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CÔ GỬ I TÀ I TIỆ U THÊ M (CHAPTER 1, UNITS 4, 5, 6, 7)

UNIT 4: ADJECTIVES
UNIT 5: ADVERBS
UNIT 6: PREPOSITIONS
UNIT 7: CONJUNCTIONS

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CHAPTER 1: PARTS OF SPEECH

Unit 4: Adjectives

OBJECTIVES: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to

know the definition, classification, position, and order of English adjectives; and
use adjectives, especially articles and quantifiers, correctly in sentences.

GETTING STARTED
Work in groups of four. Discuss the following questions. You can use any resources
(grammar books, internet, etc.) to help you.
1. What are adjectives?

2. How many kinds of adjectives are there? What are they?

3. What are the positions of adjectives in a sentence?

4. What is the order of adjectives when there are more than one before a noun?

GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE

I. Definition
Adjectives are words used to describe nouns, pronouns, or noun-equivalents.
Example: - They live in a beautiful house.
- Swiss chocolates are famous all over the world.
- Many cars are parked in the basement.

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II. Classification

Kinds of adjectives Examples

1. Proper adjectives - American jeans are probably the best jeans
in the world.
- Hydrogen gas is the lightest gas and
element.

2. Descriptive adjectives: tell something - He is a funny little man.

about the appearance, nature, or - The green grasshopper is sitting on the
properties of the nouns. flower.

3. Numeral adjectives: show the number - We ordered for two cups of coffee.

of nouns. - Kim bought six apples.
 Cardinal numbers - Peter secured first position in his class.
 Ordinal numbers - December is the twelfth month of the year.

4. Interrogative adjectives: are used to - Which boy is the tallest in this class?
ask questions. - Whose hat is this?
WHAT - What time is it?
WHICH + NOUN - Which/ What color do you like best?
WHOSE

5. Possessive adjectives: used to show - Where is your hat?

possession or ownership of something. - My basket is bigger than her basket.
My, our, your, his, her, its, their, one’s

6. Demonstrative adjectives: are used to - This pen is expensive.

point out the noun. - Those people are strange.
This, that, these, those + Noun

7. Indefinite adjectives: are used to - There’s some ice in the fridge.

describe a noun in a non-specific sense. - All horses are animals but not all animals
Some, any, no, little, few, many, much, are horses.
each, every, all

8. Articles: are used to indicate whether a - I’m a student.

noun in a sentence is specific or general. - The house overthere is mine.
A, an, the

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III. Positions of adjectives in sentences
Positions of adjectives
1. Generally before a noun
2. After TO BE or linking verbs
3. After a noun
a. In a series linked by conjunctions
b. In a phrase
c. Denoting measurement and time
d. As an objective complement
e. Adjectives begun with ‘a’: asleep, - The police wanted to arrest the thief alive.
awake, alike, alive, awry (xiên, lệch), - Are the children still awake?
alone, afloat, akin to (có họ hàng với),...
 placed after Nouns or To Be/
Linking verbs
f. In a few expressions
g. Proper noun + THE + Adj
4. After an Indefinite Pronoun
Examples
- He is a clever student.
- We live in an independent country.
- I feel hungry.
- Are you thirsty?
- The baby looks healthy.
- We feel happy.
- He has a face thin and worn but eager and
resolute.
- He is a writer both witty and wise.
- She carries a basket full of fruit.
- I want to employ a secretary capable of
translating scientific papers.
- The mountain is over 5,000 feet high.
- They have built a tower 10 storeys high.
- I met a man 100 years old.
- They set the prisoner free.
- His appearance makes me frightened.
- The Secretary General.
- Court martial
- By all means possible
- The sum total
- All the people present
- Alfred the Great (Alfred Đại đế)
- William the Silent (William người trầm lặng)
- King George the First
- I’ll tell you something important.
- He’ll provide everything necessary.
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Positions of adjectives Examples

- There’s nothing new under the sun.

IV. Adjective Order before Nouns

Article Nume Opinion Size Qualilty Shape Age Color Nationalit Mate Typ Purpose Noun
Demonstrati ral y origin rial e/ (Noun/
ve ordin Kind Verbal)
Possessive al
Indefinite cardin
al
a, an, the first Nice big quiet, round new old black French cotto sports/ watches
this, that, secon ugly small famous square young brow Vietnames n swimmin
these, d terrible importa n e plasti g
his, her, my, one nt soft, red, c
some two wet, blue, lead
difficult green
, fast,
angry,
warm
these four expensiv Square golde Swiss wrist Watches
e n
my sister’s first nice Blue swimmin Suit
g
a wonderf new face cream
ul
some nice easy quiz question
an elect kettle
ric
awful plasti souvenir
c s
white leath running shoes
er
A long patient queue
A small Round bath
the first new Red French sports cars
two
Mary’s sudden surprising attitude
some sour big green American apples

Notes:
- Adjectives of size and length usually go before adjectives of shape and width.

- Adjectives of Personality/Emotion can precede or follow Young/Old: a young ambitious

man (stronger stress on young), an ambitious young man (less stress on young)

- Adjectives of Personality/Emotion come after Adjective of Physical description, including

dark/fair/pale but before color: a small suspicious official, a pale anxious girl, a long
patient queue, a kindly black doctor.

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V. Articles

A. Form & Pronunciation

a student, a book, an idea

A, AN + singular, countable
Indefinite article Not: a students, an ideas, a water
nouns
(U), a music (U)

singular countable N the man

Definite Article THE + plural N the shoes
uncountable N the water

a book, a car, a day, a friend, a girl

A + Consonant sound
But: an hour
Indefinite
Article an apple, an egg, an interview, an
AN + Vowel sound old coat, an umbrella
But: a university

THE [đə] + Consonant Sound the book, the car, the girl
Definite Article
THE [đi:] + Vowel sound the end

B. Use

The indefinite article “A/AN” is used

1. when the listener or reader does not - There is a book on the table.
know exactly which person or thing (We don’t know which book.)
we mean. - He met a girl last night. She works in a bank.
(We don’t know which girl or which bank.)

2. when we say what someone or - I’m an architect.

something is. - He’s a vegetarian.
- It was a good film.

3. when we to talk about something in - A vegetarian doesn’t eat meat.

general (meaning “any”). - An architect designs buildings.

The definite article “THE” is used

1. when we talk about people or things that - I met a girl and a boy. I didn’t like the boy

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we have already mentioned.
2. when we say which person or thing we
mean.
3. when it is clear from the situation which
person or thing we mean.
4. when we mention the unique thing.
5. with superlative comparison or
ordinal number.
6. before proper name of
- oceans, seas, rivers, canals, plural
lakes,
- deserts, island groups, mountains
- hotels, theatres, museums, clubs,
restaurants, pubs
- newspapers
But: not with hotels, restaurants,
churches, ... named after the people who
started them or saints + the possessive ‘s
7. when we talk about something in
general.
 species of animals, flowers and plants;
cinema, theatre; musical instruments,
inventions
THE + singular count N
 groups of people
THE + Adj
No article
We do not use articles
When talking about things in general
Before places when we think of the main
very much, but the girl was very nice.
- My father bought a shirt and some shoes.
The shoes were quite expensive.
- Who is the man over there talking to Sue?
- “Where’s Simon?” “He’s in the bathroom.”
(= the bathroom in this house.)
- Are you hot? I’ll open the window. (= the
window in this room.)
- I got into a taxi. The driver asked me where I
wanted to go. (= the driver of the taxi.)
the sun, the moon, the earth, the Queen
- He is the richest man in the world.
- She is the first to come.
- the Pacific, the Red Sea, the Nile, the
Panama Canal
- the Sahara, the Canaries; the Himalayas
- the Plaza, the Cannon Cinema, the Prado
Museum, the Black Cat Club, the Hard Rock
Cafeï, the Swan (pub)
- the Times
The Macy’s Hotel, The Lloyds Bank, The
Woolworths, The St Peter’s Church, The St
Paul’s Cathedral
- The dolphin is an intelligent animal.
- Which do you prefer, the cinema or the
theatre?
- She can play the guitar and the flute.
- Marconi invented the radio.
- The young should listen to the old.
- The English drink a lot of tea.
- I like potatoes.
- Milk is good for you.
- I think I’ll go to bed early tonight. (to sleep)
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purpose of the place - Maria goes to school every morning. (to study)
- Mr. Woods has gone into hospital. (for
medical treatment)

Before continents, countries, states, - I live in Cantho.

departments, towns, cities, village,
streets,

Before individual lake or mountain Lake Michigan, Lake Geneva, Mount Everest,
Mount Fuji

Before languages, meals, holidays - I had lunch with John.

Before parts of the body, and some - She goes to work by bus (plan / car / train)/on
forms of transport foot.

VI. Quantity Expressions

A. Quantity: General

When we talk about quantity, we use words such as:

- some, any
- much, many, a lot, (a) little, (a) few
- no, none
- all, every, each
- both, either, neither
- more, most, half

1.
We can use the above words (except none, a
lot, & half) directly before a noun.
- There are some eggs in the fridge.
- Have we got any milk?
- There are no letters for you today.
- Both films were very good.

2.
We also use these words (except no and - I’ve finished writing some of the letters.
every) before of + the, her, your, this, … + - Can either of your parents speak French?
noun

We also use these words (except no and - Not all of these books are mine. Some of
every) with of before an object pronoun them are Peter’s.
(them, us, it, etc.) - Neither of us saw the film.

After all, half, and both we can leave out of - I switched off all (of) the lights.

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before the, her, my, your, this, etc.
But after all, half, and both we cannot leave
out of before an object pronoun (e.g. them,
us, it)
We can also use every one of before the, her,
my, etc. or an object pronoun.
3.
We can also use these words (except no and
every) alone, without nouns.
In stead of all and each alone, we often use
all of + object pronoun (them, it, etc.) and
each one
We can also use every one alone.
B. Some and Any
1.
We use some and any before plural nouns
and uncountable nouns to talk about an
indefinite quantity.
2.
In general, we use some mostly in affirmative - There are some letters for you.
sentences and any mostly in negative
sentences and questions.
3.
We use any after words with a negative
meaning eg. without, never, seldom, rarely,
- Half (of) my friends are on holiday at the
moment.
- I enjoyed both (of) the films.
- Have you read these books?
Not all of them. (Not … all them.)
- I haven’t finished my homework. I’ve done
about half of it. (Not … half it.)
- She invited both of us to the party. (Not …
both us…)
- Every one of the students passed the exam.
- I’ve read some of those books, but not
every one of them.
- If you want some coffee, I’ll make some.
- Were there a lot of people on the train? –
No, not many.
- I like some Elvis Presley records, but not
all of them.
- They’ve got three children and each one
goes to a different school.
- I’ve read some of these books, but not
every one.
- Some letters - any letters
- Some money - any money
- I’ve got some money.
- There aren’t any letters for you.
- I haven’t got any money.
- I found a taxi without any trouble.
- You never do any homework.
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hardly. - There are hardly any eggs left.

4.
We can use some or any after if. - If you need some/any money, tell me.

5.
We normally use any in open questions - Have you got any writing paper?
(when we do not expect a particular answer). - Is there any tea in the cupboard?

But we use some in questions when we - Have you got some paper I could have,
expect people to say ‘yes’. please? (I think you have got some paper; I
expect you to say ‘yes’)

We also use some in questions when we want - ‘Can you let me have some paper?’
to encourage people to say ‘yes’, for example ’How much do you want?’
in requests and offers. - ‘Would you like some more tea?’
’Oh, yes please.’

6.
We can also use any to mean ‘it doesn’t - You can get the tickets from any travel
matter which’ or ‘whichever you like’. agency.
- I can come and see you any day next week.

7.
We also use some (with the strong - Some people like lying in the sun; others
pronunciation /sʌm/) to make a contrast. don’t.

Notes:
Some time means ‘at some indefinite time’. - Let’s meet some time next week.

Sometimes means ‘on some occasions’ - We sometimes meet after school.

The difference between something &

anything, somebody/someone &
anybody/anyone is the same as the difference
between some & any.

C. Much, Many, A Lot of, (A) Little, (A) Few

1.
We use much and (a) little with uncountable - Much milk, much rice
nouns, and many and (a) few plural - Many cars, many books

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countable nouns.
We use a lot of, lots of and plenty of with
both uncountable nouns and plural countable
nouns.
Note: - a lot /lots = a great quantity or number
- plenty = more than enough
2. Much, Many, A Lot (of)
We use much and many mostly in questions
and in negative sentences.
In affirmative sentences, we normally use a
lot (of), lots (of) and plenty (of), not much
and many
But we often use much and many in
affirmative sentences after too, as, so, and
very.
3. (A) Little, (A) Few
A little and a few are positive ideas.
A little means ‘a small amount, but some’.
A few means ‘a small number, but some’
Little and Few, without a, are more negative - There’s little work to do. We’re already
ideas. Little means ‘not much’ or ‘almost no’;
Few means ‘not many’ or ‘almost no’.
Little and few (without a) are rather formal.
In everyday speech, it is more common to
use not much, not many, only a little, only a
few, or hardly any (= almost no).
- (a) little wine, (a) little sugar
- (a) few jobs, (a) few eggs
- A lot of milk, a lot of cars
- Lots of rice, lots of books
- Plenty of wine, plenty of jobs
- How much milk have we got?
- We haven’t got much milk.
- Is there much rice left?
- There isn’t much rice left.
- Has he got many books?
- He hasn’t got many books.
- We’ve got a lot of milk.
Not: We’ve got much milk.
- There’s lots of rice left.
Not: There’s much rice left.
- He’s got plenty of books..
- We’ve got far too much milk.
- Take as much milk as you want.
- I’ve got so many jobs to do today.
- We enjoyed the party very much.
- There’s still a little work to do before we
go home. (= a small amount of work, but
some work)
- The exam was extremely difficult, but a
few students passed it. (= a small number of
students, but some students)
finished most of it. (=almost no work)
- The exam was extremely difficult and few
students passed it. (= almost no students)
- There isn’t much time left.
- Hardly any students passed the exam.
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But very little and very few are quite common - I’ve got very little money.
in everyday speech. - Very few people went to the football match.

D. No and None
1. No

We use no (= ‘not a’ or ‘not any’) before a - There’s no lock on the door.

noun. - There are no letters for you today.
- We’ve got no milk.

We can use no before singular countable - No lock

nouns, plural countable nouns and - No letters
uncountable nouns. - No milk

No is more emphatic than not a or not any. - There isn’t a lock on the door.
- There aren’t any letters for you today.

2. None
None is a pronoun; we use it alone, without a - ‘Are there any letters for me today?’
noun. ’No, none. I’m afraid.’
- ‘How much milk have we got?’ ‘None’.

Before my, this, the, etc or an object pronoun - None of my friends have seen the film.
eg us, them, we use none of. - None of the photographs were very good.
- None of us have any money.

When we use none of with a plural noun, the - None of my friends have/has seen the
verb can be singular or plural. film.
* A singular verb is more formal.

E. All, Every, Everybody, Everything, Whole

1. All and Every

Every has a similar meaning to all; every - All the students in the class passed the
means ‘all without exception’. exam.
- Every student in the class passed the exam.
(= all the students without exception)

Note that we can use all with plural words, - All children like playing.

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but we only use every with singular words.
We can use all but not every with
uncountable nouns.
2. All, Everybody, Everything
We do not normally use all alone, without a
noun, to mean everybody or everyone.
We do not often use all to mean everything.
But we can use all to mean everything in the
structure all (that) + relative clause.
We also use all in the expression all about.
We can also use all to mean ‘the only
thing(s)’ or ‘nothing more’.
3. All and Whole
Whole means ‘complete’ or ‘every part of’.
We normally use whole with singular
countable nouns.
We always use the, my, this, etc. before
whole + a singular noun
We can also use the, my, this, etc with all,
but the word order is different.
We can also use a whole before a (singular)
noun.
- Every child likes playing.
- Do you like all pop music?
(not: … every pop music)
- All the people stopped talking.
- Everybody stopped talking.
(not: All stopped …)
- I have invited all the students in my class
to the party.
- I have invited everyone in my class to the
party. (not: … all in my class…)
- Everything is so expensive these days.
(not: All is so expensive these days.)
- Have you got everything?
(not: Have you got all?)
- Have you got all (that) you need?
- He’s forgotten all (that) I told him.
- Tell me all about yourself.
- I’ m not hungry. All I want is a cup of tea.
- I didn’t see the whole film. I missed the
first part.
- I spent my whole salary on clothes last
month.
- The whole film
- My whole salary
- All the film - the whole film
- All my salary - my whole salary
- Mike ate a whole chicken himself.
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We do not normally use whole with
uncountable nouns.
4. All day, every day, etc.
- We use all with some singular countable
nouns (e.g. all day/morning/week/year to
mean ‘the whole of’
- We use every day/morning, etc. to say how
often something happens.
We can use the whole day/morning etc.
instead of all day/morning etc.
* The whole is stronger than all in this use.
F. Both, Either, Neither
1. Both
We use both (= ‘the two together’ or ‘one
and the other’) before a plural countable
noun.
We use both of before the, your, these, etc +
plural noun; in this case we often leave out
of.
We use both of before the plural object
pronouns you, us, them; in this case, we
cannot leave out of.
We can use both after an object pronoun.
2. Either and Neither
We use either (= ‘one or the other’) and
neither (= ‘not one and not the other’) before
a singular countable noun.
We use either of and neither of before your,
these, the, etc. + a plural countable noun.
We also use either of and neither of before
the plural object pronouns you, us, them.
- We’ve finished all the coffee. (not: … the
whole coffee.)
- I work hard all day. (= the whole day)
- I work hard every day. (= Monday,
Tuesday, etc.)
- We’ve been waiting the whole
morning/all morning.
- Both films were very good.
- I spoke to both girls.
- Both (of) the films were very good.
- Do both (of) your parents like dancing?
- She invited both of us to the party.
(not: … both us …)
- She invited us both to the party.
- We could meet on Saturday or Sunday.
Either day is fine with me.
- Neither road goes to the station.
- Can either of your parents speak French??
- Neither of these roads goes to the station.
- Can either of you type?
- Neither of us went to the party.
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After neither of we can use a singular or a
plural verb.
A singular verb is more common in a formal
style.
- Neither of these roads goes/go to the
station.
- Neither of us is/are hungry.

