 8
Problems Set

Section Exercises
15.2 (p. 1011) 5, 6, 8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30
15.3 (p. 1019) 4, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27,
29, 32, 35, 42, 45, 46, 49, 50, 53, 62, 63, 64
15.4 (p. 1026) 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22
24, 25, 27, 29, 32
15.7 (p. 1049) 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 20, 21, 29, 33, 35, 36
15.8 (p. 1055) 3, 7, 8, 10, 15, 19, 16, 17, 20, 21,
22, 23, 29, 30
15.9 (p. 1061) 3, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27
30, 35, 36, 40