Note:

We also use both, either and neither as - I spoke to both Sally and Peter.
correlative conjunctions to link ideas: - John is both thoughtful and generous.
- both … and … - She both speaks Japanese and writes it.
- either … or … - I don’t like either football or rugby very
- neither … nor … much.
- We can either stay in or go out.
- Neither Mrs Woods nor her husband were
at home.
- He neither apologized nor explained.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

CLASSIFICATION
Exercise 1: Name the bold adjectives in the following sentences.
1. The roar of the guns sounded terrible.
____________________________________________________________________

2. The tired and hungry child lay down on the bed.

____________________________________________________________________

3. The first chapter of this novel is short.

____________________________________________________________________

4. Which coat is yours?

____________________________________________________________________

5. My friend’s brother has three different bicycles.

____________________________________________________________________

6. I am sorry that the storm has done some damage to your house.
____________________________________________________________________

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7. Many apples, ripe and green still hung on the tree.

____________________________________________________________________

8. These low tables belong to that room.

____________________________________________________________________

9. The old lady looked sad and weary.

____________________________________________________________________

10. Which vitamins should be taken every day?

__________________________________________________________________________

Interrogative Adjectives
Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with suitable interrogative adjectives.
1. _________________ time is the flight?

2. _________________ girl has a red bag?

3. _________________ mother is a nurse?

4. _________________ subject do you like?

5. _________________ books are these?

6. _________________ jacket is yours? The blue one or the red one?

7. _________________ bicycle is this?

8. _______________ school do you go to? This one or the one in the city center?

9. _______________ parents are coming to the meeting at school tonight?

10. _______________ city did she work in, Mumbai or Kolkata?

Possessive Adjectives
Exercise 3: Write the correct possessive adjective in the blank.
1. Two students didn't do ____________ mathematics homework.

2. I have a car. ____________ color is black.

3. We have a dog. ____________ name is Pancho.

4. Nancy is from England. ____________ husband is from Australia.

5. Ann and Nadia go to a high school. ____________ little brother goes to primary school.

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6. Alan has a van. ____________ van is very old.

7. We go to a high school. ____________ high school is fantastic.

8. I like singing. ____________ mother sings with me.

9. François and Alain are French. ____________ family are from France.

10. Mary likes ____________ grandmother. She often visits her.

Demonstrative Adjectives

Exercise 4: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. ___ elephants are sleeping under the shade of the baobab tree over there.
A. This B. That C. These D. Those
2. ___ students at Vo Truong Toan want to transfer to our school.
A. This B. That C. These D. Those
3. Come here and look at ___ film. It is an interesting movie to watch.
A. this B. that C. these D. those
4. May I buy five of ___ pictures hanging over there, please?
A. this B. that C. these D. those
5. You shouldn't do it like that, do it ___ way.
A. this B. that C. these D. those
6. Take one of ___ books from that pile.
A. this B. that C. these D. those
7. Everyone does it ___ days.
A. this B. that C. these D. those
8. Everyone did it in ___ days.
A. this B. that C. these D. those
9. If ___ class doesn't stop making so much noise, I'm going to go and tell them to shut up.
A. this B. that C. these D. those
10. Can you see what ___ word is? It's too far away for me.
A. this B. that C. these D. those

Descriptive Adjectives
Exercise 5: Fill in the gaps with the correct Adjective from the box. Use every Adjective only
once.

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beautiful funny gentle happy

frightened kind painful strange
little serious

Going to the Dentist

When I was (1) ______________ I was (2) ______________ of going to the dentist. I always
thought that it would be (3) ______________. The room smelled (4) ______________ and
the dentist always looked very (5) ______________. But now I am (6) ______________ to
go. My new dentist is very (7) ______________ and he always makes me laugh! He is very
(8) ______________! He never hurts me because he is very (9) ______________. And now
my teeth are (10) ______________ and strong.

POSITIONS OF ADJECTIVES
Exercise 6: Put the adjectives in their right positions.
1. These are students. (intelligent)
2. Mary looked this morning. (pale)
3. Vicky looked. (ill)
4. Vicky is a girl. (sick)
5. I want a glass (full of water)
6. He is a boy. (worthy of praise)
7. I have something to tell you. (special)
8. There is nothing under the sun. (new)
9. The lake is over five meters. (deep)
10. He is 2 meters. (tall)
11. We saw a picture of a lion. (asleep)
12. I have never seen a deer. (alive)
13. He is a boy. (neither intelligent nor hard-working)
14. She is a girl. (both beautiful and grateful)
15. I find the book. (interesting)

ADJECTIVE ORDERS
Exercise 7: Circle the letter of the correct order of Adjectives.
1. We all sat around our ___ table.
A. wooden, old, dining B. old, dining, wooden
C. old, wooden, dining D. wooden, dining, old
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2. My father gave my mother a ___ vase for her birthday.

A. beautiful, Venetian, flower B. Venetian, beautiful, flower
C. flower, beautiful, Venetian D. beautiful, flower, Venetian
3. I put on my ___ shirt.
A. cotton, white, new B. white, new, cotton
C. new, cotton, white D. new, white, cotton
4. Our new sports teacher is a ___ man.
A. slim, Indian, tall B. tall, slim, Indian
C. Indian, tall, slim D. slim, tall, Indian
5. My baby sister has ___ eyes.
A. round, black, big B. black, round, big
C. big, round, black D. round, big, black
6. My brother gave me a(n) ___ game.
A. new, exciting, computer B. computer, new, exciting
C. exciting, computer, new D. exciting, new, computer
7. We went to a café and had a dish of ___ noodles.
A. hot, tasty, Chinese B. Chinese, hot, tasty
C. tasty, hot, Chinese D. Chinese, tasty, hot
8. Our neighbor has a ___ motorbike.
A. Japanese, red, powerful B. powerful, red, Japanese
C. red, powerful, Japanese D. Japanese, powerful, red
9. I need a ___ bag for the new term.
A. new, leather, school B. leather, new, school
C. new, school, leather D. leather, school, new
10. I’m wearing a pair of ___ jeans.
A. old, blue, denim B. blue, old, denim
C. denim, old, blue D. old, denim, blue

ARTICLES
Exercise 8: Complete the story using A, AN, THE or X.
(1) ___ man from California was spending (2) ____ month in (3)____ Britain. One day he
booked into (4) ____ hotel in (5) ____ Cheltenham, (6) ____ nice old town in (7)____ West
of (8)____ England. Then he went out to look around (9) ____ place. But (10) ____ man
didn’t return to (11) ____ hotel. He disappeared, leaving (12) ____ suitcase full of clothes
behind.(13) ____ police were called in, but they were unable to find out what had happened to
(14) ____ missing tourist. It was (15) ____ mystery. But two weeks later (16) ____ man
walked into (17) ____ police station in (18) ____ Cheltenham. He explained that he was very
sorry, but while walking around (19) ____ town, he had got lost. He had also forgotten (20)
____ name of (21) ____ hotel he had booked into. So he had decided to continue with his tour

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of (22) ____ country and had gone to visit (23) ____ friend in (24) ____ Scotland before
returning to pick up (25) ____ case he had left behind.

Exercise 9: Complete the conversations. Put in ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the.’

Examples: Laura: Look outside. The sky is getting very dark.
Trevor: I hope there isn’t going to be a storm.

Mike: I’m going out for (1) ____ walk. Have you seen my shoes?
Harriet: Yes, they’re on (2) ____ floor in (3) ____ kitchen.

Melanie: Would you like (4) ____ tomato? There’s one in (5) ____ fridge.
David: Oh, yes, please. I’ll make myself (6) ____ cheese and tomato sandwich.

Sarah: If you’re going into (7) ____ city centre, can you post these letters for me?
Mark: Yes, I’ll take them to (8) ____ main post office.

Rita: I’ve got (9)____ problem with my phone bill. Can I see someone about it?
Receptionist: Yes, go to (10)____ fifth floor. (11)____ lift is along the corridor.

Tom: I didn’t know Melanie had (12)____ dog.

David: It isn’t hers. She’s just taking it for a walk while (13) ____ owner is away.

Vicky: I’ve got (14) ____ headache. I’ve had it all day.
Rachel: Why don’t you go to (15) ____ health center? It’s open until six.

Andrew: Guess what. I found (16) ____ £50 note on the pavement this morning.
Jessica: You really ought to take it to (17) ____ police station, you know.

Exercise 10: Add A, An, The where necessary.

Examples: - We saw an interesting film at the cinema last night.

- I start X work at 9 o’clock every morning.

1. _______ Soviet Union is _______ biggest country in _______ world.

2. Have you ever been to _______ St Peter’s Square in _______ Rome?

3. _______ weather was lovely when I woke up yesterday morning; _______ sun was
shining and there was _______ beautiful blue sky.

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4. My sister works in ____ large hospital in ____ London. She’s ____ doctor.

5. Who was _______ woman you were talking to just now?

6. ‘Where’s Kate?’ ‘She’s in _______ living room.’

7. What time do you usually have _______ lunch?

8. Do you prefer cooking with _______ gas or _______ electricity?

9. We visited _______ Prado Museum when we were in _______ Madrid.

10. What time does Andrew finish _______ school?

11. There are 20 classrooms in _______ school.

12. Who invented _______ telescope?

13. How long have you been looking for _______ work?

14. Did you go to _______ Scotland by _______ car or by _______ train?

15. _______ Japanese export a lot of cars.

16. Sue and Frank have got two children; _______ girl and _______ boy. _______ girl is
_______ student and _______ boy is _______ engineer.

17. ____ Giovannis’s restaurant is next to ____ Midland Bank in ____ Bath Road.

18. Are you interested in _______ politics?

19. _______ Atlantic Ocean is larger than _______ Indian Ocean.

20. _______ Mont Blanc is higher than _______ Mount Etna.

QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS

Quantity: General

Exercise 11: Choose the correct answer.

Example: I’ve finished most/most of my homework.

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1. Not all/all of birds can fly.

2. The teacher interviewed each/each of student in turn.

3. I’ve heard some/some of those records, but not all/all of them.

4. I can’t lend you any/any of money because I haven’t got any/any of.

5. Most/Most of people like Kate.

6. Neither/Neither of my parents will be at home this evening.

7. Neither/Neither of these jackets fits me properly.

8. ‘How much/much of coffee have we got?’ ‘Not a lot/a lot of.’

9. A few/A few of Simon’s friends went to the concert, but not many/many of.

10. Are there many/many of museums in Brighton?

11. We tried several chemist’s and every/every one of them was closed.

12. He spends most/most of his time watching TV.

13. My sister has read nearly every/every one of book in the library.

14. I answered each/each of question carefully.

15. Do either/either of these books belong to you?

Some and Any

Exercise 12: Complete the sentences using some or any. Sometimes either word is possible.

Example: He hasn’t got any brothers or sisters.

1. There are __________ people outside who want to see you.

2. I like __________ water sports, but not all of them.

3. Can you buy __________ butter when you go to the shops? There’s hardly __________
left.

4. ‘Could I have __________ more coffee, please?’ ‘Yes, of course.’

5. ‘I haven’t got _______ money.’ ‘Would you like me to lend you _______?’

6. If you need __________ more information, please ask me.

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7. Phone me __________ time you like tomorrow. I’ll be at home all day.

8. I’ve done __________ revision for the exams, but not much.

9. __________ museums are worth visiting, but others aren’t.

10. Tell me if you want __________ help.

Much, Many, A Lot of, (A) Little, (A) Few

Exercise 13: Complete the sentences using much, many, a lot (of), a little or a few.
Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

Examples:
- There are so many jobs to do today and we haven’t got much/a lot of time.

- There were only a few people in the cinemas.

1. I know ___________ people in London, but not many.

2. We’ve got ___________ coffee left, but not much.

3. He earns ___________ money in his job.

4. She’s got ___________ classical music records.

5. We had ___________ wine with our meal, but not very much.

6. Have we got ___________ potatoes left?

7. How ___________ money did you spend on holiday?

8. I didn’t enjoy the party on Saturday very ___________. There were far too
___________ people there, and there wasn’t ___________ food and drink, so
everybody was hungry and thirsty.

Exercise 14: Choose the correct answer.

Example: I’ve got a little/little money, so I could lend you some if you want.
1. I’m sorry, but I’ve got very a little/little money at the moment. I’m afraid I can’t lend
you any.

2. He has very a few/few friends and he gets rather lonely.

3. She has a few/few friends in London and she’s very happy there.

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4. It is an extremely poor country: it has a few/few natural resources and a little/little good
agricultural land.

5. Would you like a little/little more wine? There’s still a little/little left in the bottle.

6. It won’t take long to drive into town. There’s very a little/little traffic on the road at this
time of the day.

7. I think Peter went out a few/few minutes ago.

8. It’s a very boring little town; there’s very a little/little to do there.

No and None
Exercise 15: Complete the sentences using no or none.

Example: We really must hurry. There’s no time to lose.

1. ________ of my family are rich.

2. Unfortunately, there were ________ tickets left for the concert.

3. He’s so serious. He’s got ________ sense of humour.

4. I’ve got ________ idea what I’m going to do when I leave school.

5. ________ of the students failed the examination.

6. I haven’t got any money at the moment, ________ at all.

7. My friends and I would all like to go to the concert, but ________ of us has got a ticket.

All, Every, Everybody, Everything, Whole

Exercise 16: Complete the sentences using all, every, everybody or everything. Sometimes
two answers are possible.

Example: Have you spent all the money I gave you?

1. I tried __________ key in the lock, but none of them fitted.

2. __________ enjoyed the film except Peter.

3. I’m really tired. __________ I want to do is go to bed.

4. Listen to me. I can explain __________.

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5. Has Sarah told you __________ about her holiday in Australia?

6. It was late when Simon arrived home and __________ was asleep.

7. Did you remember to switch off __________ the lights?

8. I believe __________ word he says.

9. Have you packed __________ into this suitcase?

10. I learnt __________ I know about physics at school.

Exercise 17: Complete the sentences using all (the) or the whole. Sometimes more than
one answer is possible.

Examples: - We’ve finished all the wine.

- I didn’t see all the/the whole film.

1. __________ family went on holiday together.

2. Have you spent __________ money I gave you?

3. The tap was dripping __________ night.

4. Did you understand __________ information I gave you?

5. She was given __________ advice she needed.

Exercise 18: Choose the correct answer.

Example: My favourite TV programme is on at 8.30 all/every Tuesday evening.
1. What time do you normally get up all/every morning?

2. The weather was terrible yesterday, so we spent all/every day at home.

3. Peter was late for work all/every day last week.

4. My neighbours had a party last night and the noise kept me awake all/every night.

5. The questionnaire was sent to all/every employee.

Both, Neither, Either

Exercise 19: Complete the sentences using both, both of, either, either of, neither, neither
of. In one sentence two answers are possible.
Example: The tennis match was very exciting. Both players were very good.

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1. ‘Have your parents got a car?’ ‘No, ___________ them can drive.’

2. They don’t like each other and I made the mistake of inviting them ___________ to my
party.

3. ‘What does ‘ambidextrous’ mean?’ ‘It means being able to use ___________ hand with
equal skill.’

4. ‘Which of these shirts do you prefer?’ ‘I don’t really like ___________ them very
much.’

5. ‘What’s the capital of Switzerland, Geneva or Zurich?’ ‘___________. It’s Berne.’

6. Simon had a very bad accident when he was younger. He fell from a tree and broke
___________ his legs.’

GRAMMAR IN USE

Exercise 20: Read the letter below and

(1) underline the adjectives;
(2) Find out and correct 10 mistakes on adjectives and articles.

1 Hello Jane,

2 How are you? What did you do last weekend? Did you play soccer with your friends? I
3 was rather busy with my study. In your previous letter, you asked me about my best
4 friend. Today I will tell you about her.

5 My best friend is Nhung, and her full name is Tran Hong Nhung. She is eighteen years
6 old, and she comes from Can Tho city. We first met at high school. She is not only
7 beautiful but also intelligence. She looks quite thin, and she is very tall. She has eyes
8 black, red lips and nice smile. She is a generous person but serious. However,
9 sometimes, she is quite humorous and easy-going. She gets on well with everyone in
10 my class; she is willingness to help me whenever I have difficult. Besides, she is also
11 talkative person. She always talks everywhere and all the time, so sometimes, I get
12 angrily with her, but I always love her.

13 We have many hobbies similar; for example, we both enjoy playing sports,

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14 especially table-tennis. We often play it when we have free time. I hope that ours
15 friendship will last forever.

16 I have just told you about my close friend. Can you tell me about yours?

17 I’m waiting for your letter.

18 Best wishes,

19 Nam

Exercise 21: Let’s talk.

A. Let’s talk about your best friend.

1. Who is your best friend? What does s/he look like?

2. How long have you known each other?

3. How did you first meet each other?

4. What do you like most about your friend?

5. What do you often do together?

B. Let’s talk about your favourite teacher.

6. Who was your favourite teacher at high school?

7. Why did you like him/ her?

8. What did s/he look like?

9. Do you still keep in touch with your favourite teacher?

10. In your opinion, what are some essential qualities of a good teacher?

Exercise 22 (*): Present some important qualities of a good friend.

Suggested ideas:

1. Understanding

2. Caring

3. Loyal

4. Smart

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5. (your own idea)

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CHAPTER 1: PARTS OF SPEECH

Unit 5: Adverbs

OBJECTIVES: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to

know the definition, classification, functions, position, and order of English adverbs;
and
use adverbs correctly in sentences.

GETTING STARTED
Work in groups of four. Discuss the following questions. You can use any resources
(grammar books, internet, etc.) to help you.
5. What are adverbs?

6. How many kinds of adverbs are there? What are they?

7. What are the functions of adverbs in English?

8. What are the positions of adverbs in a sentence?

9. How are adverbs arranged when there are more than one before a noun?

GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE

I. Definition
An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a
phrase, a clause, or the whole sentence.

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II. Classification
Types
1. Adverbs of Time: to show when the action
happens: already, late, lately, still, tomorrow,
early, now, soon, yesterday, finally, recently,
today, yet, before, …
2. Adverbs of Frequency: to show how often
the action happens
- ever, always, usually = normally/ generally,
often = frequently, occasionally, sometimes,
rarely, seldom, hardly ever, never, …
3. Adverbs of Place: to show where the action
happens
4. Adverbs of Manner: to show how the action
happens
Manner adverbs are often formed from
adjectives by adding –ly.
Some common manner adverbs have the
same form as adjectives and they have
similar meanings (e.g. fast, right,
wrong, straight, tight).
5. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity: to show
how much, in what degree, or to what extent
the action happens; or to express degrees of
qualities, properties, states, conditions and
relations.
- little, much, extremely, very, very much,
just, enough, quite, only, merely, too, rather,
nearly, almost, absolutely, perfectly,
somewhat, a (little) bit, entirely, pretty,
terribly, a lot, fairly, totally, awfully, highly,
remarkably, utterly, completely, lots, slightly
6. Adverbs of Affirmation: certainly,
naturally, surely, of course, very well,
7. Adverbs of Negation: never, neither, nor,
Examples
- I have heard this before.
- Today he arrived late.
- Mr Brown formerly lived here.
- I have told you twice about that.
- He often makes mistakes.
- They seldom come here.
- She always tries to do her best.
- Wasted time never returns.
- Please wait for me right here.
- The horses galloped away.
- Walk backward.
- The teacher reads the text clearly.
- We waited anxiously by the phone.
- The beef steak is well prepared.
- They are working hard in the garden.
- You should not do so.
- Driving fast is dangerous.
- He was too careless in his speech.
- These durians are almost ripe.
- I am fully prepared.
- He is good enough for my purpose.
- You are partly right.
- She speaks English pretty well.
- Surely you are mistaken about that.
- I’ve definitely decided to go to
California.
- We never go out for dinner.
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Types Examples
nowhere, at no time, by no means, in no - He can scarcely have said so.
cases, in no way, under no circumstances, on
no account, in no occasion, not only, no
sooner…than, seldom, rarely, hardly,
scarcely, little
8. Adverbs of Possibility: maybe, perhaps, - The weather possibly turned cold.
possibly, probably - Maybe, they will be late again.
9. Interrogative Adverbs: to make questions - Where is he from?
- Why are they so late?
- When will they come?
10. Relative Adverbs: to introduce an Adjective - We have visited the village where
Clause Nguyen Du was born.

Notes:

1. Several words are used sometimes as adverbs and sometimes as prepositions. A word is a
preposition when it governs a noun or pronoun. It is an adverb when it does not.

Adverb Preposition
- Go and run about. - Don’t loiter about the street.
- Has he come in? - Is he in his room?
- The wheel came off. - The driver jumped off the car.

2. Two adverbs sometimes go together, joined by the conjunction “and”.

Adverbs Meanings
again and again repeatedly
By and by before long (ngay bây giờ), presently (chẳng mấy chốc, ngay sau đó,
hiện thời), after a time

far and near/ far and wide in all directions, everywhere (khắp nơi, rộng khắp)

far and away/ out and by a great deal, decidedly, beyond all comparison (bỏ xa, hơn
away hẳn, không thể so sánh được)

first and foremost first of all (trước tiên)

now and then from time to time, occasionally (thỉnh thoảng)
Off and on not regularly, intermittently (chốc chốc, chập chờn lúc có lúc không)

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Adverbs Meanings
once (and) again on more than one occasion (thêm một lần nữa)
Out and out Decidedly (hoàn toàn, triệt để, dứt khoát)
over and above in addition to, besides, as well as (đã thế lại còn…, lại còn…nữa)
through and through thoroughly, completely (hoàn toàn; trở đi trở lại)

to and pro backwards and forwards, up and down (tới lui)

III. Function

Functions Examples
1. Modifier of a verb - Tom runs quickly out of the house.
2. Modifier of an adjective - Those students are quite lazy.
3. Modifier of a another adverb - Our friends study very hard during the exam.
4. Modifier of an adverbial
- I see a plane flying exactly over my house.
phrase
5. Modifier of a adverbial
- I like this house simply because it is near a supermarket.
clause
6. Modifier of a whole - Maybe, I’ll go with you.
sentence - Luckily, I passed the exam.

IV. Position
A. General Positions

Positions Examples

1. right before the adjective - This shirt is too small.

adverb - He speaks very slowly.
preposition - They stand exactly behind me.
conjunction - I like an orange only when it is ripe.
Exception: ENOUGH - My coffee is not sweet enough.
- He didn’t drive fast enough.

2. Right after the Intransitive verb - He sleeps soundly.

3. Before a transitive verb or after its Object - The father severely punished his son.
- The father punished his son severely.

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Positions
4. After special verbs
5. Before or after an infinitive
6. At the beginning of the sentence
- To modify a whole sentence
- To emphasize the adverb itself
- To make an exclamation (*Inversion if
subject is a noun.)
- Interrogative adverb
B. Some Specific Adverbs
1. Adverbs of Time
Still, Yet & Already
Still: ‘as late as now or then’; ‘later
than expected’
- before a full verb
- after be or Aux.
- S + Still + negative (to express
impatience or surprise)
Yet: ‘up to now or then’
- used in questions and negative
sentences
- normally goes at the end of a
clause
- not yet (short answer)
Already: ‘by now or then’; ‘sooner
than expected’
- before a full verb
- after be or Aux.
- end of a clause for emphasis
Examples
- The wind had suddenly risen.
- He can surely do it.
- He is still living with his old parents.
- He seems really to understand.
- Fortunately, the injured man didn’t die.
- Never had I seen anything so dreadful.
- Here she comes!/ Here comes the bride!
- Away it flew!/ Away flew my hat!
- Where does it happen?
- My brother is 18, but he still behaves like a child.
- Has Andrew woken up? – No, he’s still asleep.
- I can still remember the first time we met.
- They received the bill a month ago and they still
haven’t paid it.
- I’ve known Mike for years, but I still don’t
understand.
- Have you had your exam results yet?
- I wrote to her a week ago, but she hasn’t answered
my letter yet.
- Have you passed your driving test yet? – No, not
yet.
- You don’t need to tell Ken the news; he already
knows.
- What time is Sue going to be here? – She’s
already here.
- Could you do the washing up? – I’ve already done
it.
- I’ve seen the film already.
- Have you finished already?
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Any more, Any longer & No longer

We can use not … any more, not … any longer and no longer to say that a situation has
changed.

Any more and Any longer go at the - Annie doesn’t live here any more. She moved
end of a clause. last year.
- My father is not a young man any longer.

No longer goes before a full verb, or - Annie no longer lives here. She moved last year.
after be or an auxiliary verb. - My father is no longer a young man.
We do not normally use no more in this
way.

2. Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of
Meanings Examples
Frequency
ALWAYS 100% of the time, at all - Tom is always late to class. (He never
times, without exception comes early.)
- I’m usually home by six o’clock.
USUALLY 90% of the time
- Doris is usually late to class. (Today she
is early.)
NORMALLY About 80% of the time - I normally get good marks.
- I generally get up at six.
GENERALLY
70% of the time - Bill is often late to class. (3 times a week)
OFTEN
- Buses run frequently between the city and
FREQUENTLY
the airport.
SOMETIMES 50% of the time - Sometimes I go by car.

OCCASIONALLY 30% of the time - We occasionally meet for a drink after

work.
- There is rarely enough time in a week to
RARELY 20% of the time
get everything done.
SELDOM 10% of the time - I seldom put salt on my food.

HARDLY EVER 5% of the time - I hardly ever get angry.

NEVER At no time - Vegetarians never eat meat.

These Adverbs - They usually watch TV.

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- normally go before a full verb
- after be or an auxiliary
- after the first aux. if there are more than
one auxiliary.
Sometimes, usually, normally, frequently,
often & occasionally can also go at the
beginning or end of a clause.
Adverb phrases of frequency (eg every
evening, once a week) normally go at the
end (or the beginning) of a clause.
Adverbs of definite frequency (daily, weekly,
monthly, yearly) normally go at the end of
a clause.
3. Adverbs of Probability
Certainly, definitely, obviously, probably
normally go
- before a full verb
- after be or an auxiliary
- before the negative.
Perhaps & Maybe normally go at the
beginning of a clause.
* Maybe is quite informal.
4. Adverbs of Degree
Fairly < Quite < Rather/Pretty < Very
- She never eats sweets.
- I always go to work by bus.
- They’re usually in bed by 11.30.
- She’s never eaten Chinese food.
- I’ll always remember you.
- These curtains have never been cleaned.
- Have you ever been invited to one of his
parties?
- Sometimes I walk to work.
- Do you see your parents often?
- They watch TV every evening.
- I go swimming once a week.
- The post is delivered here twice daily.
- He probably knows your address.
- They definitely saw me.
- She obviously likes you.
- He’s probably at home now.
- They’ve definitely gone out.
- She can obviously do the job.
- She probably won’t be late.
- He certainly isn’t at home now.
- They’re obviously not very happy.
- Perhaps I’ll see you later.
- Maybe you’re right.
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a.
These adverbs normally go before the - The film was quite good.
adjective or adverb which they - I know her fairly well.
modify.

b.
Quite is stronger than Fairly - I’m fairly tired, but I don’t think I’ll go to bed
yet.
- I’m quite tired. I think I’ll go to bed now.

Rather is stronger than quite.
It means
- ‘more than is usual’
- ‘more than is wanted’
- ‘more than is expected’
- The TV is rather loud. Shall I turn it down?
- We’re rather late. We’d better hurry.
- The concert was rather good. I was surprised.

Pretty = Rather - We’re pretty hungry. We haven’t eaten all day.

Pretty can be used in a more
informal style.

The meaning of fairly, quite, rather & - He’s quite ‘nice. (more positive)
pretty can depend on stress and - He’s ‘quite nice. (less positive)
intonation.

c.
Quite + a/an - He’s quite a young man.
A/An + Fairly/Pretty - It was quite an interesting film.
Rather + a/an or A/An + Rather - He’s a fairly young man.
- It was a pretty interesting film.
- It was rather an interesting film.
It was a rather interesting film.

d.
Quite & Rather can modify verbs. - She quite enjoyed the film.
They go before a full V, but after an - I rather like driving at night.
auxiliary V. - He’s quite enjoying himself.

e.
Rather (not fairly, quite, pretty) can be - Rather colder
used before comparative. - Rather more expensive

f.
Quite can also mean - The animal was quite dead. (= completely dead)
‘completely’ - The meal was quite perfect. (completely perfect)

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- with non-gradable - The story is quite untrue. (completely untrue)

adjectives (cannot be more - She sang quite perfectly. (completely perfect)
or less) - I quite understand. (completely understand)
- with some adverbs and
verbs

Too & Enough

a.
Too goes before Adjectives & Adverbs. - I don’t think I’ll go out tonight. I’m too tired.

Enough goes after Adjectives & - Are you warm enough, or do you want me to
Adverbs. switch on the heating?
- We aren’t working quickly enough. We’d better
hurry.

b. We use too many, too much & enough before Nouns.

Too many + plural count noun
Too much + noncount noun
Enough + count/noncount noun
- I bought too many eggs.
- There’s too much salt in this soup.
- We can’t make an omelette. We haven’t got
enough eggs.
- There’s enough salt in the soup. It doesn’t need
any more.

c.
too & enough + for + O - This jacket is too small for me.
- The flat isn’t really big enough for all of us.

too & enough + to V - It’s too early to have dinner.

- He isn’t old enough to drive a car.

Too & Enough + for O + to V - It’s too early for us to have dinner.
- This jacket isn’t large enough for me to wear.

d.
Too (not enough) can be modified with - Much too heavy
much, a lot, far (=very much), a - Far too cold
little, a bit, rather. - A bit too fast

e.
Too (# very) has negative meaning: - She’s a good worker. She works very quickly.
- ‘more than necessary’ ≠ He works too quickly and makes a lot of

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- ‘more than is good’ mistakes.

Enough has positive meaning.
- They arrived at the airport very late, but they
just caught their plane.
≠ They arrived at the airport too late and missed
their plane.
- He is old enough to be my brother.

So & Such

Such + (Adj) N - She’s such a nice woman.

- Don’t be such a fool!

So + Adj/Adv - She’s so nice.

- Don’t be so foolish!
- He works so slowly.

So (not such) + many/much - There were so many people on the train.

- I’ve got so much to do today. I’m really busy.

Such (not so) + a lot (of) - There were such a lot of people on the train.
- I’ve got such a lot to do today. I’m really busy.

So/Such … that clause - The table was so heavy that I couldn’t move it.
- It was such a beautiful afternoon that we went to the
beach.

Inversion of Subject & Verb with front-position adverbs

- Never have I heard such a sweet song.

Adv of Negation + V + S
- Seldom is she absent from school.

- By his side sat his faithful dog.

(His faithful dog sat by his side.)
Adv of Place + Vi + S - In the heart of Hanoi City lies the ‘Lake of Restored Sword’.
(necessary)
- Near the church an old ruined building.

- In front of the museum stands a memorial monument.

Only + Adv + V + S - Only then did they fully understand what he had meant.

- Only with the full agreement of everyone can we hope to

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succeed.

- Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard.

- Only when all attempts at negotiation had failed, did the

workers decide to go on strike.

- So deafening was the noise that I could hardly hear myself

speak.
The noise was so deafening that …
So + Adj/Adv + V + S
- So seriously was he injured that he was taken to the hospital.
He was injured so seriously that …

- My great news comes now.

Now my great news comes.
Now comes my great news.

- He has given me presents many times.

Many times he has given me presents.
When other adverbs
Many times has he given me presents.
begin a sentence for
emphasis, inversion is - We would rather die than live under foreign domination.
NOT obligatory. Rather we would die than live under foreign domination.
Rather would we die than live under foreign domination.

- World wars have taken place twice within my life time.

Twice within my life time world wars have taken place.
Twice within my life time have world wars taken place.

V. Order of Adverbs
1. Pattern One: ORDINARY VERB
Sentence Degree Manner Place Frequency Time

- He spoke to us very rudely right here this morning.

- He has been rather hard downstairs all the day.

working

- She looked at me very tenderly in the park last night.

- Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool every evening before dark.

2. Pattern Two: VERBS OF MOVEMENT

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Sentence Place Degree Manner Frequency Time

- She went there very quickly at 5 o’clock.

- They drove downtown a little slowly this morning.

- We rode to school very carefully yesterday.

- He is going to japan by ship twice during dec.

- John went to the library by bicycle every night last week.

- The king left here secretly three times on sunday.

Note: Shorter adverb goes before longer one.

Example: Dad walks impatiently into town every morning before work to get a newspaper.

VI. Use of some confusing adverbs

Adverb Meaning Example

RARELY not often - He rarely comes to see me.

SCARCELY not quite - I scarcely finished my exercises.

VERY acceptable - He arrived very late. (We waited for him.)

TOO not acceptable - He arrived too late. (We couldn’t wait.)

HARD attentively - He works very hard.

HARDLY nearly not - It’s too dark here. I can hardly see you.

CERTAINLY I know for a fact. It is - I’m certainly not going out in this rain.
definite. - You’re surely not going out in this rain.
SURELY I firmly believe/
I very much hope this to be - I’m certainly going to see it.
true. - It’s worth going to see, surely.
It’s not certain, but I feel
confident it will
probably happen.

FAIRLY to affirm some positive or - Your homework was fairly good this week.
pleasant idea - Your hands look rather dirty.
RATHER the idea is negative or
unpleasant

GRAMMAR EXERCISES
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CLASSIFICATION
Exercise 1: Name the adverbs in the following sentences.

1. Put it there.

2. Can you do it now.

3. Do you know the reason why he left her?

4. Don’t work too hard.

5. He drove off angrily.

6. He is constantly in debt.

7. He was too careless in his speech.

8. How long is this desk?

9. I don’t remember him very well.

10. I have never heard this before.

11. I have told you twice about this.

12. I know a shop where you can find sandals.

13. I looked for it everywhere.

14. I’ll never forget the day when I first met you.

15. I’m definitely decided to go to London.

16. Mary sometimes goes to the cinema with Tom.

17. Please wait for me right here.

18. She angrily tore up the letter.

19. She has never written to me.

20. She is still busy.

21. She smiles friendly.

22. She’s a highly intelligent young woman.

23. Surely you are winners.

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24. The buses go every 10 minutes.

25. The children are playing upstairs.

FUNCTIONS
Exercise 2: Write the function of each Adverb in the sentences.

1. She dances beautifully.

2. That is quite complex work.

3. It ran very quickly.

4. I’m almost through my work.

5. His remarks were not quite to the point.

6. I like this house simply because it is near a supermarket.

7. I see a plane flying exactly over my house.

8. Luckily, he passed the exam

9. She is still busy.

10. He is constantly in debt.

11. Mary sometimes goes to the cinema with Tom.

12. The buses go every 10 minutes.

13. I led a very pleasant life there.

14. She acts too badly.

15. He arrived shortly before it happened.

16. Gradually, men began to travel great distances.

17. Often I visit the village where my parents live.

18. I dislike this room simply because it’s too small.

19. Doubtless he is a genius.

20. He speaks English fluently.

21. Why do you speak so indistinctively?

22. Tom is a rather lazy boy.

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23. There came a voice from the backyard.

24. The rain fell exactly when we arrive home.

25. Do it exactly as I tell you.

26. Maybe she will be late again.

27. I like him mostly because he has a pleasing personality.

28. The dog is lying there now.

29. Tom pronounces the difficult words perfectly well.

30. I did it much against my will.

POSITIONS

Exercise 3: Put the Adverb in brackets into the correct place.

Example: He’ll be in Paris until next Friday. (probably)

 He’ll probably be in Paris until the next Friday.

1. They’ve been trying to contact us. (probably)

_____________________________________________________________________

2. She went to the meeting last week. (probably)

_____________________________________________________________________

3. They take their summer holidays in May. (normally)

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Have you lived in a foreign country? (ever)

_____________________________________________________________________

5. I’ve eaten Indian food. (never)

_____________________________________________________________________

6. Do you live in the same flat? (still)

_____________________________________________________________________

7. He wants to borrow the money. (only)

_____________________________________________________________________

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8. I won’t see Martin again until next weekend. (probably)

_____________________________________________________________________

9. We’ve finished painting the outside of the house. (almost)

_____________________________________________________________________

10. I try to go jogging at least three times a week. (always)

_____________________________________________________________________

11. We haven’t got any time to lose. (certainly)

_____________________________________________________________________

12. I can lend you some money until next week. (certainly)
_____________________________________________________________________

13. He’s complaining about something. (always)

_____________________________________________________________________

14. I don’t watch this TV programme. (usually)

_____________________________________________________________________

Still, Yet & Already

Exercise 4: Complete the sentences using still, yet or already.

Example: Is Lynne still here, or has she gone home?
1. When we arrived at the cinema, the film had _______ started.

2. Paul has been looking for a job for ages, but he _______ hasn’t found one _______.

3. Do you _______ drive the same car or have you sold it?

4. Have you had your exam results, or are you _______ waiting for them?

5. She only started the book yesterday, but she’s finished it _______.

6. ‘They started the job ages ago. Haven’t they finished it _______?’ ‘No, not _______.’

Any more, Any longer & No longer

Exercise 5: Put the correct word in brackets in the correct place in the sentence.

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Example: I don’t want to stay here. (any more/no longer)

- I don’t want to stay here any more.
1. Sue works for the same company in London. (any longer/no longer)
_____________________________________________________________________

2. My brother isn’t a young child. (any more/no longer)

_____________________________________________________________________

3. Her father is unemployed. (any longer/no longer)

_____________________________________________________________________

4. There is a large ship-building industry in Britain. (any more/no longer)

_____________________________________________________________________

Positions of Adverbs of Frequency

Exercise 6: Put the adverbs in the correct place in the sentences. Sometimes more than
one answer is possible.
Example: She always tries to visit her parents at the weekends. (always)
1. I’ve seen that programme on TV. (never)
_____________________________________________________________________

2. He’s late for appointments. (hardly ever)

_____________________________________________________________________

3. They go to the cinema nowadays. (rarely)

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Is he bad-tempered? (often)
_____________________________________________________________________

5. They listen to the radio. (every morning)

_____________________________________________________________________

6. I’m at home before 8 o’clock. (seldom)

_____________________________________________________________________

7. Have you had a really serious illness? (ever)

_____________________________________________________________________

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8. I’ll forget our holiday together. (never)

_____________________________________________________________________

9. She’s been interested in music. (always)

_____________________________________________________________________

10. I brush my teeth. (always/three times a day)

_____________________________________________________________________

Adverbs of Probability

Exercise 7: Put the adverbs in the correct place in the sentence.

Example: In the future, machines will probably do many of the jobs that people do today.
1. Simon is at Sarah’s house at the moment. (probably)
_____________________________________________________________________

2. There will be an election early next year. (probably)

_____________________________________________________________________

3. We’ll play tennis later this afternoon. (perhaps)

_____________________________________________________________________

4. They enjoyed the film very much. (obviously)

_____________________________________________________________________

5. You should go and see the doctor. (definitely)

_____________________________________________________________________

6. I don’t want to be home late tonight. (definitely)

_____________________________________________________________________

7. Computers are becoming more and more important in our lives. (certainly)
_____________________________________________________________________

8. The bridge has been repaired by now. (probably)

_____________________________________________________________________

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Adverbs of Degree
Fairly, quite, rather, pretty
Exercise 8: Complete each sentence using the correct word in brackets. Sometimes
either word is possible.
Examples: She’s quite a generous woman. (quite/fairly)
It’s rather/fairly cold in this room. (rather/fairly)
1. I’ve made _________ a stupid mistake. (pretty/rather)

2. She _________ enjoys working at night. (fairly/quite)

3. It was a _________ boring football match. (pretty/rather)

4. I’m _________ looking forward to the party on Saturday. (pretty/quite)

5. The weather was _________ worse than we’d expected. (quite/rather)

6. My grandfather was _________ an amazing man. (quite/fairly)

7. Maria speaks English _________ well, doesn’t she? (quite/pretty)

8. I’m feeling _________ better today. (fairly/rather)

Too & Enough

Exercise 9: Complete each sentence using too or enough and an adjective or adverb in the
box.
warm dark well early quietly loud

Example: Annie can’t go to school today. She has got a temperature and isn’t well enough to
get up.
1. We couldn’t see what was in the room because it was _____________.

2. I couldn’t hear everything she said because she spoke ____________.

3. They missed their plane because they didn’t leave home ___________.

4. He told them the music was _____________ so they turned it down.

5. We didn’t go to the beach yesterday because the weather wasn’t _____________.

Exercise 10: Complete the sentences using too much, too many or enough.

1. I’d like to go to the cinema, but I haven’t got _____________ money.

2. I can’t drink this soup. It’s got _____________ salt in it.

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3. Doctors say that _____________ sugar is bad for you.

4. We didn’t really enjoy the party; there were far ________ people there.

5. We couldn’t make an omelette because we didn’t have ________ eggs.

So & Such
Exercise 11: Complete the sentences using so or such.
Example: It was such a good film. I really enjoyed it.
1. She’s ______ shy. She always gets very nervous when she meets people.

2. You shouldn’t eat ______ quickly; you’ll give yourself indigestion.

3. It’s _____ an interesting town; there really is ______ much to do there.

4. I was ______ disappointed when I failed my driving test.

5. He felt ______ tired that he decided not to go out.

6. It was ______ a hot day that they had to open all the windows.

7. I’ve made ______ many mistakes in this letter. I think I’ll type it again.

8. He had ______ a lot of luggage that we couldn’t get it all into the car.

ORDERS OF ADVERBS
Exercise 12: Put the parts in brackets in the correct order.
Example: Annie did ____. (last night/her homework/very quickly)
 Annie did her homework very quickly last night .

1. Sue can play ____ (now/very well/the piano)

_____________________________________________________________________

2. I posted ____ (early this morning/in the town centre/your letters)

_____________________________________________________________________

3. The children have been playing ___ (this afternoon/in the park/football)
_____________________________________________________________________

4. It snowed ____ (yesterday evening/heavily/in the north of Scotland)

_____________________________________________________________________
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5. They studied ____ (carefully/later on in the day/the map)

_____________________________________________________________________

6. He walked ____ (out of the room/at the end of the meeting/angrily)

_____________________________________________________________________

7. She played ____ (at the concert/last night/ beautifully/the guitar)

_____________________________________________________________________

8. I have to run ____ (quickly/ after breakfast/ each morning/ down the street / in order to

catch my bus to school)

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

9. He dances ____ (every night/ in the most extraordinary way)

_____________________________________________________________________

10. I lived ____ (with my parents/ to save money/ at home) while I was working on my

doctorate. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR IN USE

Exercise 11: Read the letter below and

(3) underline the adverbs;

(4) Find out and correct 10 mistakes on adverbs.

1 Hi Jane,

2 How have you been? Have you enjoyed your English course? I’ve just registered to
3 learn English at the Centre for Foreign Languages at Can Tho University. I’ll brief tell
4 you about my language classes.

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5 I attend English classes five time a week. All of my classes are in the evening. Right
6 now, I can speak English a bit because I have rarely a chance to communicate with
7 native speakers of English. However, I can write in English pretty good. I will make
8 greatly efforts in order to use English fluent by the end of this course. I usually listen
9 to English songs or TED talks to improve my listening comprehension. Besides, I often
10 also read shortly stories or magazines in English so that I can learn new vocabulary. I
11 keep always a diary to practise writing in English. I believe that if I use regularly
12 English, I can learn it more fastly.

13 Can you tell me about your English classes?

14 Write to me soon.

15 Best regards,

16 Nam

Exercise 12: Let’s talk.

A. Let’s talk about your foreign language learning.

1. What foreign language(s) are you good at?

2. How well can you use the foreign language(s)?

3. Can you speak English fluently?

4. What can you do to improve your English?

5. How often do you practise your English?

B. Let’s talk about your habits.

6. What time do you often get up/ go to bed?

7. How often do you do physical exercises?

8. How often do you cook/ eat out?

9. Do you often go shopping? Why or why not?

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10. Do you usually surf the Internet? Why or why not?

Exercise 13 (*): It is said that learning English is very important for Vietnamese
students. Present some advantages of learning English.

Suggested ideas:

6. Help find a better job (enhance one’s CV)

7. Have more opportunities to pursue higher education abroad

8. Make new friends in other cultures easily

9. (your own idea)

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CHAPTER 1: PARTS OF SPEECH

Unit 6: Prepositions

OBJECTIVES: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to

know the definition and classification of English prepositions; and
use them in sentences correctly.

GETTING STARTED
Work in groups of four. Discuss the following questions. You can use any resources
(grammar books, internet, etc.) to help you.
1. What are prepositions?

2. What are some kinds of prepositions in English?

GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE

I. Definition
A preposition is a word which precedes a noun (or a pronoun) to show the noun's (or the
pronoun's) relationship to another word in the sentence.

II. Classification

A. Prepositions of places

1. Meanings

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(Eastwood, J. (1999). Oxford Practice Grammar, 2nd and new edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press)

2. Position and Movement

Most of these prepositions can express either position (where something is) or movement
(where it is going).

Under Position : The coin was under the sofa.

Movement : The coin rolled under the sofa.

In/Into Position: The manager was in the office.

Movement: The manager came in/into the office.

On/Onto Position: The papers were on the floor.

Movement: The papers fell on/onto the floor.

At/To Position: Vicky was at the doctor’s.

Movement: Vicky went to the doctor’s.

Up/Down Movement: She went up the stairs. Then she went down again.

(A)round Position: They were all sitting (a)round the table.

I live just round the corner.

Movement: They are running (a)round the track.

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3. Differences of Some Prepositions of Place

Above (prep. & adverb)/Over (prep.): ‘higher than’
Below (prep. & adverb)/Under (prep.): ‘lower than

Over A - A is over B.

Under B - B is under A.

Above A - A is above B.

- We stayed at a hotel above the lake.

Below B - B is below A.

- From the top of the hill we could see a house below us in

the valley.

Over: ‘covering’ - He put his hand over his face.

Under: ‘covered by’ - What are you wearing under your coat?
Underneath What are you wearing underneath your coat?

Beneath can sometimes be - He would think it beneath him to tell a lie. (unworthy of
used instead of under, but it is him)
safer to keep it for abstract
meaning. - She married beneath her. (into a lower social class)

Over = Across - We walked over/across the fields to the village.

- The café is just across/over the road.
Over is preferred for - A small bridge goes across/over the river.
movement to the other side of
something high. - He climbed over the wall. (not: across the wall)

Beside vs. Besides

Beside: ‘at the side of’ - We camped beside a lake.

Besides (prep.): ‘in addition to/ as - I do all the cooking and besides that I help Tom.
well as
- Besides doing the cooking I help Tom.

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Besides (adv):
- ‘in addition to that/ as well as - I do the cooking and help Tom besides.
that’ - I can’t afford oysters. Besides, Tom doesn’t like them.
- ‘in any case/any way’

Between vs. Among

Between: normally relates a person/thing - Luxembourg lies between Belgium, Germany,

to two other people/things, but can be and France.
used of more when we have a definite
number in mind.

Among: relates a person/thing to more - He was happy to be among friends again.

than two others; normally we have no
- It’s a village among the hills.
definite number in mind

In, On and At (Place)

In the phone box Sit on the floor Sit at my desk

In the kitchen Walk on the pavement Wait at the bus stop
Work in the garden A number on the door At the crossroads
Swim in the pool Egg on your shirt Wait at the traffic lights

In a town/country On a floor (1st, 2nd, ) At a place on a journey

- Kate lives in York. on the first floor - Does this train stop at
- Atlanta is in Georgia. York?

In a street (GB) On a street (US) At a house/an address

- in Shirley Road - on Fifth Avenue - at Mike’s (house)
- at 65 Shirley Road
On a road/river
- a village on this road At an event
- Paris is on the Seine - at the party

In prison/hospital On the platform At the station/airport

In the lesson
In a book/newspaper
In the photo/picture
In the country
In the middle
In the back/ front of a car
In a queue/line/row
On the farm
On the page/map
On the screen
On the island/beach/coast
Drive on the right/left
On the back of an envelope
At home/work/school
At the seaside
At the top/bottom of a hill
At the end of a corridor

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In and At with Buildings

We use In when we mean inside a - There are 400 seats in the cinema.
building.
- It was raining, so we waited in the pub.

We normally use At when we are talking - I was at the cinema. (= watching a film)
about what happens there.
- We were at the pub. (= having a drink)

B. Prepositions of Time

In + year/month/season On + day/date At + clock time/meal time

in 1988 on Wednesday at three o’clock
in September on 15 April at that time
in winter on that day at the moment
in the 21st century

In + a week or more On + a single day At + two or three days

in the Easter holiday on Easter Monday at Easter/Christmas
in the summer term on Christmas Day
on the weekend (US) at the weekend (GB)

In + part of day On + day + part of day

in the morning on Friday morning
in the evening on Tuesday evening

I woke up in the night. (in the It happened on Monday I can’t sleep at night. (= when
middle of the night) night. it is night.)

Note:

In/On/At + every, last, next, this, - I go to Greece in every summer.

tomorrow and yesterday.
- My brother came home last Christmas.
- I’ll see you on next Friday.
- I leave school in this year.
- The party is tomorrow evening.
- The group set off yesterday morning.

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In time or On time

In time: ‘early enough’
- We’ll have to hurry if we want to be in time for the show.
- We got to the airport in time to have a coffee before
checking in.
- I was about to close the door when just in time I
remembered my key. (= at the last moment)

On time: ‘at the right time’, - The plane took off on time.
‘on schedule’
- I hope the meeting starts on time.
- Rachel is never on time. She’s always late.

At the end & In the end

At the end: ‘at the point - We’re going on holiday at the end of this week.
where something stops’
- At the end of the film I felt very sad.

In the end: ‘finally’, - We couldn’t decide what to do yesterday evening. In the

‘after some time’ end we decided to stay at home.
- At first, I didn’t like him, but in the end we became good
friends.

Other uses of IN
We can use IN for the time it takes to - I did the crossword in five minutes.
complete something.
- Could you walk thirty minutes in a day?

We can also use IN for a future time - Your photos will be ready in an hour. (= an hour
measured from the present. from now)
- The building will open in six weeks/ in six
week’s time.

For, Since, Ago & Before

For (prep.) + a period of time
- to say s.th continues up to the
present
- to say s.th continues in the past,
present, or future
- I’ve been waiting for 40 minutes.
- We’ve known about it for 2 days.
- Melanie has been living here for a year now.
- We were in Rome for ten days last August.
- They usually go on holiday for two weeks every
summer.

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Since (prep.) + a point of time
- to say when s.th began
Ago (adv): ‘before now’
- expression of time + ago
- to talk about a past time measured
from the present
Before (adv): ‘before a past time’
- past perfect + before
During or In
During = In
- to refer to a period of time
During:
- preferred when we say that
something continues all through a
period.
- to refer to an activity (e.g., a visit - We visited the Colosseum during/in our visit to
or meal) rather than a period of time.
During or While
During (prep.) + pharse
While (conj.) + clause
- I’ll be in Manchester for the next three days.
- I’ve been waiting since ten past six.
- We’ve known about it since Monday.
- Melanie has been living here since last year.
- It’s 10 o’clock now. Sue left two hours ago. (Sue
left at 8 o’clock)
- Six months ago they moved to Manchester. (=six
months before now)
- I bought a car in August. I’d passed my driving
test three months before. (in May, 3 months
before August)
- Vicky finally received a reply to the letter she
had written weeks before.
- We were in Rome during/in the summer.
- It snowed during/in the night.
- We were in Rome during/in the whole of the
summer.
Rome.
- During/in lunch I explained my plans.
- I often read during a meal.
- It happened during the night.
- You’ll have to be quiet during the performance.
- I often read while I’m eating.
- It happened while they were asleep.
- Were there any phone calls while I was out?
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By or Until

Until/Till (prep. & conj.): - -- ‘up to the - I’ll stay until Sunday lunchtime. (up to Sunday
time when’ lunchtime)
- Both + phrase/clause
- Till is more informal. - He’ll be out till 10 o’clock. (up to 10 o’clock)

By (prep.) + Phrase - I’ll have to leave by Sunday lunchtime. (not

- ‘not later than’ later than Sunday lunchtime)

By the time + Clause - He’ll be home by 10 o’clock. (not later than 10)

- There was no food left by the time we arrived.

C. Other Prepositions

But & Except

But/Except + N/Pronoun - Come any day but tomorrow.

bare Inf.
- Read the last but one line. (đọc dòng trên dòng cuối.)
clause
- The restaurant is open every day except
Monday.
- He did nothing but complain.
- I could do nothing except agree.
- I don’t deny but that you are telling the truth.
(Tôi không phủ nhận rằng anh đang nói thật.)

- Who knows but that what he says is true? We

have no proof that he is lying. (Đố ai biết được điều nó
nói là không thật? Chúng ta đâu có bằng chứng cho thấy nó nói
dối.)

- I understand everything except why she killed

him.

But is more usual when Prep.+ O is - Nobody but Tom knew the way.
placed immediately after Nobody,
- Nothing but the best is sold in our shops.
None, Nothing, Nowhere.

Except is more usual when the Prep. - Nobody knew the way except Tom.
Phrase
- comes later in the sentence.
- after All, Everybody, Everyone,
Everything, Everywhere, etc.

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But is more emphatic after anybody,
anything, anywhere, etc.
As, Like, As if
As (prep.) + phrase
- to talk about a job or
function
Like (prep.) + phrase
- to talk about things being
similar.
- to give examples
As/Like (conj.) + Clause
- Like is more informal.
As + Verbs of speaking or
knowing
As if/As though + Clause
(subjunctive)
- to say how s.th seems
- Like, in informal style, is
s.times used instead of As
if/though
- You can park anywhere but/except here.
- She works as a fashion model.
(She is a fashion model.)
- As a beginner you simply have to learn the basics.
- I’m using this tin as an astray.
- She dresses like a fashion model.
- Mark is a good golfer, but today he played like a
beginner.
- You look like your brother.
- She enjoys some water sports, like sailing and
windsurfing.
- We drive on the left here, as/like you do in Britain.
- Mike and Sarah are going to Paris for the weekend,
as/like they did last year.
- As I said before, I’m sorry.
(I’m sorry, and I said so before.)
- I haven’t much money, as you know.
(I haven’t much money, and you know it.)
- Rachel arrived late, as we expected.
(We expected her to arrived late, and she did.)
- Tom looks really awful. He looks as if/as though he had
been up all night.
- Nick can be a difficult person. He sometimes behaves as
if/as though he were the only one with problems.
- It looks like it’s going to stop raining.
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Means of Transport

By + means of transportation (car/ bus/ - I always come to school by bus.

train/ plane/ helicopter/ hovercraft/
coach/ Underground = Tube/ boat/
ship/ lorry/ truck/ tram/ etc.)

By + transportation environment - They travelled to Paris .

(land/ air/ sea)

By + surface area (rail/ road/ water)

On foot - Does he usually go to school on foot?

In + my/a/the/… + Car - I usually go to work in my car.

Helicopter
taxi
* If you must sit inside a vehicle, you use
‘in’.

On + my + bicycle - They went for a ride on a motorbike.

a motorbike
- Did you go to London on the train?
the Public transport
… (bus/train/etc.)
* I you can stand or walk on a vehicle, or
if you sit or stand on the top of the
vehicle, you use ‘on’.

On the way: ‘during the journey’ - I’m driving into town. I’ll get some petrol on
the way.

In the way: ‘blocking the way’ - We couldn’t get past because there was a
parked car in the way.

III. Positions of Prepositions

A. Preposition + Noun
Some useful phrases

On holiday - I’m travelling on business.

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On business - We’re on a coach tour of Europe.

On a journey/a trip/a tour

In cash - It’s cheaper if you pay in cash.

By cheque/credit card - Can I pay by credit card?

In writing - Could you confirm that in writing?

In pen/biro/felt-tip/ink/ pencil - I’ll write the names in pencil.

On television - I saw the programme on TV.

On the radio/the phone/ the Internet - Mark is on the phone at the moment.

For sale - The house next door is for sale.

On the market - It’s the best hi-fi on the market.

On the whole - On the whole it’s a good idea, but there are
In general one or two problems.
- People in general aren’t very interested in
politics.

In advance - The company wants us to pay for the goods in

Up to date advance.

Out of date - Oh no! My passport is out of date.

- These latest figures are up to date.

In my opinion - All sport is silly in my opinion.

From my point of view - Matthew never sees things from Emma’s
point of view.

On purpose - I didn’t spill my drink on purpose.

By mistake/chance/ accident - I pressed the wrong button by mistake.
- We didn’t arrange to meet. We met by chance
in the street.

B. Noun + Preposition
Some useful phrases

Difference between - There are a lot of differences between living

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Contrast between in the country and living in a city.

Reason/ Demand/ Need/ appetite/ - What was the reason for the accident?
application/ desire/ order/
- There is a need for more houses in this area.
preference/ request/ taste/ wish for

Respect for - Respect for the environment

Increase/ Rise/ Decrease/ Reduction/ - There has been an increase in the price of
Fall in sth petrol.
- There has been a reduction in the number of
unemployed.

Increase/ Rise/ Decrease/ Reduction/ - An increase of $10

Fall of + an amount
- A reduction of 3%

Difficulty in doing s.th - Does he have much difficulty in doing his

Difficulty with s.th school work?

Matter with - Does he have much difficulty with his school

work?
Trouble with
- Something the matter with you
- Having trouble with my teeth

Example of - This building is an example of good modern

architecture.

Cause of - What was the cause of the accident?

Picture/photograph of - Have you got a photograph of your family?

Cost of - The cost of living

Hope of - No hope of winning

Lack of - A lack of money

Price of - The price of food

Student of - A student of chemistry

Answer/ solution/ reply/ invitation/ - Have you had an answer to your letter?
reaction to - I got an invitation to dinner yesterday.

Damage to - Some damage to the car

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C. Adjective + Preposition
1. Feelings
excited about - I’m excited about having my birthday party tomorrow.

Sorry about s.th - I’m sorry about the mistake.

Sorry for s.o - I feel sorry for poor Melanie.

Anxious about so/s.th - Vicky is anxious about her exams.

feeling worried or nervous
- People are anxious for news.
Anxious for s.th
wanting s.th very much

Angry AT/ABOUT sth - We were angry at/about the delay.

Angry WITH s.o - Sarah was angry with Henry.

Annoyed AT/ABOUT sth - We were annoyed at/about the delay.

Annoyed WITH s.o - Emma was annoyed with Mathew.

Pleased ABOUT s.th - I was pleased about winning.

Pleased WITH s.o - The winner was pleased with himself.

Happy ABOUT/WITH - Happy about the arrangements

Disappointed - Disappointed with the poor figures

WITH/ABOUT

Nervous OF/ABOUT - Nervous of flying

Surprised/ shocked/ - We were surprised at/by the size of the house.

astonished/ amazed
AT/BY

Afraid/ Ashamed/ - Are you afraid of spider?

Fridghtened/ scared/
- I’m ashamed of myself
Fond/ Proud/ full/
short/ Aware/ - He is fond of my sister
conscious/ jealous/
- We are very proud of you.
envious/ suspicious/
capable/ tired OF - Are you jealous of his success?
- We are a bit short of milk. Can you buy some more?

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Keen on - She’s not very keen on tennis.

Interested in - I’m quite interested in photography.

2. Good/Bad
Good/Clever/ brilliant/ To talk about a person’s - Good at tennis
bad/ hopeless AT ability. - Bad at games

Good/bad FOR To talk about whether sth - Oranges are good for you.
makes you healthy or ill - Smoking is bad for you.

Good/ kind/ nice/ polite/ For behaviour towards - My friends have been good
rude TO another person to me.
- You were very rude to the
waitress.

Good/ kind/ nice/ polite/ To talk about a person’s - It was very nice of Simon
friendly/ rude/ stupid OF behaviour to lend you the money.

3. Others
Different from/to - He’s very different from/to his sister.
Famous for -  He became internationally famous for his novels.
Fit for - He is not fit for the job.
Full of - The bottle is full of water.
Guilty of - The jury found the defendant not guilty of the offence.
Involved in - We need to examine all the costs involved in the project
first.
Prepared/ Ready/ Responsible - I was not prepared for all the problems it caused.
FOR - I'm just getting the kids ready for school.
- Mike is responsible for designing the entire project.
- Who's responsible for this mess?
Safe from - He was safe from attack.
Same … as - Our children go to the same school as theirs.
Similar to - Their ideas are similar to mine.
Typical of - This meal is typical of local cookery.
Used to - I am used to driving on the left in England.

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D. Verb + Preposition
Some common prepositional verbs
Agree with - Yes, I agree with you.

Appologize for - Tom’s neighbors apologized for the noise.

Approve of - I approve of the new scheme. I think it’s a good idea.

Apply for - Have you applied for the job?

Ask for - The patient asked for a glass of water.

Believe in - Do you believe in God?

Care about - I’m sorry, but I don’t care about your problems.

Care for (= like) - I didn’t care for the film.

Concentrate on - Please concentrate on your work.

Consist of - The US consists of fifty states.

Deal with - I can deal with any enquiries.

Decide on - Claire finally decided on a holiday in Turkey.

Depend on - Whether we go out will depend on the weather.

Feel like - I feel like a drink. (= want)

Laugh at/ smile at - Everyone laughed at the joke.

Listen to - I was listening to the radio.

Look at - Look at this photograph.

Pay for - Did you pay for the coffee?

Rely on - You can’t rely on the weather forecast.

See to - I’ll see to the matter at once.

Suffer from - Vicky suffers from headaches.

Ask/ complain/ dream/ - Did you hear about the accident?

enquire/ hear/ know/ learn/ - Mark was talking about golf.
protest/ speak/ talk/ think/
wonder ABOUT We discussed about the problem.
But: Discuss about

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Dream/ hear/ think OF - I’d never tell you a lie. I wouldn’t dream of it.
- Who’s Ron Mason? – I don’t know. I’ve never heard of
him.
- Did you like the play? What did you think of it?

Apologize / complain/ talk/ - I’m writing to my sister.

write TO - We talked to Natasha about classical music.
But: phone to - I’m phoning to the office.
E. Verb + Object + Preposition
Some common prepositional verbs
Accuse sb of sth: say that sb has done sth - Tom accused Nick of cheating at cards.
wrong or is guilty of sth

Add … to: put sth together with sth else to - Can I add something to your list?
increase the size, number, amount,..

Aim/Point … at: direct a weapon, … toward - You should never aim/point a gun at
sth/sb someone.

Ask … for: request that sb gives sth or does
th
Ask sb about sth: request information by
means of a question
- Let’s ask someone for directions.
- Did I tell you about my operation?
- Ask your travel agent about cheap flights.

Inform sb about/of: give sb fact or - You should inform everyone about/of the
/information about sth, to tell sb decision.

Blame sb/sth for sth/ - The passengers blamed/criticized the

Blame sth on sb/sth: think or say that airline for the delay.
sb/sth is responsible for sth bad

Borrow sth from sb/sth: take and use sth - I’ll have to borrow the money from my
that belong to s.o else, and return it to parents.
them at a later time

criticize sb/sth for sth: say what you do not - The government has been criticized for not
like or think is wrong about sb/sth taking the problem seriously.

Compare A with/to B = Compare A and B: - If you compare these figures with/to last
examine people or things to see how they year, you can see the improvement.
are similar and how they are different

Congratulate sb on sth: tell sb that you are - I congratulated Andrew on his excellent
pleased about their success or exam results.

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acchievement

Cut/Divide/Split sth into sth: divide sth into - Melanie cut/divided/split the pudding into
two or more pieces with a knife four portions.
Cut sth from sth: remove sth or part of sth, - He cut four thick slices from the loaf.
using a knife

Discourage/prevent sb from doing sth: - The cameras discourage/prevent motorists

stop sb from doing sth from speeding.

Insure sth/oneself against sth/ - Luckily, he had insured himself against

Insure sth/oneself for sth: buy long-term illness.
insurance so that you will receive money
- The painting is insured for $1 million.
if your property, car, etc. get damaged or
stolen, or if you get sick or die

Invite sb to sth: ask sb to come to a social - Harriet has invited us to a party.

event

Prefer sb/sth to sb/sth: like one - I prefer hot weather to cold. I hate the cold.
thing/person better than another

Provide/Supply sb with sth: give sth to sb, - The hotel provided/supplied us with a
or make it available for them to use packed lunch.

Regard sb/sth as sth: think about sb/sth in a - Most people regard Picasso as a great
particular way artist.

Rob sb/sth of sth: steal money or property - The two men robbed the woman of her
from a person or place savings.
- The tomb had been robbed of its treasures.

Steal sth (from sb/sth): take sth from a - They stole £20,000 from her.
person/place without permission, and
without indending to return it or to pay
for it

Share sth with sb: use sth at the same time - The restaurant was full. We shared a table
as sb else; give some of what you have to with a young Swedish couple.
sb else
- Eli shared his chocolate with the other kids.

Spend sth on sth/on doing sth: use - Mike doesn’t spend much money on
money/time/effort for goods/services/a clothes.
particular purpose/

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Suspect sb/sth of sth: have an idea that sb is
guilty of sth, without having definite
proof
Tell th to sb/ Tell sb sth/ Tell sb about sth:
to make sth known in spoken or written
words
Thank sb for sth: tell sb that you are
grateful for sth
Translate sth into sth: express the meaning
of speech or writing in a different
language
Warn (sb) of sth: tell sb about sth, esp. sth
dangerous or unpleasant that is likely to
happen, so that they can avoid it
Warn (sb) about/against sth: strongly
advise sb to do or not to do sth in order
to avoid danger or punishment
Remind sb (about sth): help sb remember
sth, esp. sth important that they must do
Remind sb of sb/sth: make sb remember or
think about the other person,place, thing,
Write/Describe/Explain … to s.o
- How long did you spend on your
homework?
- Zedco suspected one of their managers of
selling commercial secrets.
- He told the news to everyone he saw.
- Did she tell you her name?
- Why wasn’t I told about the accident?
- Don’t forget to thank Tom for his help.
- Victor translated the letter into English.
- The police are warning (teamsters) of
possible traffic jams.
- She has been warned of the danger of
driving in weather like this
- He warned us against pilferers.
- The police have warned shopkeepers about
shoplifters.
- The doctor warned us against waking her
too soon.
- Emma reminded me about my
appointment.
(Emma told me not to forget.)
- Emma reminds me of my sister.
(Emma is like my sister.)
- I’ve written several letters to the company.
- The woman described her attacker to the
police.
- It was difficult to explain the problem to
beginners.
- The government now has to explain its
decision to the public.
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GRAMMAR EXERCISES

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACES
Exercise 1: Put in the prepositions. Sometimes more than one answer is correct.

Example: Sarah is getting out 1. David is going ________ 2. The furniture is ________
of the taxi. the ladder. the van.

3. My friend live in a flat 4. The boss is coming 5. There’s a garage

________ a shop. _________ the corridor. _________ the house.

6. We walked _________ the 7. There’s a statue ________ 8. Tom and Nick are walking
lake. the museum. ________ the stadium.

Exercise 2: Complete the conversations. Choose the correct preposition.

1. Vicky: I felt really afraid when I was walking home from/off the club. All the time I
could hear someone behind/in front of me, but I didn’t dare turn round.
Rachel: I expect you were imagining it.

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Vicky: No, I wasn’t. I saw him after I’d come in across/through the gate. He was
wearing a long black coat that came down well below/under his knees.

2. Daniel: You know Adam, don’t you? He’s very strange. He walked right along/past me
yesterday as I was coming among/down the stairs, but he didn’t say hello.
Mathew: The other day he was sitting beside/opposite me at lunch, so I couldn’t help
looking at him. I said hello, but he didn’t speak.

Exercise 3: Look at the plan and explain where things are. Use Between, Next to or
Opposite.

Example: The bank is next to the gift shop.

1. The sports shop is _____________ the bank.

2. The travel agency is _____________ the sports shop and the art gallery.

3. The restaurant is _____________ the art gallery.

4. The gift shop is _____________ the bank and the restaurant.

5. The art gallery is _____________ the travel agency.

Exercise 4: Put in the correct preposition.

Example: Rachel was lying on on the grass reading a book.

1. It’s my holiday next week. I’m going ___________ Spain.

2. There was a big crowd ___________ the shop waiting for it to open.

3. That man is an idiot. He pushed me ___________ the swimming pool.

4. I went ___________ the chemist’s just now, but I didn’t notice if it was open.

5. David hurt himself. He fell ___________ his bike.

6. There’s a café ___________ top of the mountain. You can have a coffee there before you
go down.

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7. The sheep got out ___________ a hole in the fence.

8. Pompeii is quite ___________ Sorrento. It’s on a short train ride.

9. There’s such a crowd. You won’t find your friend ___________ all these people.

10. She is waiting ___________ the entrance.

Exercise 5: Put in the preposition in, on, or at.

Example: We spent the whole holiday on the beach.

1. I read about the pop festival __________ a magazine.

2. My parents’ flat is __________ the twenty-first floor.

3. Melanie was holding a small bird __________ her hands.

4. I’ll meet you __________ the airport.

5. Natasha now lives __________ 32 The Avenue.

6. I was standing __________ the counter in the baker’s shop, waiting to be served.

7. London is __________ the Thames.

8. There weren’t many books __________ the shelves.

9. The passengers had to stand __________ a queue.

10. The woman sitting next to me left the train __________ Chesterfield.

Exercise 6: Complete the sentences. Use in or at and these words: the petrol station, the
restaurant, the stadium, the station, the theatre, the zoo.

Example: There’s a huge crowd in the station waiting for the Games to start.

1. Sarah’s just rung. She’s ____________________ getting some petrol.

2. The children like the wild animals. They’d love to spend an afternoon
____________________.

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3. It was so hot ____________________ that I didn’t really enjoy the play.

4. We’re quite a large group. Ther may not be enough room ____________________ for all
of us to sit together.

5. I saw Daniel while I was ____________________ waiting for a train.

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
Exercise 7: Mark is arranging a business meeting. Decide if you need in, on or at. If you
do not need a preposition, put a cross (X).
Mark: I’m sorry I was out when you called X yesterday afternoon, Alice. Look, I’m free
on the fifteenth of March. Can we meet then?

Alice: I’m pretty busy (1)_________ next week, I’m afraid. I can’t see you (2) _________
Friday.

Mark: I’d like to have a meeting (3) _________ this month if possible. I’ll be very busy (4)
_________ April.

Alice: I’m going away (5) _________ Easter, so how about the week after? Shall we meet
(6) _________ the twenty-seventh? That’s a Wednesday.

Mark: I’ve got an appointment (7) _________ the morning but nothing (8) _________ the
afternoon. Let’s meet (9) _________ Wednesday afternoon (10) _________ half
past two.

Exercise 8: Add at, on or in where necessary.

Example: Can you meet me at 2 o’clock X next Saturday afternoon?

1. Kate doesn’t normally work _____ weekends, but she had to work _____ last Saturday.

2. We’re leaving _____ tomorrow morning, but we’ll be back _____ three weeks’ time.

3. Did she send you a card _____ your birthday?

4. _____ what time does the meeting start _____ Monday?

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5. I can normally get home from work _____ about half an hour _____ Friday evenings.

6. They went on holiday to Spain _____ Easter and then again _____ the summer.

7. The bridge was built _____ the 16th century.

8. Do you enjoy driving _____ night?

9. I’m taking my driving test _____ 4.30 _____ July 3rd.

10. He was born _____ 1900 and died _____ 1972.

11. I’m going to a conference in Egypt _____ a week.

Exercise 9: Complete the sentences using in time or on time.

Example: I didn’t arrive in time to see her before she left.

1. The bus service is terrible; the buses are never __________.

2. I hope my car will be repaired __________ for the weekend.

3. She’s very punctual. She always arrives __________.

4. She didn’t arrive __________ to say goodbye to him.

5. I don’t think I’ll be home ___________ to see the film this evening.

6. If the plane is late, we won’t get to Paris ___________ for our connecting flight.

7. We were up very early, __________ to see the sun rise.

8. How can the buses possibly run __________ with all these traffic jams?

9. The post goes a five. I’m hoping to get this letter written __________.

10. The coach will be here at 12.30 if it’s __________.

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Exercise 10: Complete the sentences using at the end or in the end.

Example: We were going to walk home, but in the end we decided to take a taxi.

1. I hated school at first, but ___________ I quite enjoyed it.

2. They’re going to Italy ___________ of next week.

3. At first, he didn’t want to come with us on holiday, but ___________ he changed his
mind.

4. I looked everywhere for my wallet and ___________ I found it in my jacket.

5. She’s starting work ___________ of May.

6. We were all exhausted ___________ of the journey.

Exercise 11: Put in for or since.

Daniel: How long have you been learning English?

Ilona: Well, I studied it for five years at school, and I’ve been having evening classes
(1)__________ last summer. That’s when I left school.

Daniel: And you’re staying here (2)__________ three months?

Ilona: That’s right. I’ve been here (3)__________ the end of April. I’m going to London
(4)__________ a week before I go home.

Exercise 12: Put in a phrase with for, since or ago.

Example: I got here an hour ago. – What! You mean you’ve been waiting for an hour?

1. The phone last rang at four o’clock.

– So you’ve had no calls __________________________________________________?

2. I haven’t been to the dentist for ten years.

– You last went to the dentist _______________________________________________?

3. I last saw Rachel on Monday.

– Haven’t you seen her ____________________________________________________?

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4. We’ve had six weeks without rain.

- Yes, it hasn’t rained _____________________________________________________.

5. It’s three years since Laura got married.

- Really? Has she been married _____________________________________________?

Exercise 13: Put in ago or before.

Example: This film looks familiar. Didn’t we see it at the cinema about two years ago?

1. The road was wet when the accident happened. It had stopped raining only half an hour
_________.

2. My telephone is working now. They repaired it a week _________.

3. A young man threw himself off this bridge last year. His girlfriend had left him two days
_________.

4. It was two years _________ that I first met Alice.

5. I think I have seen him _________.

Exercise 14: Complete the sentences using for, since, ago or before.

Example: Tina moved away from Newcastle five years ago and she hasn’t been back there
since then.

1. My grandparents visited Edinburg ________ two weeks in 1980. They had been there
five years ________, so it wasn’t completely new to them.

2. My brother has been interested in music ________ quite a long time. He was given his
first guitar 20 years ________.

3. John worked in a travel agency ________ six months in 1985. He already had some
experience of the tourist industry because he had worked in a Tourist Information office
in London two years ________.

4. Patricia started working as a journalist with a newspaper in Madrid ten years ________.
She’s been working for the same newspaper even ________ then.

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5. I have lived here ________ my childhood. We have lived here ________ twelve years.

Exercise 15: Put in during or while.

Example: Did you take notes during the lecture?

1. Shall we have a coffee _________ we’re waiting?

2. Try not to make any noise _________ the baby is asleep.

3. The fire alarm rang _________ yesterday’s meeting.

4. Trevor tried to fix the shelves _________ Laura was out shopping.

5. I fell asleep _________ the film because it was so boring. 

Exercise 16: Rachel is talking to her teacher. Put in by or until.

Mrs Lewis: You’ll need to hand your project in by the end of the week. I’d like to have
it (1) ________ Friday, ideally.

Rachel: Well, I’m going on a three-day study trip tomorrow. I’ll be away (2) ________
Thursday. The project will probably take me (3) ________ the middle of next
week. I can’t finish it (4) ________ the end of this week.

Mrs Lewis: Well, let me have it (5) ______ Wednesday of next week, please.

Exercise 17: Put in as or like.

Example: Sarah works in here. She uses this room as her study.

1. Mathew worked ______ a waiter last summer.

2. The way your sister plays the violin sounds ______ two cats fighting.

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3. Do you mind using this saucer ______ a plate?

4. The body sank ______ a stone to the bottom of the river.

5. Nobody sings _____ she does.

Exercise 18: Put in as or as if.

Example: That poor dog looks as if it never get fed.

1. Rachel failed her driving test, ______ she expected.

2. Daniel spends money ______ it grows on trees.

3. We shall deliver the goods on the twenty-seventh, ______ we promised.

4. From what Emma said, it sounds ______ she and Matthew are going to get married.

5. He is acting ______ the manager while the real manager is on holidays.

POSITIONS OF PREPOSITIONS
Preposition + Noun
Exercise 19: Put in by, from, in or on.
Example: There is something I want to listen to on the radio.

1. They’ve promised me more money, but I haven’t got it _______ writing.

2. Why can’t you look at the problem _______ my point of view?

3. Would you mind moving? You’re rather _______ the way here.

4. I rang the wrong number _______ mistake.

5. I booked our seats more than a month _______ advance.

6. Sarah’s mobile phone was stolen while she was away _______ a business trip.

7. Could you be quiet for a minute, please? I’m _______ the phone.

8. We’ve had a few nice days, but _______ general it’s been a poor summer.

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9. I was lucky. I found the solution _______ accident.

10. It’s a long journey. Let’s stop somewhere _______ the way and have a meal.

11. I spent ages looking for a phone box. _______ the end I found one.

12. Are you here _______ holiday or _______ business?

Exercise 20: Complete the conversation. Put in by, in or on.

Sarah: It’s a long way to Glassgow. Why don’t you go on the train?

Mark: I don’t know. I think I’d rather go (1) _____ car.

Sarah: How far is your hotel from the station?

Mark: Oh, it’s only five minutes (2) _____ foot, but with all my luggage, I’ll probably go
(3) _____ a taxi.

Sarah: Well, why not? It’s less tiring going (4) _____ train, isn’t it?

Mark: I could go (5) _____ air. That would be quickest.

Noun + Preposition
Exercise 21: Complete the conversation. Put in at, in or of.
Daniel: What’s the job you’ve applied for?

Vicky: It’s with a travel company. But the advert says that you need some experience of
work in tourism. I haven’t got that. And I don’t think my knowledge (1) _____
foreign languages will be good enough. I’m having no success at all (2) _____ my
attempts to get a job.

Daniel: What about your interest (3) _____ computers? And your skill (4) _____ typing?
That’s the sort of thing employers are looking for.

Exercise 22: Complete the advertisement for a supermarket. Put in between, for, in, of or
with.
Why not shop at Greenway Supermarket? You’ll find the cost of your weekly shopping is
muc lower. There’s quite a contrast (1)______ other stores. Here’s one example (2)________
this: from today many of our products have a price reduction (3)______ five percent! But this
is not the only reason (4) ________ Greenway’s success. We’re proud of our good

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relationship (5) ________ our customers. We believe there is simply no substitute (6)
________ quality. And there is no lack (7) ________ choice at Greenway. That’s the
difference 8) ________ Greenway and ordinary stores.

Exercise 23: What are they saying? Read about each situation and complete the
sentence.
Example: A motorist has rung the garage and requested a breakdown truck.
Mechanic: I’ve just had a request for a breakdown truck.

1. Claude can answer all the quiz questions.

Claude: I can tell you the __________________________________________________

2. Mathew doesn’t know any French.

Mathew: Unfortunately I have no ___________________________________________

3. The Prime Minister greatly desires progress.

Prime Minister: I have a great ______________________________________________

4. Vicky thinks the two colours are the same.

Vicky: I can’t see any _____________________________________________________

5. Most people say they prefer Zedco products.

Zedco: Most people express a ______________________________________________

Adjective + Preposition
Exercise 24: Say what these people’s feelings are. Use the adjectives in brackets and a
preposition.
Example: The children are leaving on a trip to the zoo. (excited)

 They’re excited about the trip to the zoo.

1. Vicky doesn’t like the dark. (afraid)

She ___________________________________________________________________

2. Nick was watching a video, but he’s going to switch it off. (bored)
He’s __________________________________________________________________

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3. Emma is reading about computers. (interested)

She’s __________________________________________________________________

4. Mark has just heard some news that he didn’t expect. (surprised)
He’s __________________________________________________________________

5. United have won a victory. (proud)

They’re ________________________________________________________________

6. Olivia’s children are being very silly. (annoyed)

She’s __________________________________________________________________

7. The Zedco staff don’t think their pay increase is big enough. (not satisfied)
_______________________________________________________________________

Exercise 25: Complete the conversation. Put in at, for or to.

Sarah: You were very rude to Henry when you said he needs to lose weight.

Claire: Well, it’s true. Exercise would be good (1) ____ him. He started jogging and then
gave it up.

Sarah: Yes, but we can’t all be good (2) ____ taking physical exercise.

Claire: Anyone can do a bit of jogging. You don’t have to be brilliant (3) ____ it. And
eating so much must be bad (4) ____ you.

Sarah: Well, you could have been more polite.

Claire: Sorry. I’m not very good (5) ____ saying the right thing. I’ll try to be nice (6) ____
him next time I see him.

Exercise 26: Complete these paragraphs from a letter Emma has received from her
brother. Use these adjectives and put a preposition after each one:
aware, different, famous, full, interested, late, ready, responsible, similar,
used.

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Everything was strange here at first because this new job is different from any I’ve had
before. But I’ve got used to it now, and I’m really enjoying it. I’m mainly (1)
_______________ controlling the costs of the project. The work is quite hard, and I must say
I feel (2) _______________ a holiday. The company expect people to do overtime. I wasn’t
(3) _______________ that before I arrived because they hadn’t told me at the interview, but I
don’t mind.

I’ve got a nice flat, which is very (4) _______________ the one I had in London. The only
difference is that my flat here is (5) _______________ horrible old furniture. I keep falling
over it! I live right by the harb

our. It’s a pity I’ve never been (6) _______________ boats, because this is a good place for
sailing. The noise of the motor boats wakes me up every morning, so I’m never (7)
_______________ work. The area is (8) _______________ its seafood, which is great,
because I love eating fish, as you know.

Verb + Preposition
Exercise 27: Complete the conversation between Laura and her friend Olivia. Put in
after, at, for and into.
Laura: Did you say you were looking for an au pair?

Olivia: Yes, I was just looking (1) _______ this advertisement. We need someone to look
(2) _______ our children.

Laura: Do you have to pay an au pair?

Olivia: I’m not sure. I’ll have to look (3) _______ how it all works.

Exercise 28: Put in verbs and add a preposition if necessary.

Mark and Sarah had accepted an invitation to Mike and Harriet’s party. Sarah had to stay late
at work to see to one or two things. Her boss really (1) _____________ (relies) her.

It’s usually Sarah who (2) _____________ (deals) all the little problems.

Sarah didn’t really (3) _____________ (feel) going to a party but thought she ought to keep
Mark company. She decided to go straight to the party instead of going home first.

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She (4) _____________ (reached) the house just after nine. Mark was sitting in his car outside
waiting for her. He was (5) _____________ (listening) the radio. Sarah (6) _____________
(apologized) being late. At the party mark talked to a strange woman who (7) _____________
(believed) ghosts. Sarah met a man who kept (8) _____________ (laughing) his own jokes.
She managed to get away from him but couldn’t avoid a woman who wanted to (9)
_____________ (discuss) house prices. Mark and Sarah (10) _____________(left) the party
early and drove home feeling exhausted.

Exercise 29: Complete the conversation. Put in about, of or to.

David: Did you hear about my experience at the Quick Burger café?

Harriet: No. And I’ve never heard of the Quick Burger café.

David: Oh, it’s near the station. I was just talking (1) _______ Melanie about it. They took
at least twenty minutes to bring me a burger. I don’t call that quick. I complained (2)
_______ the waitress, and she poured a can of cola over me.

Harriet: Really? She must have had a bad day.

David: The manager wasn’t there, so I’ve written (3) _______ him to complain (4) _______
the service. It was terrible. I wouldn’t go there if I were you.

Harriet: I wouldn’t dream (5) _______ going there. I hate those burger places.

Exercise 30: Put in about, of or to.

Example: The interviewer asked Mrs Miles about her parachute jump.

1. I’ve told the police _______ people throwing stones at our windows.

2. That man over there reminds me _______ someone I know.

3. The man explained _______ the court that he had some personal problems.

4. Vicky is writing a letter _______ her friends in Toronto.

5. There was a poster warning young people _______ the dangers of drugs.

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6. Melanie had to remind Nick _______ the money he owed her.

7. We would like to inform our customers _______ a number of improvements in the

service we offer.

GRAMMAR IN USE

Exercise 31: Read the letter below and

(5) underline the prepositions;

(6) find out and correct 10 mistakes on prepositions.

1 Hi Jane,

2 On yesterday my teacher gave me a topic: choose your favourite means of transport to

3 get around the big city every day among the three choices like a motorbike, a bus or a
4 car.

5 I think that going motorbike is the best choice for me because the following
6 reasons. First of all, going by motorbike is more convenient the others. I may not get
7 traffic jam while rush hours. It helps me save time, so I am not late for school. In
8 contrast, going by bus, I must wait in a long time because it always runs
9 following a timetable. Sometimes, it is late. In addition, if I go by car, I must look for a
10 parking place which is not easy to find at the big city.

11 Addition, a motorbike usually uses less fuel than a car. I do not need to spend a lot of
12 money on repairs. Besides, motorbikes are easier to park than cars. People who take
13 half an hour to get to work may take just as long to find a parking place.

14 Can you tell me your choice?

15 I am waiting your reply.

16 Lots love,

17 Nam

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Exercise 32: Let’s talk.

A. Let’s talk about transport.

1. How do you go to school?

2. Is public transport popular in Can Tho city?

3. What are some popular private means of transport in Viet Nam?

4. What are some problems of using private transport?

5. Do you prefer to own a motorcycle or a car?

B. Let’s talk about holidays.

6. What are some popular holidays in the Mekong Delta?

7. What do you often do on these holidays?

8. What do people in your hometown often do then?

9. What is your favourite holiday?

10. How do you feel on your days off?

Exercise 33 (*): Using public transport provides passengers many benefits. Do you agree
or disagree with the opinion?
Suggested ideas:
Agree
1. Relatively cheap
2. Friendly to the environment
3. Easy to foster a sense of community
4. (your own idea)
Disagree
1. Inconvenient
2. Uncomfortable
3. Sometimes unsafe
4. (your own idea)

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CHAPTER 1: PARTS OF SPEECH

Unit 7: Conjunctions

 Definition
 Classification

OBJECTIVES: By the end of this unit, you will be able to

know the definition of English conjunctions.

understand the classification and uses of English conjunctions.

use them in sentences correctly.

GETTING STARTED
Work in groups of four. Discuss the following questions. You can use any resources
(grammar books, internet, etc.) to help you.

1. What are conjunctions?

2. How many kinds of English conjunctions are there? What are they?

GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE

I. Definition

A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or

sentences.

II. Classification

There are several different types of conjunctions that do various jobs within sentence
structures. These include coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions,
correlative conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs.

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1. Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions coordinate or join two or more sentences, main clauses,
words, or other parts of speech which are of the same syntactic importance. Also known as
coordinators, coordinating conjunctions are used to give equal emphasis to a pair of main
clauses.
There are a few important rules for using conjunctions.

Conjunctions are for connecting thoughts, - Mary went to the supermarket and bought

actions, and ideas as well as nouns, clauses, oranges.
and other parts of speech.

Conjunctions are useful for making lists. - We made pancakes, eggs, and coffee for
breakfast.

When using conjunctions, make sure that all - I work busily yet carefully.

the parts of your sentences agree.
Not: I work busily yet am careful

List of coordinating conjunctions

There are only seven coordinating conjunctions. So, it’s a good idea to use the mnemonic
“FANBOYS” to memorize them.

Conjunctions Uses Examples

F = For explaining why [more - I hate to waste a drop of gas, for it is very

formal and less expensive these days.
common
than because

A = And joining or adding - They ate and drank.

words together - Bob and Dan are friends.

N = Nor for two non- - Bill refuses to eat peas, nor will he touch

contrasting carrots.
grammatically - Switzerland is not in the European
negative items (not + Union, nor is it a member of NATO.
not)

B = But showing opposite or - My dog enjoys being bathed but hates

conflicting ideas getting his nails trimmed.
- She is small but strong.
- It is early, but we can go.

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Conjunctions Uses Examples

O = Or showing choices or - You can eat your cake with a spoon or  fork.
possibilities

Y = Yet contrast, despite - He’s seventy-two, yet he still swims, runs

something [synonyms and plays football regularly.
= nevertheless, but, - He’s overweight and feels terrible,  yet he
still] continues to eat lots of cakes and biscuits.

S = So showing the - I was tired, so I went to sleep.

consequence of
something

EXERCISE

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Exercise 1: Circle the best answer.
1. My brother loves animals. He just brought a puppy ___ a kitten home with him.
A. but B. or C. yet D. and

2. I’d like to thank you ___ the lovely gift.

A. or B. for C. and D. yet

3. I want to go for a hike ___ I have to go to work today.

A. but B. yet C. or D. for

4. They do not smoke, ___ do they play cards.

A. and B. or C. nor D. yet

5. I’ve just eaten dinner, ___ I’m not hungry.

A. and B. but C. or D. so

6. Why don't you ring Sue ___ find out what time she's coming over tonight?
A. and B. but C. or D. so

7. Don't tell John about his birthday party ___ you'll spoil the surprise.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

8. I have been saving my money this year ___ next year I plan to take a long holiday in
Europe.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

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9. Secretary to Boss: Do you want anything else ___ can I go home now?
A. and B. but C. or D. so

10. I love to travel ___ I hate travelling by bus.

A. and B. but C. or D. so

11. I'm bored! Let's go out to dinner ___ see a movie.

A. and B. but C. or D. so

12. I like living in the city ___ my brother prefers living in the country.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

13. Betty's just got a promotion at work ___ she's very happy.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

14. Father to Son: You're thirty now. Don't you think it's time that you settled down ___ got
married?
A. and B. but C. or D. so

15. Tom got a great Christmas bonus from work this year ___ he and his family can have a
good vacation this year.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

16. It's late. You should go to bed now ___ you'll be tired tomorrow
A. and B. but C. or D. so

17. The taxi stopped at the train station ___ two men got out of it.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

18. I was in the area ___ I thought I'd drop in and say hello.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

19. I really hate to have to sell my car ___ I need the money.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

20. My friend fell down the stairs ___ sprained his ankle.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

2. Subordinating conjunctions

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Subordinating conjunctions (sometimes referred to as subordinators or subordinate

conjunctions) are those that join dependent clauses to independent clauses.

There is only one rule to remember about using subordinate conjunctions:

A subordinate conjunction performs two functions within a sentence. First, it illustrates

the importance of the independent clause. Second, it provides a transition between two ideas
in the same sentence.

Example: Ram went swimming although it was raining.

Ram went swimming while it was raining.

Conjunctions of time

Conjunctions of time Example

- When he saw me, he waved.

WHEN (at that time) (khi)
- It was raining when we arrived.

WHILE (during the/that time; at - He fell asleep while (he was) watching TV.
the same time) (trong khi) - While I was in Madrid, there was a carnival.

- I watched her as she combed her hair.

AS (during the/that time) (trong
khi) - As he grew older, he lost interest in everything except
gardening.

BEFORE (trước khi) - It will be five years before we meet again.

- Bath-tie ended in a flood after the taps were left

AFTER (sau khi)
running.

SINCE (from that time to the - He has been busy since he came.
present): the present perfect is
used in the main clause.
UNTIL/TILL (to that time and - She didn’t arrive until the party was nearly over.
then no longer)
(Till is not used at the - Until he was eighteen, he never went to the beach.
beginning of the sentence, and
mainly used in speaking rather - Don’t start till I arrive.
than writing)

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Conjunctions of time Example

- I can meet you whenever you like.

WHENEVER (at any time,
regardless of when; every time - Whenever she comes, she brings a friend.
that (mỗi khi, bất cứ khi nào)
- The roof leaks whenever it rains.

AS LONG AS/SO LONG AS - I’ll stay as long as you need me.

(during all that time, from
beginning to end)(chừng nào
mà)

Conjunctions of Place

Conjunctions of place Example

WHERE (the place in which) - Put it where we can all see it.
- Where food is hard to find, few birds remain throughout
the year.

WHEREVER (in any place, - I will go wherever the father-land needs.

regardless of where)
- I will go wherever you go.

Conjunctions of Manner

Conjunctions of manner Example

- Do as I say and sit down.

AS (in the way in which)
- Just as she had warned me, the shop was shut.
- Leave the table as it is.

AS IF/AS THOUGH (with the - He behaved as if nothing had happened.

appearance of, apparently) +
Subjunctive (usually the - He rubbed his eyes and yawned as though walking up
idea following AS IF, AS after a long sleep.
THOUGH is untrue. It
indicates unreality,
improbability, or doubt in

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the present.)
Conjunctions of Reason
Conjunctions of reason
BECAUSE (for the reason that)
AS, (= since, because) (usually
at the beginning of the sentence)
SINCE (= as, because)
SEEING THAT (in the view of
the fact that, since, because … as
you see) (xét thấy sự thật là, do,
vì)
BECAUSE .... NOW/ NOW
THAT
NOW THAT is used for Present
and Future situations
AS/SO LONG AS (= because)
INASMUCH AS (= because): is - He shows an interest in other people only inasmuch as
usually found only in formal they can be useful to him.
writing and speech
IN CASE (= because: British
English)
Conjunctions of purpose
Conjunctions of purpose
SO THAT/IN ORDER - She worked hard so that everything would be ready in time.
Example
- Just because I don’t complain, people think I am
satisfied.
- I did it because he told me to.
- As you weren’t there, I left a message.
- Since I haven’t got her address, I can’t write to her.
- Seeing that he’s been ill all week, he’s unlikely to
come.
- Now that you are grown up, you mustn’t behave like a
child.
= Because you are grown up now, you mustn’t behave
like a child.
- It takes me only five minutes to go to school, now that
I’ve got a motorbike
- Now that the semester is finished, I am going to rest a
few days and then take a trip..
- As/So long as you are not busy, could you tell me with
this work?
- Take an umbrella in case it rains. (because it may rain)
Example
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Conjunctions of purpose Example

THAT (literary)/THAT - I stopped so that you could catch up.

(poetic) - He left early in order that his children would not be alone in
* In Adverb clauses of the house.
Purpose, Conditional
Verb is used.

- He disguised himself lest he be recognised.

LEST (for fear that, in order
- Lest everyone should think my story strange, let me assure
that … not)
you that it is all quite true.

- They hid behind some bushes in case passers-by should see

them.
IN CASE/FOR FEAR
THAT (phòng khi, vì sợ - We dare not move for fear that the enemy should see us.
rằng)
- I don’t mention it for fear that it should hurt her feeling.

Conjunctions of Result
Conjunctions of result Example
- The news was so important that the messenger was
immediately taken to the King.
- The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were covered
SO + Adj/Adv + THAT (in such a up in a twinkling.
way that, to such an extent that)
- The flower is so beautiful that I must stop to admire
it.
- He run so quickly that I cannot catch him.

- He has so much money that he cannot spend it all.

- He worries so much about his financial position that
he can’t sleep at night.
 MUCH 
SO+ 
 LITTLE

+ Nuncountable + - He has so many friends that he cannot visit them all.
THAT - So many people complained that in the end they took
 MANY  the program off.
SO+ 
 FEW 

+ Ncountable +
- He has so few friends that he gets no help from
THAT anybody.
- I have so little time for amusement that I can only go
to the movies once a year.

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Conjunctions of result
SUCH a  Adj  N (concret, sing.)punished.
 SO Adj  a  N
SUCH  Adj  N (abstract, plu.)
+ THAT
* When SO or SUCH introduces a
sentence, there will be
Inversion of S & V
Conjunctions of Contrast
Conjunctions of Contrast
THOUGH (despite the fact that,
although, even though)(is
used in speaking and often
comes at the end of the
sentence)
ALTHOUGH
(despite the fact that, even
though, though)
(however, nevertheless, but)
(cannot come at the end of a
sentence)
Although/Though can come
before an adjective, adverb or
adverbial phrase
EVEN THOUGH/EVEN IF (in
spite of the fact or belief that,
no matter whether)
Example
- He is such a fool that he cannot understand me.
- He spoke for such a long time that people began to
doze off. (mơ màng ngủ)
- They are such lazy boys that they are always
- It was such good coffee that I had another cup.
- She is such a dedicated doctor that she’s always
willing to go to wherever and whenever she is
needed.
= She is so dedicated a doctor that she’s always
willing to go to wherever and whenever she is
needed.
- So important was the news that the messenger was
taken to the king.
- Such a dedicated doctor is she that she is willing to
go.
Example
- She won first prize, though none of us had expected it.
- The food was delicious, though expensive.
- Though they lack official support, they continue to
struggle.
- We still lost the game, though.
- Although he had only entered the contest for fun, he
won first prize.
- He said they were married, although I’m sure they
aren’t.
- We still lost the game, although.
- His first acting role, although/though small, was a
great success.
- I’ll get there, even if I have to walk all the way.
- I like her even though she can be annoying at times.
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Conjunctions of Contrast Example

- Whether you are rich or poor, you should never waste
your money.
- Whether or not it rains, we are playing football on
Sunday.
WHETHER … OR (NOT) Whether it rains or not, we are playing football on
Sunday.
- I’m going to go swimming tomorrow whether or not it
is cold.

- Mary is rich whereas John is poor. = Mary is rich while

WHILE/WHEREAS (in contrast
or in comparison with) (trong
khi)
John is poor.
- Whereas Mary is rich, John is poor.
- We thought she was rather arrogant, whereas in fact she
was just very shy.

- However rich people are, they always seem anxious to

make more money.
- You can hardly get success, however hard you try.
- However I advise him, he remains impatient.
- It cannot taste good, however you cook it.
- Whatever may happen, you ought to keep calm.
- Whatever you do, don’t tell him that I told you this.
NO MATTER WHAT, - You are certainly right, whatever others say.
WHATEVER, NO MATTER - Whatever book he reads, he will never learn anything.
HOW - Whatever faults he may have, impatience is not one of
them.
- Whoever else may object, I shall approve.
- Whomever you rely on, you must behave yourself.
- No matter what you do, don’t breathe a word about it.
- It doesn’t matter where you go, drive carefully.
- It makes no matter whether you get great success or
bitter failure, don’t be discouraged.

- Ill as she was, she did go to school.

ADJECTIVE + AS (although,
even though)
- I know some of family secrets, young as I am.
- Work as he will, he finds it hard to support his family.
- Part as we might, we can’t be divided.
- Try as he would/might, he couldn’t open the door.

Conjunctions of Condition

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Conjunctions of condition
IF
(on condition that, supposing)
(when, whenever, every time)
UNLESS (if … not, except if or
when) (nếu không, trừ phi)
SUPPOSING (THAT) (if, if we
assume the fact or the
possibility that)(giả sử)
AS/SO LONG AS (British
English)(only if, on
condition that)(với ĐK là, miễn là,
chỉ cần)
PROVIDED/PROVIDING
(THAT)
(với điều kiện, miễn là)
IN CASE (THAT) (=IF:
American English)
IN THE EVEN THAT
* IN CASE THAT & IN THE
EVENT THAT express the
idea that something probably
won’t happen, but it might.
SHOULD emphasizes the
speaker’s uncertainty that
something will happen.
ONLY IF
Conjunctions of Comparison
Example
- If you have finished eating, you may leave the table.
- If anyone calls, tell them I’m not home.
- They would have been here by now if they had caught
the early train.
- Would she tell the truth if we asked her?
- If metal gets hot, it expands.
- She glares at me if I go near her desk.
- You will fall your exam unless you work harder.
You will fall your exam if you do not work harder.
- I sleep with the window open unless it’s really cold.
- Supposing that I weren’t here now, what would you do?
- Supposing that there were no gravity, our life would be
chaotic.
- As long as it doesn’t rain, we can play.
- We were all right as long as we kept quiet.
- He says he’ll accept the post provided/providing (that)
the salary is satisfactory.
- Provided/Providing (that) the future holds half of the
things you hope for us, we’ll be lucky enough.
- Providing/Provided (that) no one has any further
questions, the meeting will be adjourned.
- In case I am late, don't wait to start dinner.
- I’ll be at my uncle’s house in case you (should) need to
reach me.
- In the event that you (should) need to reach me, I’ll be at
my uncle’s house.
- The picnic will be cancelled only if it rains.
- Only if it rains will the picnic be cancelled.
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Connective words of Comparison Example

AS ... AS, - Today it was as hot as it was yesterday.
- She is as careful as her mother.
NOT SO ... AS/ NOT AS ... AS - Her mother is as beautiful as she was.
- He ordered as strictly as a general did.
- His new novel is not so interesting as his earlier one.
THE SAME, ...
- He is not so stupid as he looks.
- I don’t know him so well as her.
- I don’t know him so well as she.
- It’s hotter today than it was yesterday.
Short ADJECTIVE-ER + THAN - That question is easier than I thought.
- The author’s real life is more exciting than his
MORE + long ADJECTIVE + novel.
- He sang better than we thought.
THAN - She admires you more than (she admires) him.
- She admires you more than he (admires you).
LESS ... THAN, - Some grains are less nutritious than rice.
- She sang less beautifully than I expected.
EXERCISE

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Exercise 2: Circle the best answer.

1. ___ the basement flooded, we spent all day cleaning up.

A. After B. Although C. Before D. Even if

2. I don’t want to go to the movies ___ I hate the smell of popcorn.

A. Although B. Because C. Whenever D. So that

3. I paid Larry, ___ garden design work is top-notch.

A. Whenever B. Whose C. After D. If

4. ___ spring arrives, we have to be prepared for more snow.

A. Because B. Until C. Although D. Now that

5. ___ the alarm goes off, I hit the snooze button.

A. As soon as B. Because C. Before D. Now that

6. Samantha is happy ___ she won the championship.

A. when B. because C. even though D. until

7. Jean cleaned the table ___ her mom was preparing the dishes.
A. while B. until C. as if D. since

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8. Samantha can’t relax ___ her exams are over.

A. now that B. since C. as D. until

9. Liza hasn't seen her aunt ___ she was a teenager.

A. after B. as though C. since D. if

10. We put away our toys ___ Mum returns from work.
A. provided that B. before C. unless D. although

Exercise 3: Complete each sentence using the subordinating conjunction from the

parentheses.
1. I visit the Grand Canyon _________ I go to Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever)

2. I know ___ you must be tired after a long journey. (that, when, how)

3. _________ you win first place, you will receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)

4. You won’t pass the test _________ you study. (when, if, unless)

5. I could not get a seat, _________ I came early. (as, though, when)

6. We are leaving Wednesday _________ or not it rains. (if, whether, though)

7. Pay attention to your work _________ you will not make mistakes. (so that, unless, or)

8. The musicians delivered a rousing performance _________ they had rehearsed often.
(though, as, once)

9. She’s honest _________ everyone trusts her. (if, so, when)

10. Write this down _________ you forget. (or, when, lest)

3. Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions correlate, working in pairs to join phrases or words that carry equal

importance within a sentence.

There are some important rules to remember for using correlative conjunctions correctly.

When using correlative conjunctions, - Every night, either loud music or fighting

ensure verbs agree so your sentences make neighbors wake John from his sleep.
sense.

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When you use a correlative conjunction, you - Neither Debra nor Sally expressed her
must be sure that pronouns agree. annoyance when the cat broke the antique
lamp.

When using correlative conjunctions, be sure - Not only did Mary grill burgers for
to keep parallel structure intact. Equal Michael, but she also fixed a steak for her
grammatical units need to be incorporated dog, Vinny.
into the entire sentence.

List of correlative conjunctions

There are many pairs of correlative conjunctions. This list contains many of the most
commonly used pairs.

Correlative Meanings/Uses Examples

conjunctions
Both … and used for emphasizing that
each of two things is true
Either … or used for connecting
possibilities or choices
Neither … nor used for showing that
something is not true of
two or more people,
things, actions, qualities,
or ideas
No sooner … than used to show that one
= thing happens  than the train came. (= I came first and
Hardly/Scarcely immediately after another
- He speaks both English and French.
- She is both intelligent and beautiful.
- The results of the research are both
impressive and alarming.
- Both she and her sister now live in
New Orleans.
- He can’t (either) read or write.
- I will either go for a hike or stay home
and watch TV.
- ‘When will you get the results?’
‘Either tomorrow or the day after.’
- You don’t care whether he lives or
dies, do you?
- He can neither read nor write.
- Jerry is neither rich nor famous.
- Neither his son nor his daughter were at
the funeral.
- Ron’s neither as young nor as fit as the
other members of the team.
- The president spoke neither for nor
against economic reform.
- I’m sorry but I can
neither confirm nor deny the allegation.
- No sooner had I arrived at the station
the train arrived right after me.)

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Correlative Meanings/Uses Examples

conjunctions
… when thing - No sooner had I finished watering the
garden than it started raining.
- Hardly had I reached the station when
the train came.
- Scarcely had I reached the station
when the train arrived.
Just as … so (too) used for showing that there - Just as the body needs regular exercise,
is a connection between so too an engine needs to be run at
two situations or actions regular intervals.
Not only … but used for emphasizing that, - He is not only intelligent, but also very
(also) although something is true, funny.
something else is - The war caused not only destruction
also true or is and death but also generations of
more important hatred between the two communities.
- Not only was it raining all day at the
wedding but also the band was late.
- Not only will they paint the outside of
the house but also the inside.
- There are problems not only with
the students, but also with
the teachers themselves.
Not … but - There are not two but three Baltic
states: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
What with … and used to talk about the - I'm very tired, what with travelling all
reasons for a particular  day yesterday and having a disturbed 
situation, especially a night.
bad or difficult situation
Whether … or used to introduce two or - Whether you love them or hate them,
more possibilities you have to admit that the Rolling
Stones are very popular.
I’m totally confused – I don’t
know whether I’m coming or going.
not because .... - We negotiate not because we fear
but because death but because we love peace.
partly because .... - I didn’t come yesterday partly because
partly because I felt sick, partly because it rained
heavily.

EXERCISE

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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Exercise 4: Complete each sentence using the correct correlative conjunction pair from
the parenthesis.

1. I plan to take my vacation _________ in June _________ in July. (whether/or, either/or,

as/if)

2. _________ I’m feeling happy _________ sad, I try to keep a positive attitude. (either/or,
whether/or, when/I’m)

3. _________ had I taken my shoes off _________ I found out we had to leave again. (no
sooner/than, rather/than, whether/or)

4. _________ only is dark chocolate delicious, _________ it can be healthy. (whether/or,

not/but, just as/so)

5. _________ I have salad for dinner, _____________________I can have ice cream for
dessert. (if/then, when/than, whether/or)

6. _________ flowers _________ trees grow _________ during warm weather. (not only/or,
both/and, not/but)

7. _________ do we enjoy summer vacation, _________ we _________ enjoy winter break.

(whether/or, not only/but also, either/or)

8. Calculus is _________ easy _________ difficult _________ (not/but, both/and, either/or)

9. It’s _________ going to rain _________ snow tonight. (as/if, either/or, as/as)

10. Savory flavors are _________ sweet _________ sour. (often/and, neither/nor, both/and)

4. Conjunctive adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs are parts of speech that are used to connect one clause to another. They
are also used to show sequence, contrast, cause and effect, and other relationships. So,
conjunctive adverbs act like conjunctions, but they are adverbs.

Like other adverbs, conjunctive adverbs may be moved around in the sentence or clause in
which they appear. This is just one of the things you’ll need to remember; additional rules for
using conjunctive adverbs follow:
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 Always use a period or semicolon before the conjunctive adverb when separating two
independent clauses. Conjunctive adverbs are not strong enough to join independent
clauses without supporting punctuation.

 Use a comma if a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so appears between the

conjunctive adverb and the first clause.

 Use a comma behind conjunctive adverbs when they appear at the beginning of a
sentence’s second clause. The only exception to this rule is that no comma is
necessary if the adverb is a single syllable.

 If a conjunctive adverb appears in the middle of a clause, it should be enclosed in

commas most of the time. This is not an absolute rule and does not normally apply to
short clauses.

Conjunctive adverbs List

There are many conjunctive adverbs – in fact, there are many more of these than there are
common conjunctions. Here is a comprehensive list of conjunctive adverbs.

Adverbs Examples
Accordingly The cost of materials rose sharply last year.
(for that reason; therefore) Accordingly, this increase was passed on to the
consumer in higher prices.

Additionally (also) I joined the guitar club and the math club in
school. Additionally, I went on a camping trip with the
debate team.

Again (similarly, further, also) Again, we have to consider the legal implications.

Anyway Anyway, we finally found a plumber who could come

right over.
(in addition, besides)

As a result (resultantly, for this Someone called in a bomb threat. As a result, school
reason) was canceled.

Besides (in addition, also) I don’t really like the color and besides, it’s more than I
can afford.
Peter is our youngest child, and we have three others
besides.

Certainly (without doubt, He will certainly die if you don’t call a doctor.

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Adverbs Examples

definitely) Certainly, she had been under a lot of stress.

Comparatively (as compared to) Comparatively, tattooing is not the hideous custom
which it is called.

Consequently (as a result, The athlete was caught using drugs. Consequently, he
therefore) was kicked off the team.
My car broke down and consequently I arrived rather
late.

Contrarily (on the other hand,

from the opposite point of view)

Conversely (in a way that reserves You say the photo is a fake.Conversely, the
or is opposite to sth) photographer claims it's real.
You can add the fluid to the powder or, conversely, the
powder to the fluid.

Elsewhere (in, at or to some other That sandwich smells terrible. Please take it elsewhere.
place)
Equally We must try to think about what is best for him;
(in addition and of equal important) equally, we must consider what himself want to do.

Eventually (in the end, at last) Eventually, after looking at about forty houses, they
bought the one in Russel Street.

Finally Finally, to avoid an unpleasant scene, his wife agreed

to leave the party.
(at last, eventually)
Finally, I would like to say …
(as the last point)

Further (in addition, also) Further, it has come to my attention …

Furthermore (in addition) I'm not interested in what you are selling,
and furthermore, I asked your company not to
contact me ever again.

Hence (for this reason) The eggs were very fresh and hence satisfactory.

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Adverbs
Henceforth/Henceforward (from
this time on in the future)
However
(to whatever extent or degree)
(nevertheless)
In addition (also, as well as)
In comparison
In contrast
In fact (really, actually)
Incidentally (used to introduce sth
additional that the speaker has just
thought of)(by the way)
Indeed (in fact)
Instead (as an alternative or
replacement)
Likewise
(in a similar manner)
(also, moreover, too)
Examples
They grew up in the Sudan; hence their interest in
Nubian art.
Henceforth, I expect you to be punctual for meetings.
She leaves her bedroom window open, however cold it
is.
They study their instruments and, in addition, theory
and music history.
In addition (to these arrangements), thirty ambulances
will be on duty until midnight.
In
In contrast, Sargent’s film is more of a documentary.
I thought the work would be difficult. In fact, it’s quite
easy.
Incidentally, whatever became of Jenkins? I haven’t
heard of him for years.
I don’t mind. Indeed, I am delighted to help.
I’ve no coffee. Would you like tea instead?
This time there was no standing ovation. Instead, she
received only a brief round of applause.
Public transportation is virtually inaccessible in this
country; likewise, its hospitals are also not very user-
friendly.
Margaret enjoys playing tennis on Saturdays, Jeremy
likewise.
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Adverbs
Meanwhile (while sth else is
happening, while waiting for sth to
happen)
Moreover (in addition, besides)
Namely (that is to say, to be
specific)
Nevertheless (in spite of this,
however)
Next (then, afterwards)
Nonetheless (also none the less)
(nevertheless)
Notably (used for giving a good
example of sth)(especially)
On the other hand (in a way that is On the one hand they'd love to have kids, but on the
Examples
I went to college. Meanwhile, all my friends were
getting well-paid jobs.
They know the painting is forgery. Moreover, they
know who painted it.
Only one boy was absent, namely Scott.
Share-holders drew their own conclusions, namely that
it was time to sell out.
This defeat was widely predicted but is is disappointing
nevertheless.
The old system had its flaws, but nevertheless it was
preferable to the new one.
There is little chance that we will succeed in changing
the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try.
What happened next?
Next, I heard the sound of voices.
It’s not cheap but I think we should buy it nonetheless.
The book is too long but, nonetheless, informative and
entertaining.
The problems are not serious. Nonetheless, we shall
need to tackle them soon.
This is true of many English towns, notably Bath and
Oxford.
The house had many drawbacks, most notably its
price.
This argument has been put forward by many
politicians, most notably by the Prime Minister and the
Foreign Secretary.
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Adverbs Examples

different from the first thing other, they don't want to give up their freedom.
you mentioned)
Well yes, it was quite a good bargain; on the other
hand, do we really need one?

Otherwise (if not; or else; apart I had no problems, otherwise I would have telephone
from that) you.
The rent is rather high, but otherwise the house is fine.

Rather She worked as a secretary, or rather, a personal

assistant.
(used to correct sth one has said
previously or to give more accurate In the end, he had to walk – or rather run – to the
information) office.
(used to introduce an idea that is
different or opposite to the idea that
The walls were not white, but rather a sort of dirty
one has stated previously)
grey.

Similarly (used when indicating a Similarly, the demand for copper has increased.
connection between two facts,
events, etc.)

Still (despite what has just been Although he promised faithfully to come, I still didn't
said) think he would.
We searched everywhere but we still couldn't find it.
The weather was cold and wet. Still, we had a great
time.

Subsequently (afterwards, later) The original interview notes were subsequently lost.
Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all
employees.
He subsequently became chairman of the party.

That is/That is to say (by way of I read the book, that is, I read most of it.

explanation, clarification, or an I believe his account of the story, that is to say, I have
example); (more accurately) no reason to doubt it.

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Adverbs Examples

Then
i. (in that case, as a consequence,
in those circumstances)
ii. (in addition, besides, also)
iii. (next in order of place)
iv. (next in order of time)
v. (at the same time)
vi. (immediately or soon
afterwards)
vii. (at that time)
i. If you are sick, then you should stay in bed.
ii. I love my job, and then it pays so well.
iii. Standing beside Charlie is my uncle, then my
cousin, then my brother.
iv. We ate, then we started home.
v. At first the water seemed blue, then grey.
vi. The rain stopped, and then started again.
vii. Prices were lower then.

Thereafter (afterward, after that) Thereafter they did not speak.

Therefore (as a result, I have long been interested in science and animals.
consequently) Therefore, I have decided to study biology in college.

Thus (so, consequently) The government did not prepare for the hurricane.
Thus, many people suffered.
Thus it came to pass.
It is late, and thus you must go.

Undoubtedly (used to emphasize There is undoubtedly a great deal of truth in what he

that something exists or is definitely says.
true)

Note: Besides, the Adverbs/Conjunctions such as Besides, However, Nevertheless,

Otherwise, Therefore, Still, Yet, Though can join clauses or sentences and are then often
known as ‘conjuncts’. But they can also, with the exception of nevertheless and therefore
(conjuncts), be used in other ways. Their position will vary according to how they are used.

BESIDES + N (prep.) in addition - Besides doing the cooking, I look after the
to garden.

BESIDES, clause (conjunct) in - I can’t go now; I’m too busy. Besides, my

addition passport is out of date.

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HOWEVER+ADJ/ADV (Adv of Degree) - You couldn’t earn much, however hard you
worked.

HOWEVER, (conjunct) - I’ll offer it to Tom. However, he may not want

but/nevertheless tuy it.
nhiên/ all the same dù - He may not want it however.
sao đi nữa - Tom, however, may not want it.
- If, however, he doesn’t want it, …
- They hadn’t trained hare,
but/however/nevertheless/all the same they
won.

OTHERWISE (adv of manner) in - It must be used in a well-ventilated room. Used

a different way otherwise it could be harmful.

OTHERWISE (conjunct) - We must be early; otherwise we won’t get a

if not/ or else seat.
- We must be early or (else) we won’t get a seat.
(colloquial)

SO + ADJ/ADV (adv of degree) - She was so angry that she couldn’t speak.

SO (conjunct) therefore - Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi.

- Our cases were heavy; therefore, we took a taxi.
- Our cases were heavy; we therefore took a taxi.

STILL (adv of time) - The children are still up.

STILL (conjunct) - You aren’t rich; still, you could do something to

admitting that/ help him.
nevertheless

YET (adv of time) - They haven’t had supper yet.

YET (conjunct) in spite - They are ugly and expensive; yet people buy
of that/ all the them.
same/ nevertheless

THOUGH Although - Though/Although they’re expensive, people

buy them.

THOUGH but/yet - He says he’ll pay, though I don’t think he will.

- He says he’ll pay, I don’t think he will, though.

EXERCISE
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

Exercise 5: Complete each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunctive adverb
from the parenthesis.

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1. Bianca wore her rain boots; _________, her feet stayed dry during the storm. (however,
therefore, on the other hand)

2. I love the color red; _________, this shade seems a little too bright. (therefore,
nonetheless, in fact)

3. You have to be on time; _________, you’ll miss the train. (nonetheless, however,
otherwise)

4. Teresa likes to read; _________, her sister Julia prefers to watch TV. (however, in
contrast, again)

5. She really wanted to eat ice cream; _________, she had a salad. (however, likewise,
instead)

6. We were working hard; _________, Jill and Jerry were lounging by the pool. (meanwhile,
instead, therefore)

7. He is a weak leader; _________, he has plenty of supporters. (otherwise, moreover,

nevertheless)

8. She has an incredible voice; _________, she will go far in her music career. (otherwise,
undoubtedly, similarly)

9. Natalie wanted to make pie but didn’t have apples; _________, she decided to bake a
cake. (therefore, namely, in contrast)

10. We had hoped to go to Spain; _________, we ended up in France. (otherwise, instead,

again)

Exercise 6: Circle the best answer.

1. Receptionists must be able to relay information ______ pass messages accurately.
A. or  B. and C. but  D. because  

2. I did not go to the show ______ I had already seen it.

A. until  B. because C. so  D. but  

3. Mary is a member of the Historical Society ______ the Literary Society.

A. as  B. or C. and  D. but  

4. Read over your answers ______ correct all mistakes before you pass them up.
A. or  B. and C. because  D. while  

5. Keep the food covered ______ the flies will contaminate it.
A. or  B. and C. until  D. though

6. ______ he is thin, he is strong.

A. But  B. As C. Though  D. Because  

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7. Susie ______ phoned ______ wrote after she left home.

A. either/or  B. neither/nor C. while/and  D. though/or

8. She had an unpleasant experience ______ she was in Thailand.

A. but  B. and  C. because  D. while  

9. The committee rejected the proposal ______ they did not think it was practical.
A. or  B. but  C. though  D. because  

10. John welcomed his guests ______ offered them drinks.

A. and  B. while  C. until  D. as

11. These rooms are very comfortable _____ they have a good view of the city.
A. also  B. and C. still  D. as  

12. _____ the teacher explained the lesson several times, some of the students still did not
understand it.
A. Although  B. Even if C. Unless  D. Since  

13. He did not join us for the movie _____ he had already seen it.
A. and  B. but C. although  D. because  

14. She could not find the book she wanted _____ she borrowed a magazine instead.
A. so  B. and C. but  D. so that  

15. I tried to make her realize the consequences _____ she refused to listen.
A. lest  B. since C. but  D. also  

16. He will show us around himself _____ send someone else.

A. and  B. if C. or  D. so  

17. _____ he was not interested in music, he agreed to go to the concert.

A. Though  B. While C. For  D. Since  

18. Those village folk are poor _____ they always seem so contented.
A. though  B. since  C. yet  D. or  

19. The river has overflowed his banks _____ it has been raining continuously for several
days.
A. still  B. yet  C. when  D. as  

20. I don't think he will remember the appointment _____ you remind him.
A. so  B. if  C. unless  D. lest

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GRAMMAR EXERCISES

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Exercise 1: Circle the best answer.
21. My brother loves animals. He just brought a puppy ___ a kitten home with him.
A. but B. or C. yet D. and

22. I’d like to thank you ___ the lovely gift.

A. or B. for C. and D. yet

23. I want to go for a hike ___ I have to go to work today.

A. but B. yet C. or D. for

24. They do not smoke, ___ do they play cards.

A. and B. or C. nor D. yet

25. I’ve just eaten dinner, ___ I’m not hungry.

A. and B. but C. or D. so

26. Why don't you ring Sue ___ find out what time she's coming over tonight?
A. and B. but C. or D. so

27. Don't tell John about his birthday party ___ you'll spoil the surprise.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

28. I have been saving my money this year ___ next year I plan to take a long holiday in
Europe.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

29. Secretary to Boss: Do you want anything else ___ can I go home now?
A. and B. but C. or D. so

30. I love to travel ___ I hate travelling by bus.

A. and B. but C. or D. so

31. I'm bored! Let's go out to dinner ___ see a movie.

A. and B. but C. or D. so

32. I like living in the city ___ my brother prefers living in the country.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

33. Betty's just got a promotion at work ___ she's very happy.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

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34. Father to Son: You're thirty now. Don't you think it's time that you settled down ___ got
married?
A. and B. but C. or D. so

35. Tom got a great Christmas bonus from work this year ___ he and his family can have a
good vacation this year.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

36. It's late. You should go to bed now ___ you'll be tired tomorrow
A. and B. but C. or D. so

37. The taxi stopped at the train station ___ two men got out of it.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

38. I was in the area ___ I thought I'd drop in and say hello.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

39. I really hate to have to sell my car ___ I need the money.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

40. My friend fell down the stairs ___ sprained his ankle.
A. and B. but C. or D. so

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Exercise 2: Circle the best answer.

11. ___ the basement flooded, we spent all day cleaning up.
A. After B. Although C. Before D. Even if

12. I don’t want to go to the movies ___ I hate the smell of popcorn.
A. Although B. Because C. Whenever D. So that

13. I paid Larry, ___ garden design work is top-notch.

A. Whenever B. Whose C. After D. If

14. ___ spring arrives, we have to be prepared for more snow.

A. Because B. Until C. Although D. Now that

15. ___ the alarm goes off, I hit the snooze button.
A. As soon as B. Because C. Before D. Now that

16. Samantha is happy ___ she won the championship.

A. when B. because C. even though D. until

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17. Jean cleaned the table ___ her mom was preparing the dishes.
A. while B. until C. as if D. since

18. Samantha can’t relax ___ her exams are over.

A. now that B. since C. as D. until

19. Liza hasn't seen her aunt ___ she was a teenager.
A. after B. as though C. since D. if

20. We put away our toys ___ Mum returns from work.
A. provided that B. before C. unless D. although

Exercise 3: Complete each sentence using the subordinating conjunction from the

parentheses.
11. I visit the Grand Canyon _________ I go to Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever)

12. I know ___ you must be tired after a long journey. (that, when, how)

13. _________ you win first place, you will receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)

14. You won’t pass the test _________ you study. (when, if, unless)

15. I could not get a seat, _________ I came early. (as, though, when)

16. We are leaving Wednesday _________ or not it rains. (if, whether, though)

17. Pay attention to your work _________ you will not make mistakes. (so that, unless, or)

18. The musicians delivered a rousing performance _________ they had rehearsed often.
(though, as, once)

19. She’s honest _________ everyone trusts her. (if, so, when)

20. Write this down _________ you forget. (or, when, lest)

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Exercise 4: Complete each sentence using the correct correlative conjunction pair from
the parenthesis.

11. I plan to take my vacation _________ in June _________ in July. (whether/or, either/or,
as/if)

12. _________ I’m feeling happy _________ sad, I try to keep a positive attitude. (either/or,
whether/or, when/I’m)

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13. _________ had I taken my shoes off _________ I found out we had to leave again. (no
sooner/than, rather/than, whether/or)

14. _________ only is dark chocolate delicious, _________ it can be healthy. (whether/or,
not/but, just as/so)

15. _________ I have salad for dinner, _____________________I can have ice cream for
dessert. (if/then, when/than, whether/or)

16. _________ flowers _________ trees grow _________ during warm weather. (not only/or,
both/and, not/but)

17. _________ do we enjoy summer vacation, _________ we _________ enjoy winter break.
(whether/or, not only/but also, either/or)

18. Calculus is _________ easy _________ difficult _________ (not/but, both/and, either/or)

19. It’s _________ going to rain _________ snow tonight. (as/if, either/or, as/as)

20. Savory flavors are _________ sweet _________ sour. (often/and, neither/nor, both/and)

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

Exercise 5: Complete each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunctive adverb
from the parenthesis.

11. Bianca wore her rain boots; _________, her feet stayed dry during the storm. (however,
therefore, on the other hand)

12. I love the color red; _________, this shade seems a little too bright. (therefore,
nonetheless, in fact)

13. You have to be on time; _________, you’ll miss the train. (nonetheless, however,
otherwise)

14. Teresa likes to read; _________, her sister Julia prefers to watch TV. (however, in
contrast, again)

15. She really wanted to eat ice cream; _________, she had a salad. (however, likewise,
instead)

16. We were working hard; _________, Jill and Jerry were lounging by the pool. (meanwhile,
instead, therefore)

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17. He is a weak leader; _________, he has plenty of supporters. (otherwise, moreover,

nevertheless)

18. She has an incredible voice; _________, she will go far in her music career. (otherwise,
undoubtedly, similarly)

19. Natalie wanted to make pie but didn’t have apples; _________, she decided to bake a
cake. (therefore, namely, in contrast)

20. We had hoped to go to Spain; _________, we ended up in France. (otherwise, instead,

again)

Exercise 6: Circle the best answer.

21. Receptionists must be able to relay information ______ pass messages accurately.
A. or  B. and C. but  D. because  

22. I did not go to the show ______ I had already seen it.
A. until  B. because C. so  D. but  

23. Mary is a member of the Historical Society ______ the Literary Society.
A. as  B. or C. and  D. but  

24. Read over your answers ______ correct all mistakes before you pass them up.
A. or  B. and C. because  D. while  

25. Keep the food covered ______ the flies will contaminate it.
A. or  B. and C. until  D. though

26. ______ he is thin, he is strong.

A. But  B. As C. Though  D. Because  

27. Susie ______ phoned ______ wrote after she left home.
A. either/or  B. neither/nor C. while/and  D. though/or

28. She had an unpleasant experience ______ she was in Thailand.

A. but  B. and  C. because  D. while  

29. The committee rejected the proposal ______ they did not think it was practical.
A. or  B. but  C. though  D. because  

30. John welcomed his guests ______ offered them drinks.

A. and  B. while  C. until  D. as

31. These rooms are very comfortable _____ they have a good view of the city.
A. also  B. and C. still  D. as  

32. _____ the teacher explained the lesson several times, some of the students still did not
understand it.
A. Although  B. Even if C. Unless  D. Since  
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33. He did not join us for the movie _____ he had already seen it.
A. and  B. but C. although  D. because  

34. She could not find the book she wanted _____ she borrowed a magazine instead.
A. so  B. and C. but  D. so that  

35. I tried to make her realize the consequences _____ she refused to listen.
A. lest  B. since C. but  D. also  

36. He will show us around himself _____ send someone else.

A. and  B. if C. or  D. so  

37. _____ he was not interested in music, he agreed to go to the concert.

A. Though  B. While C. For  D. Since  

38. Those village folk are poor _____ they always seem so contented.
A. though  B. since  C. yet  D. or  

39. The river has overflowed his banks _____ it has been raining continuously for several
days.
A. still  B. yet  C. when  D. as  

40. I don't think he will remember the appointment _____ you remind him.
A. so  B. if  C. unless  D. lest

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